penal code section 1054 authorities

8/9/2019 Penal Code Section 1054 Authorities

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pc 1054 authorities

8. Due Process

**Defendants have a due process right to disclosure prior to thepreliminary hearing of evidence that is both favorable and material, inthat its disclosure creates a reasonable probability of a different

outcome at the preliminary hearing; this right is independent of, and thusnot impaired or affected by, the criminal discovery statutes. Bridgeforthv. uperior !ourt "#01$, #d Dist% #14 !al &pp 4th 10'4, 154 !al (ptr $d5#), #01$ !al &pp +- ##, revie/ denied, "#01$, !al.% .$d , #01$!al. +- 510'.

1#0 Bias, pre2udice, or conduct of individual member or members of

2ury panel as ground for challenge to array or to entire panel, '&..(.#d ') "131% HN: 210 (Cal.Rptr.2d)

P.C. § 1054.1. Prosecuting attorney; disclosure of materials to defendant

The prosecuting attorney shall disclose to the defendant or his or her attorney all of the following materials andinformation, if it is in the possession of the prosecuting attorney or if the prosecuting attorney knows it to be in the

possession of the investigating agencies:

(a) The names and addresses of persons the prosecutor intends to call as witnesses at trial.

(b) tatements of all defendants.

(c) !ll relevant real evidence sei"ed or obtained as a part of the investigation of the offenses charged.

(d) The e#istence of a felony conviction of any material witness whose credibility is likely to be critical to theoutcome of the trial.

(e) !ny e#culpatory evidence.

$$(f) %elevant written or recorded statements of witnesses or reports of the statements of witnesses whom the

prosecutor intends to call at the trial, including any reports or statements of e#perts made in con&unction with the

case, including the results of physical or mental e#aminations, scientific tests, e#periments, or comparisons which

the prosecutor intends to offer in evidence at the trial.

$' !% *rd +*, !ccused-s %ight to iscovery or /nspection of 0%ap heets1 or imilar Police %ecords !bout

Prosecution 2itnesses.

**1#. ime of disclosure

**Defense counsel /as not deficient, as element of claim for ineffectiveassistance, in failing to file formal discovery motion or affirmatively seepretrial discovery as to t/o supplemental police reports that /ere notdisclosed until after trial had begun, in prosecution for burglary, assault/ith deadly /eapon, idnapping, criminal threats, elder abuse, false

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imprisonment, obstructing telephone, and being felon in possession of firearm;prosecution /as obligated by statute to turn over reports at issue, evenabsent re6uest from defense counsel, counsel re6uested discovery fromprosecution /ell in advance of trial, and /hen tardy reports /ere disclosed,counsel moved for their e7clusion. (ogers v. 8ong, +.D.!al.#003, $' 9.upp.#d

)0'. !riminal a/ 1305

3*. 4444 elayed disclosure

$$Prosecution-s delay in disclosing two supplemental police reports until trial was not result of bad faith, as would

render reports inadmissible, under California law, in prosecution for burglary, assault with deadly weapon,

kidnapping, criminal threats, elder abuse, false imprisonment, obstructing telephone, and being felon in possession

of firearm. %ogers v. 2ong, 5..Cal.66', 7*8 9.upp.d +68. Criminal aw 78.+(7)

$$8 !% th 33++, %ight ;f !ccused in tate Courts to o order re?uiring discovery shall be made in criminal cases e#cept as provided in this chapter. This chapter

shall be the only means by which the defendant may compel the disclosure or production of information from

prosecuting attorneys, law enforcement agencies which investigated or prepared the case against the defendant, or

any other persons or agencies which the prosecuting attorney or investigating agency may have employed to assist

them in performing their duties.

(b) @efore a party may seek court enforcement of any of the disclosures re?uired by this chapter, the party shall

make an informal re?uest of opposing counsel for the desired materials and information. /f within 3 days theopposing counsel fails to provide the materials and information re?uested, the party may seek a court order. Apon a

showing that a party has not complied with ection 36.3 or 36.* and upon a showing that the moving party

complied with the informal discovery procedure provided in this subdivision, a court may make any order necessary

to enforce the provisions of this chapter, including, but not limited to, immediate disclosure, contempt proceedings,

delaying or prohibiting the testimony of a witness or the presentation of real evidence, continuance of the matter, or

any other lawful order. 9urther, the court may advise the &ury of any failure or refusal to disclose and of any

untimely disclosure.

(c) The court may prohibit the testimony of a witness pursuant to subdivision (b) only if all other sanctions have

been e#hausted. The court shall not dismiss a charge pursuant to subdivision (b) unless re?uired to do so by the

Constitution of the Anited tates.

3. Balidity

$$ue process clause is not violated by re?uiring defendant to first make informal re?uest to other party for

information before seeking court enforcement to effectuate defendant-s reciprocal discovery rights, given that

prosecution must also obtain discovery of defense through same mechanism. /"a"aga v. uperior Court (3''3) +

Cal.%ptr. *3, Cal.*d *7, +3 P.d *6 , modified on denial of rehearing. Constitutional aw '(')

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Constitutional aw '(33)

. iscretion of court

$$The Court of !ppeal would e#ercise its discretion to consider the argument, first raised in the People-s reply brief

upon the People-s petition for writ of mandate challenging e#clusion of evidence as a discovery sanction in a

criminal trial, that the trial court e#ceeded its &urisdiction because it was re?uired to e#haust less drastic sanctionsfirst. People v. uperior Court (=itchell) (!pp. ist. 636) 36' Cal.%ptr.*d 68, 3+ Cal.!pp.th 3 , rehearing

denied , review denied. Criminal aw 33*6(7)

8. ufficiency of motion

$$! criminal defendant-s motion for discovery must describe the information sought with some specificity and provide a plausible &ustification for disclosure. People v. Prince (668) 8 Cal.%ptr.*d *, 6 Cal.th 338', 37P.*d 363

+.. 9ailure to comply

$$Ander statute providing that the court may prohibit the testimony of a witness as a discovery sanction only if all

other sanctions have been e#hausted, the trial court e#ceeded its sub&ect matter &urisdiction in precluding the

testimony of two prosecution witnesses and any testimony from prosecution witnesses regarding discovery not

previously provided as a discovery sanction, where the trial court failed to e#haust other sanctions first. People v.

uperior Court (=itchell) (!pp. ist. 636) 36' Cal.%ptr.*d 68, 3+ Cal.!pp.th 3, rehearing denied , review

denied. Criminal aw 78.+(7)

9act that defendant had committed discovery violation in failing to timely disclose names of potential alibi

witnesses, presenting his sister and niece as surprise alibi witnesses near the end of capital murder trial, was relevant

to &ury-s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses- testimony. People v. %iggs (66+) 8' Cal.%ptr.*d 7+,

Cal.th +, 3+8 P.*d *7*, rehearing denied, certiorari denied 3' .Ct. *+7, 7 A.. 36, 38* .5d.d 3*6.Criminal aw 8


other sanctions have been e#hausted, the trial court e#ceeded its sub&ect matter &urisdiction in precluding dog scent

and gunshot residue evidence as a discovery sanction against the prosecution, where the trial court failed to e#haust

other sanctions first the impact of the trial court-s order was to e#clude the People from calling a dog scent e#pert

and a gunshot residue e#pert. People v. uperior Court (=itchell) (!pp. ist. 636) 36' Cal.%ptr.*d 68, 3+

Cal.!pp.th 3, rehearing denied , review denied. Criminal aw 78.+(7)

3. 5#clusion of evidence


other sanctions have been e#hausted, the trial court e#ceeded its sub&ect matter &urisdiction in precluding dog scent

and gunshot residue evidence as a discovery sanction against the prosecution, where the trial court failed to e#haust

other sanctions first the impact of the trial court-s order was to e#clude the People from calling a dog scent e#pert

and a gunshot residue e#pert. People v. uperior Court (=itchell) (!pp. ist. 636) 36' Cal.%ptr.*d 68, 3+

Cal.!pp.th 3, rehearing denied , review denied. Criminal aw 78.+(7)

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$$Prohibiting testimony of witness is not appropriate discovery sanction in criminal case absent showing of

significant pre&udice and willful conduct. People v. Don"ales (!pp. ist. 3'') + Cal.%ptr.d *,

Cal.!pp.th 38. Criminal aw 78.+(7)

$$Court may delay or prohibit testimony of witness whose identity or paperwork was unreasonably withheld.

andeffer v. uperior Court (!pp. ist. 3''*) Cal.%ptr.d 73, 3+ Cal.!pp.th 78. Criminal aw7'.()

$$Court may e#clude witness- testimony if omission of witness during informal discovery is willful in hope of

obtaining tactical advantage. People v. Eackson (!pp. ist. 3''*) 3' Cal.%ptr.d +6, 3 Cal.!pp.th 33'8 , as

modified , review denied. Criminal aw 7'.()

$$efendant-s constitutional right to compulsory process was not denied by preclusion of e#culpatory statement of

declarant which defendant had failed to disclose to People defendant had statement months before trial and

admission of such potentially unreliable evidence untested by cross4e#amination would have pre&udiced People-s

case and undermined discovery process. People v. Eackson (!pp. ist. 3''*) 3' Cal.%ptr.d +6, 3 Cal.!pp.th

33'8, as modified , review denied. 2itnesses (3)

$$ismissal is proper as a sanction for refusing to comply with discovery order when effect of the refusal is to deny

defendant-s right to due process. People v. @rophy (!pp. 3 ist. 3'') 8 Cal.%ptr.d *78, Cal.!pp.th '*.

Criminal aw 78.+(7)

3*. anctions, generally

$$The provision of the Criminal iscovery tatutes stating that a court cannot dismiss a charge for a discovery

violation 0unless re?uired to do so by the Constitution of the Anited tates1 preserves &udicial power to dismiss

charges for a violation of the prosecution-s due process duty to disclose material evidence that is favorable to thedefense. People v. Dutierre" (!pp. 3 ist. 63*) 3* Cal.%ptr.*d +*, 3 Cal.!pp.th **, modified on denial of

rehearing , review filed, certiorari denied 3* .Ct. 7+, 3+8 .5d.d 88. Constitutional aw '(3)

The provision of the Criminal iscovery tatutes stating that a court cannot dismiss a charge for a discovery

violation 0unless re?uired to do so by the Constitution of the Anited tates1 preserves &udicial power to dismiss

charges for a violation of the prosecution-s due process duty to disclose material evidence that is favorable to the

defense. People v. Dutierre" (!pp. 3 ist. 63*) 3* Cal.%ptr.*d +*, 3 Cal.!pp.th **, modified on denial of

rehearing , review filed, certiorari denied 3* .Ct. 7+, 3+8 .5d.d 88. Constitutional aw '(')

$$!lthough a discovery sanction may include an element of punishment, the record must support a finding of significant pre&udice or willful conduct. People v. @owles (!pp. ist. 633) 3' Cal.%ptr.*d '6, 3'+ Cal.!pp.th

*3+. Criminal aw 78.+(7)

$$Prosecutor-s Brady error, in failing to disclose material e#culpatory evidence that could have been used to

impeach testimony of state-s accident reconstruction e#pert regarding speed at which defendant was driving,

re?uired reversal of defendant-s conviction for driving under the influence and causing in&ury, where prosecutor had

relied on defendant-s alleged speeding to demonstrate re?uired violation of law, and e#pert-s testimony was only

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evidence offered that defendant e#ceeded speed limit. People v. Darcia (!pp. ist. 3''*) Cal.%ptr.d , 38

Cal.!pp.th 337', modified on denial of rehearing , review denied. Criminal aw 3377(36.36)

3.


6/100

(a)(3) 5#cept as provided in paragraph (), no attorney may disclose or permit to be disclosed to a defendant,

members of the defendant-s family, or anyone else, the address or telephone number of a victim or witness whose

name is disclosed to the attorney pursuant to subdivision (a) of ection 36.3, unless specifically permitted to do so

by the court after a hearing and a showing of good cause.

() >otwithstanding paragraph (3), an attorney may disclose or permit to be disclosed the address or telephone

number of a victim or witness to persons employed by the attorney or to persons appointed by the court to assist in

the preparation of a defendant-s case if that disclosure is re?uired for that preparation. Persons provided this

information by an attorney shall be informed by the attorney that further dissemination of the information, e#cept as

provided by this section, is prohibited.

(*) 2illful violation of this subdivision by an attorney, persons employed by the attorney, or persons appointed by

the court is a misdemeanor.

(b) /f the defendant is acting as his or her own attorney, the court shall endeavor to protect the address and telephone

number of a victim or witness by providing for contact only through a private investigator licensed by the

epartment of Consumer !ffairs and appointed by the court or by imposing other reasonable restrictions, absent a

showing of good cause as determined by the court.

. %evocation of right of self4representation

$$! defendant acting as his own attorney has no greater privileges than any member of the bar he may not disrupt

proceedings or intimidate witnesses, and the trial court can stop harassment and abuse of a witness by a threatening

defendant and can terminate self4representation by a defendant who engages in serious misconduct. People v. Carson

(66) * Cal.%ptr.*d +, * Cal.th 3, 36 P.*d +*8, appeal after new trial 668 2 776*, unpublished,

review denied , habeas corpus denied 63* 2 37'+. Criminal aw 38 Criminal aw 38

e7is

1. !enerall"

**-n a criminal trial /here defendant proceeded in propria persona, en! : 1054.# permitted defendants investigator to receive discoverymaterials, including a @rap sheet@ for one of the prosecution /itnesses.-nvestigator arguably erred by leaving defendant /ith the information.eople v. !arson "#00$, !al &pp #d Dist% 103 !al &pp 4th 3'), 1$5 !al (ptr#d '#', #00$ !al &pp +- )5), revd on other grounds, "#005% $5 !al 4th1, #$ !al (ptr $d 4)#, 104 $d )$', #005 !al +- 1013.

Alvarado v. Superior Court, ! Cal.4t" 111, 5 P.!d 0!, ## Cal.$ptr.d 14#, 00 Cal. %aily &p. Serv. '(#),

000 %aily *ournal %.A.$. #15! +Cal., Aug 1), 000

/nmates charged with &ail4house murder of third inmate petitioned for writ of mandate after the uperior Court,

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7/100

os !ngeles County, >o. @! 6''88, %obert E. Perry, E., denied re?uests for discovery of photographs and identities

of three witnesses who cooperated with prosecution. The Court of !ppeal denied the petition and remanded. The

upreme Court granted review, superseding the opinion of the Court of !ppeal. The upreme Court, Deorge, C.E.,

held that: (3) federal Constitution-s Confrontation Clause did not re?uire immediate pretrial disclosure of names and

photographs of inmate witnesses, but () the Confrontation Clause would prevent the witnesses from testifying

anonymously at trial, if their testimony was crucial to the prosecution-s case.

%eversed and remanded with instructions.

;pinion, 76 Cal.%ptr.d +, vacated.

2est


8/100


9/100

336FF Trial

336FF(C) %eception of 5vidence

336k77 %ight of !ccused to Confront 2itnesses

336k77.3 k. /n general. =ost Cited Cases

Criminal /a 110 ''.)

336 Criminal aw

336FF Trial



336k77.8 k. Cross4e#amination and impeachment. =ost Cited Cases

The right of confrontation means more than being allowed to confront the witness physically indeed, the main

and essential purpose of confrontation is to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross4e#amination. A..C.!.

Const.!mend. 7.

-' Constitutional /a # 4')#

' Constitutional aw

'FFB// ue Process

'FFB//(


10/100



336k77.3 k. /n general. =ost Cited Cases

The right of confrontation is not absolute, and may, in appropriate cases, bow to accommodate other legitimate

interests in the criminal trial process. A..C.!. Const.!mend. 7.

-# Criminal /a 110 ''.4

336 Criminal aw

336FF Trial



336k77. k. 9ailure to produce or disclose witnesses or evidence. =ost Cited Cases

$$Confrontation clause would prohibit permanently withholding from defense, during and after witnesses-

testimony in murder prosecution, identities of inmates who allegedly witnessed the &ailhouse murder committed by

defendant inmates, even if the safety of the witnesses was threatened, if the witnesses had been in close pro#imity to

the murder, so that their testimony, veracity, and credibility were crucial to the prosecution-s case. A..C.!.

Const.!mend. 7 2est-s !nn.Cal.Penal Code G 36 et se?.

-10 Criminal /a 110 ''.4

336 Criminal aw

336FF Trial


336k77 %ight of !ccused to Confront 2itnesses 336k77. k. 9ailure to produce or disclose witnesses or evidence. =ost Cited Cases

Pretrial disclosure of cell number occupied by each of the inmate witnesses to &ailhouse murder, and pretrial

disclosure of their criminal histories, did not avoid the confrontation clause violation that would occur if witnesses-

names and photographs were not disclosed at or before trial defendant inmates were unlikely to be able to conduct

ade?uate investigation of witnesses or of veracity of their testimony, or to challenge accuracy of information

concerning the witnesses provided by the prosecution, including their prior criminal records or benefits that may

have been provided to them in return for their testimony. A..C.!. Const.!mend. 7 2est-s !nn.Cal.Penal Code G

36 et se?.

-11 Criminal /a 110 ''.(0

336 Criminal aw

336FF Trial



336k77.+6 k. 2aiver of right. =ost Cited Cases

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!llegations that inmate defendant had threatened other inmates who had witnessed &ailhouse murder did not

waive defendant-s confrontation clause right to disclosure of witnesses- identities at murder trial defendant had been

e#cluded from the in4camera hearing at which trial court heard testimony that threats had been made by prison gang,

and no full trial court hearing had been held on the waiver issue because the prosecution had not raised the issue in

the trial court. A..C.!. Const.!mend. 7 2est-s !nn.Cal.Penal Code G 36 et se?.

-14 Criminal /a 110 ''.4

336 Criminal aw

336FF Trial



336k77. k. 9ailure to produce or disclose witnesses or evidence. =ost Cited Cases

$$2hen nondisclosure of the identity of a crucial witness will preclude effective investigation and cross4

e#amination of that witness, the confrontation clause does not permit the prosecution to rely upon the testimony of

that witness at trial while refusing to disclose his or her identity. A..C.!. Const.!mend. 7 2est-s !nn.Cal.PenalCode G 36 et se?.

D5;%D5, C.E.

/n this case we must determine the validity of an order, entered prior to trial in a criminal action, that authori"es

the prosecution to refuse to disclose to the defendants or their counsel, both prior to and at trial , the identities of the

crucial witnesses 15 whom the prosecution proposes to call at trial, on the ground that disclosure of the

identities of the witnesses is likely to pose a significant danger to their safety.

Protecting the safety of witnesses un?uestionably is of the utmost importance, and a trial court has broad

discretion to deny, restrict, or defer disclosure of a witness-s identity prior to trial in order to provide such protection

(Pen.Code, G 36.8). !s we shall e#plain, however, we conclude in light of controlling constitutional authorities

that the trial court and the Court of !ppeal erred in determining that, when the risk to a witness is sufficiently grave,

the identity of the witness may be permanently withheld from a defendant and the witness may testify anonymously

at trial even when the witness is a crucial prosecution witness and withholding the witness-s identity will impair

significantly the defendant-s ability to investigate and cross4e#amine the witness.

!s discussed hereafter, numerous decisions of both the Anited tates upreme Court and the California courts

establish that whenever nondisclosure of a witness-s identity will prevent the effective investigation and cross4

e#amination of a crucial witness, the confrontation clause precludes the prosecution from relying upon the witness-s

testimony at trial while refusing to disclose the witness-s identity. !s the Anited tates upreme Court has

e#plained: 0H2Ihen the 0' credibility of a witness is in issue, the very 11' starting point in Je#posing

falsehood and bringing out the truthK through cross4e#amination must necessarily be to ask the witness who he is and

where he lives. The witness-HsI name and address open countless avenues of in4court e#amination and out4of4court

investigation. To forbid this most rudimentary inquiry at the threshold is effectively to emasculate the right of cross-

examination itself.1 (Smith v. Illinois (3'7+) *'6 A.. 3', 3*3, ++ .Ct. 8+, 3' .5d.d '7, italics added, fn.

omitted.)

!ccordingly, we conclude that the challenged order must be vacated insofar as it authori"es, in advance of trial

and without regard to the evidence and circumstances as they then may appear, the prosecution permanently to

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withhold the identity of these prosecution witnesses from the defense. !t the same time, however, we emphasi"e that

the trial court remains free to fashion a more limited order denying, restricting, or deferring disclosure of the identity

of each witness before trial (including limiting disclosure to defendants- counsel), as long as that order does not

impermissibly impair defendants- right to confront and cross4e#amine the witnesses effectively at trial.

2.;n 9ebruary 7, 3''*, during the noon hour, Eose Aribe, an inmate at the os !ngeles County &ail, was killed in

his cell, having been stabbed *8 times with a contraband knife described as a shank. Three other inmates allegedly

witnessed the incident.

9ollowing an investigation by law enforcement officials, a complaint was filed charging defendants Eoa?uin

!lvarado and Eorge ope" with the first degree murder of Aribe. ! third defendant, 9rank =ar?ue", also was

charged but is not a party to this proceeding. The prosecution provided discovery to the defense indicating that three

inmates witnessed the killing. ! magistrate ordered the prosecution to provide the defense with the identities of the

witnesses prior to the commencement of the preliminary hearing, pursuant to Penal Code sections 36.3,

subdivision (a), and 36..9>3

9>3. Anless otherwise specified, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code.

/nstead of complying with the magistrate-s order, the prosecution presented its case to a grand &ury, which

returned an indictment charging defendant !lvarado with murder (and alleging a prior4murder special circumstance)

and conspiracy to commit murder, and charging defendant ope" with murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and

possession of a shank while in custody (on three occasions unrelated to the present incident). (GG 3+8, 3'6., subd.

15! (a)(), 3+, subd. (a)(3), 8, subd. (a).) The prosecution is seeking the death penalty against !lvarado but

not against ope".

11) The prosecution provided defendants with transcripts of the grand &ury proceedings, in which the three

inmate eyewitnesses are identified only as witnesses 3, , and *. 2e summari"e the testimony of the three witnesses

before the grand &ury.

2itness 3 testified that on the day of the murder, he was housed in cell >o. 3. 2itness 3 heard =ar?ue", a &ail

trusty, ask one of witness 3-s two cellmates in panish for some e#tra &ail clothing, mentioning something about a

snitch. 2itness 3 gave =ar?ue" his shirt, hoping to curry favor with o. 33, where witness was

housed. =ar?ue" spoke to witness -s cellmates in panish. 2itness believed that =ar?ue" said a snitch was going

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to be dealt with in cell >o. 36, and said witness should stay away from cell >o. 36. !ppro#imately 36 minutes

later, witness heard a @lack trusty inform certain @lack inmates to stay away from the end of the row where cell

>o. 36 was located. 2itness remained in his cell around noon instead of going to lunch, because he wanted to eat

the food he had purchased that morning at the commissary.

!round noon, witness saw defendants !lvarado and ope", who were not assigned to cell >o. 36, enter thatcell with another inmate who was housed there. 2itness then heard an altercation inside cell >o. 36 and something

being said about being a snitch. hortly thereafter, witness saw ope" give a bloody shirt to =ar?ue" outside cell

>o. 36. 2itness also saw a bloody body lying under a bed inside cell >o. 36. =ar?ue" told witness to return to

his cell because the matter did not involve him.

!s part of the investigation into Aribe-s murder, witness was shown photographs of inmates who had been in

the area. 2itness identified 11( =ar?ue", ope", and !lvarado. (2itness initially identified a different

individual as having accompanied ope" into cell >o. 36. 2hen thereafter shown !lvarado-s photograph, witness

stated that his earlier identification had been mistaken.)

2itness * was a &ail trusty assigned to sweep the module that contained cell >os. 36, 33, and 3. ;n themorning of the murder, he saw =ar?ue" wrap a shank inside a shirt and give it to another . The prosecution also provided the defense with information describing the witnesses- custodial status

and with the police reports of their prior crimes. Copies of reports of interviews of other inmates were made

available to the defense. !dditionally, the prosecution provided the names and photographs of ** other

inmates who, on the date of the murder, resided in the county &ail module where the killing occurred.

efendants also were provided with the names of every other inmate who resided in a nearby county &ail

module.

;ver defendants- ob&ections, the trial court held a series of in camera hearings, from which the defense was

excluded, to permit the prosecution to demonstrate good cause why disclosure of the witnesses- names and

photographs should be denied. (G 36.8.) @ased upon the evidence adduced at these hearings, the trial court found

as follows:

0The evidence presented clearly established that witnesses 3 through * are in serious danger as a result of their

participation in this case and that the disclosure of their names would likely increase the danger to them. everal

facts support this conclusion, including the following:

0(3) The homicide is believed to have been ordered by the =e#ican =afia, a notorious prison gang, and that the

defendants, who are not members of the gang, committed the homicide to gain favor with the =e#ican =afia.

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0() The =e#ican =afia is well4known for retaliatory acts against ... informants and government witnesses,

including murder. HLI /nformation disclosed in camera documented 3 incidents of murder or attempted murder at

the county &ail of inmates between 3'++ through 3''3 which were committed by or at the direction of the =e#ican

=afia. The additional five murders linked to the =e#ican =afia during this period of time were committed on

persons who were not incarcerated. HLI The =e#ican =afia is believed to have ordered the murders of witnesses in

protective custody and incarcerated in other states....

11# 0(*) The =e#ican =afia has an e#cellent intelligence network which includes sources in several public

agencies and is able to obtain confidential information. HLI ... HLI Penetration HbyI the =e#ican =afia of penal

institutions is so e#tensive that one in camera witness described the organi"ation as having 0( Jde facto controlK

over all penal institutions in California.

0() ... HTIhe danger the =e#ican =afia poses to government witnesses is e#treme. /n camera, a witness stated

that the =e#ican =afia has ordered so many hits and there are so many witnesses in protective custody that we

cannot ade?uately protect them all.

0() The =e#ican =afia re?uires documentation which identifies an individual as a government witness beforea contract to kill the witness is approved. The procedure for issuing contracts was described as follows: HLI 9or

contracts to be issued, one =e#ican =afia member alone cannot give the contract.


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for me. !nd even though / think good cause e#ists, / certainly am persuaded by Hcounsel for defendant !lvaradoI

=r. Crain-s argument and the arguments of counsel that for them to investigate the case in this situation, it makes it

almost impossible to investigate without the names....1

@ased upon the foregoing findings, the trial court concluded that good cause for nondisclosure of the witnesses-

true names had been established. The court therefore issued the following minute order: 0HTheI People-s re?uest towithhold the names of witnesses from the defense is granted. The witnesses will be made available for interview by

defense counsel *6 (thirty) days before trial. The witnesses are not re?uired to state their names, but, may do so at

their own volition.1

efendants thereafter sought writ review of the trial court-s order. The Court of !ppeal denied defendants-

petitions for writ of mandate. efendants thereafter sought review from this court. 2e granted review and

transferred the matters to the Court of !ppeal, with directions to that court to vacate its order denying mandate and

to issue an alternative writ to be heard before that court. The Court of !ppeal, upon discovering a discrepancy

between the trial court-s minute order and the reporter-s transcript, remanded the case to the trial court, which 0#

issued a new minute order clarifying its ruling and providing as follows: (3) the prosecution is authori"ed

permanently to withhold from the defense the identities of the three witnesses () the prosecution is to produce thewitnesses for interview by defense counsel *6 days prior to trial, although the witnesses are not re?uired to speak to

defense counsel, and if they do, they may but are not re?uired to disclose their names (*) if defense counsel learn

the witnesses- names, they may not disclose the names to defendants and () at trial, the witnesses may but are not

re?uired to disclose their names, but their appearance will not be disguised.

@oth defendants thereafter sought further writ review from the Court of !ppeal, which consolidated the two

petitions, issued an order to show cause, and ultimately resolved the matter in a written opinion rendered by a

divided court.

11!1 /n its opinion, the ma&ority of the Court of !ppeal determined that the trial court properly had e#ercised

its discretion in authori"ing the prosecution permanently to withhold the witnesses- identities from the defense,

based upon the trial court-s finding that disclosure of the witnesses- names 0would place them in mortal danger....1 /n

so holding, the ma&ority acknowledged that under the trial court-s order 0HdIefendants will have difficulty obtaining

complete information about the witnesses- location and ability to observe and testify about the crime. =oreover,

defendants will be unable to obtain complete15' impeaching information, such as the witnesses- reputation for

truthfulness or dishonesty, previous history and accuracy of providing information to law enforcement, and other

motives to fabricate, such as revenge or reduction or dismissal of their own charges.1 /n sum, the ma&ority conceded

that the trial court-s nondisclosure order would seriously limit defendants- effective investigation and cross4

e#amination of the witnesses, 0significantly impairHingI1 defendants- constitutional rights to confrontation and to

due process of law. >onetheless, the ma&ority concluded that in light of the potentially grave danger to the witnesses,

the impairment of defendants- ability to cross4e#amine and impeach the witnesses was not unconstitutional. /n

reaching this conclusion, the Court of !ppeal ma&ority e#pressly disagreed with the conclusion reached in eople v.

Brandow (3'86) 3 Cal.!pp.*d 8', '6 Cal.%ptr. +'3 ( Brandon), in which the appellate court held that disclosure of

the identity of a witness constitutes 0an essential element in the protection of the defendant-s right to a fair trial.1 (3

Cal.!pp.*d at p. 8, '6 Cal.%ptr. +'3.) 9>*

9>*. /n discussing the danger posed to the prosecution witnesses, the Court of !ppeal ma&ority emphasi"ed

the threats by the =e#ican =afia found by the trial court, observing: 0;ne of the witnesses was attacked

and warned against testifying by an inmate aligned with the =e#ican =afia. HefendantI !lvarado

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threatened a witness while he was in protective custody. 2hile one of the witnesses was in court, someone

wrote on his cell wall that he was dead.1 /n addition to noting that the trial court found that defendant

!lvarado had threatened one of the witnesses, the Court of !ppeal also observed that 0both of the other

witnesses received specific threats designed to dissuade them from testifying.1 The ma&ority concluded that

disclosure of the witnesses- names to the defense would further endanger the witnesses, because the

=e#ican =afia then could determine who they are.

&nd the court stated at p. ,

mith v. tate of -llinois, $30 =.. 1#3, 1$0, )) .!t. '4), 13

.+d.#d 35 "=..-ll. Aan #3, 13)%

efendant was convicted in the Circuit Court, Cook County, /llinois, of unlawful sale of narcotic drugs and heappealed. The !ppellate Court of /llinois, 9irst istrict, 9irst ivision, 86 /ll.!pp.d +', 38 >.5.d 7, affirmed.Certiorari was granted. The upreme Court, =r. Eustice tewart held that defendant had right guaranteed to him

under i#th and 9ourteenth !mendments of Constitution to cross4e#amine informer who was principal prosecutionwitness as to informer-s actual name and address.

%eversed.

=r. Eustice .5.d 7, affirmed.

Certiorari was granted. The upreme Court, =r. Eustice tewart held that defendant had right guaranteed to him

under i#th and 9ourteenth !mendments of Constitution to cross4e#amine informer who was principal prosecution

witness as to informer-s actual name and address.

%eversed.

=r. Eustice


17/100

2est


18/100

3itnesses 410 '(+1)

36 2itnesses

36/// 5#amination

36///(@) Cross45#amination 36k7+ cope and 5#tent of Cross45#amination in Deneral

36k7+(38) k. 2itness-s identity, address, etc. matters endangering witness. =ost Cited Cases

(9ormerly 36k7+(3))

$$! defendant in state narcotics case had right guaranteed to him under i#th and 9ourteenth !mendments of

constitution to cross4e#amine informer who was principal prosecution witness as to informer-s actual name and

address. A..C.!.Const. !mends. 7, 3.

-10 3itnesses 410 !!0+1

36 2itnesses

36/B Credibility and /mpeachment

36/B(!) /n Deneral

36k**6 Cross45#amination to iscredit 2itness or isparage Testimony in Deneral

36k**6(3) k. /n general. =ost Cited Cases

$$>o obligation is imposed on trial court to protect witness from being discredited on cross4e#amination, short

of an attempted invasion of his constitutional protection from self4incrimination, properly invoked.

-11 3itnesses 410 ')

36 2itnesses

36/// 5#amination

36///(@) Cross45#amination

36k78 k. Control and discretion of court. =ost Cited Cases

$$There is a duty to protect witness from ?uestions which go beyond the bounds of proper cross4e#amination

merely to harass, annoy or humiliate him.

;n cross4e#amination this witness was asked whether JEames EordanK was his real name. 7

9>. J=%. P%/5: /s Eames Eordan your correct nameM

J=%. =!%T2/CN: ;b&ect.

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J=%. P%/5: / have a right to know if it is his correct name.

JTow, where do you live nowM

J=%. =!%T2/CN: ;b&ection.

J=%. P%/5: This is material.

J=%. =!%T2/CN: ;b&ection, Eudge.

JT8. ee Pointer v. tate of Te#as, *+6 A.., at 6, + .Ct., at 367+.

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1! H7I H8I H+I H'I H36I H33I /n !lford v. Anited tates, + A.. 7+8, 3 .Ct. 3+, 8 .5d. 7, this Court

almost 6 years ago unanimously reversed a federal conviction because the trial &udge had sustained ob&ections to

?uestions by the defense seeking to elicit the Jplace of residenceK of a prosecution witness over the insistence of

defense counsel that Jthe &ury was entitled to know Jwho the witness is, where he lives and what his business is . 0

+ A.., at 7++Q7+', 3 .Ct., at 3+. 2hat the Court said in reversing that conviction is fully applicable here:

J/t is the essence of a fair trial that reasonable latitude be given the cross4e#aminer, even though he is unable to

state to the court what facts a reasonable cross4e#amination might develop. Pre&udice ensues from a denial of the

opportunity to place the witness in his proper setting and put the weight of his testimony and his credibility to a test,

without which the &ury cannot fairly appraise them. $ $ $ To say that pre&udice can be established only by showing

that the cross4e#amination, if pursued, would necessarily have brought out facts tending to discredit the testimony in

chief, is to deny a substantial right and withdraw one of the safeguards essential to a fair trial. $ $ $

J$ $ $ The ?uestion, J2here do you liveMK was not only an appropriate preliminary to the cross4e#amination of

the witness, but on its face, without any such declaration of purpose as was made by counsel here, was an essential

step in identifying the witness with his environment, to which cross4e#amination may always be directed. $ $ $

JThe e#tent of cross4e#amination with respect to an appropriate sub&ect of in?uiry is within the sound discretion

of the trial court. /t may e#ercise reasonable &udgment in determining when the sub&ect is e#hausted. $ $ $ @ut no

obligation is imposed 1!! on the court, such as that suggested below, to protect a witness from being discredited on

cross4e#amination, short of an attempted invasion of his constitutional protection from self incrimination, properly

invoked. There is a duty to protect him from ?uestions which go beyond the bounds of proper cross4e#amination

merely to harass, annoy or humiliate him. $ $ $ @ut no such case is presented here. $ $ $K + A.., at 7'Q7', 3

.Ct., at 3'Q6.

H3I /n Pointer v. tate of Te#as, supra, the Court made clear that Jthe right of an accused to be confronted with

the witnesses against him must be determined by the same standards whether the right is denied in a federal or state

)51 proceeding $ $ $.K *+6 A.., at 68Q6+, + .Ct., at 3686. /n this state case we follow the standard of

!lford and hold that the petitioner was deprived of a right guaranteed to him under the i#th and 9ourteenth

!mendments of the Constitution.9>+

9>+. /t is to be noted that no claim of the privilege against compulsory self4incrimination was asserted by

JEames Eordan.K Cf. Anited tates v. Cardillo, *37 9.d 767, +8 .Ct. 367, 3+ .5d.d 7. >or are this

Court-s decisions in =cCray v. tate of /llinois, *+7 A.. *66, and %oviaro v. Anited tates, ** A.. *,

88 .Ct. 7*, 3 .5d.d 7*', relevant here. /n neither of those cases was the informer a witness for the

prosecution. !nother recent /llinois decision seems to have recogni"ed that the state evidentiary informer

privilege is not involved when the informer is himself a witness at the trial. People v. mith, 7' /ll.!pp.d

+*, +', 37 >.5.d 6, *. ee + 2igmore, 5vidence s *8, n. 7 (=c>aughton rev. 3'73).

%eversed.

econdary sources

837 Construction and !pplication of i#th !mendment Confrontation Clause44upreme Court Cases, +*

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF71968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF81968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF91968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF101968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF111968131130http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1931123418http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1931123418http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1931123418http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1931123418&ReferencePosition=218http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1931123418&ReferencePosition=219http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1931123418&ReferencePosition=219http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1965125051&ReferencePosition=1070http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=350&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1963114512http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=350&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1963114512http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1967129480http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1967129480http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=780&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1967129480http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=780&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1967129480http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1957120342http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1957120342http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1957120342http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=578&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1966123928&ReferencePosition=523http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=578&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1966123928&ReferencePosition=523http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=7186&FindType=1&SerialNum=2033288531&CaseCite=88+SCt+48&CaseSerial=1968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF71968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF81968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF91968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF101968131130http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/HYPERLINK%23Document1zzF111968131130http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1931123418http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1931123418&ReferencePosition=218http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1931123418&ReferencePosition=219http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1931123418&ReferencePosition=219http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1965125051&ReferencePosition=1070http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=350&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1963114512http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1967129480http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=780&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1967129480http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1957120342http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1957120342http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=578&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1966123928&ReferencePosition=523http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=578&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1966123928&ReferencePosition=523http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=CAMP1.0&vr=2.0&DB=7186&FindType=1&SerialNum=2033288531&CaseCite=88+SCt+48&CaseSerial=1968131130


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!..%. 9ed. d *+ (63) 6 1 +S.Ct.

838 %ight to impeach witness in criminal case by in?uiry or evidence as to witness- criminal activity not

having resulted in arrest or charge44modern state cases, !..%.th *** (3'+*) 6 !,5,),10,11 +S.Ct.

83+ %ight to impeach witness in criminal case by in?uiry or evidence as to witness- criminal activity for

which witness was arrested or charged, but not convicted44modern state cases, + !..%.th 6 (3'+) 6

,!,5,#,10 +S.Ct.83' %ight to cross4e#amine witness as to his place of residence, + !..%.*d 3 (3'8+) 6 ,5,),#,10

+S.Ct.

$$ 86 !ccused-s right to, and prosecution-s privilege against, disclosure of identity of informer, 87 !..%.d

7 (3'73) 6 5 +S.Ct.

$$ 36' Comment >ote.44/mpeachment of witness by evidence or in?uiry as to arrest, accusation, or

prosecution, 6 !..%.d 33 (3'3) 6 1,,!,5,' +S

penal code section 1054 authorities

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