biology midterm review - the hw helperthehwhelper.com/rokdownloads/ninth grade/biology/biology...

Copyright Daniel Nissim 2007

Biology Midterm Review


Introduction to Biology

Terms: Science: Both a body of knowledge and a methodology used to answer questions, explain observations, and solve problems regarding the natural world around us. Biology: Science that seeks to understands the living world. Organism: A living thing which is made up by cells, can reproduce, is based on a universal genetic code, can grow and develop, obtains and uses materials and energy, responds to its environment, maintains a stable internal environment, and, as a group, changes over time. Scientific Method: The process used to answer problems and test hypotheses. Observation: Use of one or more of the five senses (sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste) to gather information. Inference: A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge and experience. Hypothesis: A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question. Controlled Experiment: A test of the effect of a single variable by changing it, while keeping all other variables the same. Independent/Manipulative Variable: Variable that is deliberately changed. Dependent/Responding Variable: Variable that is observed and changes in response to the independent variable. Control: Group is not treated with independent variable in order to have a point of comparison. Data: information gathered in observations; evidence Protocol: the regulations concerned wit how something should be done. Theory: A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. Meniscus: the curve liquid makes in a graduated cylinder. Metabolism: set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes. Homeostasis: process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. Ingestion: to take into the body by mouth. Digestion: the process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body. Excretion: the act or process of discharging waste matter from the blood, tissues, or organs. Photosynthesis: process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.


Respiration: the sum total of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which oxygen is conveyed to tissue and cells, and the oxidation products, carbon dioxide and water, are given off. Transport: an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of fluid or across cell membranes. Stimulus: any kind of detectable signal that carries information. Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus. Immunity: the condition that permits either natural or acquired resistance to disease. Spontaneous Generation: hypothesis (disproved) stating that life could arise from nonliving matter.

Scientific Method


Know the Following: Probe, Thermometer, Meter Stick, Test Tub Holder, Test tube rack with tubes, Graduated Cylinder, Beaker, Flask, Petri Dish, Compound Light Microscope, Forceps, Magnifying Glass, Dissecting Pan and Pins, Scalpel, Triple beam Balance, Electronic Scale, Bunsen Burner, Medicine Dropper, Pipette, Microscope Slide and Coverslip, Funnel, and Spatula.


Needs of All Organisms • Food and nutrients • Shelter (Protection from environment and predators/place to reproduce)

o In appropriate habitat • Water • Oxygen (for most organisms, but not all)

o Some bacteria don’t need oxygen to survive and others die on contact

• Space- room to reproduce and grow (territory)


Life Functions 1. Nutrition

a. Ingestion- taking in nutrients b. Digestion- breaking down nutrients c. Photosynthesis- how plants make food

2. Circulation and Transport 3. Movement (not plants) 4. Respiration (production of energy: ATP) 5. Synthesis (making large biomolecules from their smaller components) 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Homeostasis 9. Growth and Development 10. Response to Environment 11. Immunity- you body’s ability to fight infection

Ways to Maintain Homeostasis

• Shiver • Fever • Sweating • Panting • Thirst • Heart Pounding • Maintaining blood-glucose levels

Lab Safety


Ecology and Ecosystems

Terms: Ecology: the study of the interactions among living things and their interactions with their environment Biosphere (Ecosphere): a planet consisting of all biomes (atmosphere, water, land). Biome: a group of ecosystems with the same climate. Ecosystem: collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their non-living environment. Community: a group of different populations living in an area. Population: organisms all of the same species. Species: a group of organisms that can reproduce and create fertile offspring. Biotic Factor: a living factor in a level of organization. Abiotic Factor: a non-living factor in an ecosystem, biome, or biosphere. Autotroph: “self-feeding”; creating its own food. Heterotroph: eating other organisms for food. Consumer: eats other organisms as food. Producer: makes its own food. Photosynthesis: process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. Chemosynthesis: process by which some organisms use chemical energy (inorganic compounds) to produce carbohydrates. Carnivore: organism that obtains energy by eating only animals. Herbivore: organism that obtains energy by eating only plants. Omnivore: organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals. Detritivore: organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter. Food Chain: series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Food Web: network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem. Trophic Level: step in a food chain or food web. Energy Flow: Sun or Inorganic Compounds Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Decomposer Energy Pyramid: shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Biomass Pyramid: represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Pyramid of Numbers: shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. Water Cycle: the movement and change of water through the biosphere.


Evaporation: process by which a liquid changes into a gas. Transpiration: the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants. Condensation: the process by which water changes from gaseous form into liquid in the atmosphere. Seepage: the process by which water moves through the soil and porous cracks. Run-Off: the flow of water on land leading into a body of water. Carbon Cycle: the movement and change of carbon through the biosphere. Carbon Fixation: the “fixing” of Carbon during photosynthesis into sugars. Nitrogen Cycle: the movement and change of nitrogen through the biosphere. Nitrogen Fixation: the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia, Decomposition: the breakdown or decay of organic material. Primary Productivity: the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. Limiting Factor of Nutrient: the limitation of a single nutrient or factor that is scarce or cycles very slowly. Biogeochemical Cycles: the movement of elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. Denitrification: the conversion of nitrates by soil bacteria into nitrogen gas. Nitrification: the conversion of ammonia into nitrates. Domino or Ripple Effect: the idea that if you change one aspect of an ecosystem like destroying a species, its effects will reverberate throughout the ecosystem. Habitat: the area where an organism lives, including biotic and abiotic factors that affect the organism. Niche: full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Ecological Succession: gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance. Primary Succession: succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. Secondary Succession: succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil. Climax Community: a mature, stable community that will not undergo further succession. Pioneer Species: first species to populate an area. Lichen: fungus and an alga working together in symbiosis. Moss: tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants. Symbiosis: any relationships in which tow species live closely together. Mutualism: a relationship where both species benefit.


Parasitism: a relationship where one organism lives on or in the other and harms it. Commensalism: a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Tragedy of the Commons: the notion that any resource that is open to everyone will eventually be destroyed because everyone can use the resource, but no one is responsible for preserving it. Renewable Resource: a resource that can regenerate (replaceable). Non-renewable Resource: a resource that cannot be replenished by natural processes. Sustainable Use: a way of using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them. Extinction: a species that disappears from all or part of its range. Endangered Species: a species whose population size is declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction. Desertification: the process by which dry climates, a combination of farming, overgrazing, and drought turns a once productive area into deserts. Deforestation: loss of forests. Smog: a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere. Acid Rain: the combination of nitrogen and sulfuric acids in the atmosphere with rain to create a harmful, pollutant rain. Ozone Depletion: the release of Chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere that cause the destruction of ozone molecules. Chlorofluorocarbons: used as propellants in aerosol cans, in the production of plastic foams, and as coolants in refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners. They are harmful and are a cause of ozone depletion. Genetic Biodiversity: the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today. Species wise, it is the total of all different forms of genes present. Species Biodiversity: the number of different species in the biosphere. Ecological Biodiversity: includes the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world. Habitat Fragmentation: the splitting of ecosystems into pieces. Direct Harvesting: The direct selection of organisms for use of their resources (furs, ivory, oil). Invasive Species: introduced species into a habitat that is not natural to them so they have no natural predators and will have rapid growth. Biomagnification: the bioaccumulation of toxins so that it reaches a higher level of concentration at the higher trophic levels.

Niche • A role an organism plays in its habitat


• Effect that an organisms has on its habitat, resources that an organisms uses, wastes, mating habits, how it interacts, what it eats, and how it uses resources

• An organism’s location Succession Reasons for Succession

Natural Man-Made -Climate or weather change -Volcano (Mt. St. Helens) -Storms (Tornado, flood, forest fire, Earthquake) -Drought -Disease

-Pollution -Over fertilization -Oil spills -Invasive or non-native species -Agriculture, farming -Biotechnology

Primary Succession:

• Volcanic eruption lava flow new islands • ALL SOIL DESTROYED • Ash and rock are the beginning of a new ecosystem

Secondary Succession • Soil is already present • Formation

o Land cleared for agriculture or development and then abandoned

o Fire o Severe storm o Deforestation

Ash & Rock (No Soil)

Lichens (Pioneer Organism)

Moss

Grass

Trees and Shrubs

Climax Community

Thin layer of soil

Produces soil by degrading rock

Grass

Trees and Shrubs

Climax Community

Soil present


Climax communities are stable, until another event occurs (natural or man-made) to disrupt the climax community, destroy it, and then succession begins again.

Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle

• Carbon found in sugars, proteins, DNA • A) Photosynthesis (carbon fixation) • B) Respiration- return of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere • C) Decomposition- returning Carbon to environment.

Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen found in proteins and nucleic acids • 78% of gas in atmosphere is nitrogen (N2) • N2 is unusable by most living things • Nitrates (NO3

- and NO2-) and Ammonia (NH3) are found in dead and

decaying organic matter and in animal waste. They can be taken up by plant roots and used to form organic molecules.

• Nitrogen can be “fixed” (nitrogen fixation) o Bacteria living in soil o Symbiotic bacteria called Rhizzobium that live in the root nodules in

certain plants o Lightning


Human Activities that Impact the Environment • Burning fuels • Development of land for shelter, industry • Farming and Agriculture • Urban development (Industry results in pollution, oil spills, burning fuel) • Creating Dams • Mining • Nuclear Energy • Science and Technology • Overhunting/Overfishing • Domestication of animals (overgrazing) • Human Reproduction and Population Growth

Lead to

• Extinction of species • Endangerment of species • Pollution of air, water, and soil

Resource Benefits Impacts Sustainable Use

Air -O2, C, N essential for survival (respiration, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids)

-Burning of fossil fuels -Cars and Industry -Smog -Acid Rain

-Catalytic Converters in Vehicles -Hydrogen/Electric Cars

Ocean -Food Source -Fish contain protein

-Overfishing -Oil spills -Chemical runoff

-Limit fishing rates -Close fishing grounds temporarily -Aquaculture (Breed fish)

Soil (rock, organic matter, water, and gases)

-Living space -Agriculture -Nutrient rich top soil

-Desertification (plants are derooted and topsoil is removed) -Overfarming -Plowing

-Contour Plowing -Leave stems and roots in place -Planting field wire

Forest -Paper products -Oxygen -Housing material -Heat houses (firewood)

-Logging= Deforestation -Erosion -Destroys habitat -Destroy younger trees

-Strategies used that don’t hurt forests long term -Selective harvesting -Replanting

Freshwater -Drink water to survive -Use water to

-Oil spills -Discarded toxins on land seep into

-Protect elements of hydrosphere -Wetland can filter


irrigate crops -Food -Use water to make steel -Used to clean (wash clothes) -Hydroelectric power

groundwater -Fertilizers and Detergents full of nitrates and phosphates runoff into bodies of water and lead to Eutrophication

flowing water and reduce erosion -Conservation -Take shorter/use less water in showers and baths -Drip irrigation reduces amount of water lost in evaporation because water is sent directly to roots of crops -NYS DEP standards

Biodiversity -Medicine -Pain killers -Antibiotics -Cancer drugs -Anti-depressants -Advil -Food -Industrial Products

-Alter habitats -Deforesting -Development -Habitat fragmentation -Species extinction -Overhunting -Pollution -Introduction of invasive species -Nutria

-Endangered Species Preservation Act -Earth Day -Preserving species in protected environments -National Parks


Macromolecules

Terms: Matter: Occupies space in the form of a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma Atom: Smallest particle that still retains the same quality of an element. Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together. Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Compound: Two or more different kinds of elements bonded together. Electron: A negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus in the electron cloud. Arranged into orbitals. Proton: A positively charged particle found in the nucleus. Neutron: A neutrally charged particle found in the nucleus. Energy Level Orbital: The first energy orbital holds 2 electrons. The second energy orbital holds 8 electrons. The third energy orbital holds 18 electrons. Valence Electrons: The number of electrons in the outermost orbital. Isotope: An atom of an element that differs in the number of neutrons. Radioactive Isotope: Some isotopes have unstable nuclei that break down at a constant rate over time. These isotopes can be used to determine the age of an object, treat cancer, and follow the movement of substances within an organism. Ionic Bond: Electrons are either donated or stolen and atoms bond. Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared between bonded atoms. Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are unequally shared between the 2 atoms in the bond, Non-Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared equally by the atoms in a bond. Solute: A substance dissolved by another substance. Solvent: A substance that dissolves another substance. Acid: Having a pH less than 7. It has a greater ratio of H+ ions to OH- ions. Base: Having a pH greater than 7. It has a greater ratio of OH- ions to H+ ions. pH Scale: From 1-14, it measures the ratio of H+ ions to OH- ions. Buffer: A weak base or acid that will react with strong bases or acids to prevent a sudden, sharp change in pH. Macromolecule: A large molecule. Polymer: A molecule made up of many repeating subunits (monomers). Monomer: Subunit. Organic: Made up of by hydrogen and carbon. Inorganic: Not made up of by hydrogen and carbon. Monosaccharide: Monomer of a carbohydrate (glucose, fructose).


Polysaccharides: Polymer of a carbohydrate (Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin) Carbohydrates: Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are used as the main source of energy. They are also used for structural purposes in plants and some animals. Lipid: All made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and some are made out of phosphorus. They are fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. They are not soluble in water and are not polymer. They are mostly composed of hydrocarbon chains. They are used to store energy, form membranes, and are used as waterproof coverings in plants. Nucleic Acid: Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA stores genetic information and transfers genetic information to offspring. It also carries the codes for every protein made. RNA transfers genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm. DNA are composed of the monomer nucleotide and RNA are composed of the monomer ribonucleotide. Nucleic acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Protein: Used structurally (nails, hair, muscles, bones) and as enzymes. They are polymers made up of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Reactant: Substances that are present before a reaction. They are what react, hence, reactants. Products: Substances that are present at the end of a reaction. They are what are created by the reaction. Substrate: The reactants of a enzymatic reaction. Enzyme: All metabolic reactions in living organism require this protein or they will not proceed. It lowers the amount of activation energy required for a reaction to occur. Activation Energy: Amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. Enzyme-Substrate Complex: “Lock and Key Mechanism.” Enzyme reacts with substrate to either bond or break up a substrate. Denaturation: Unfolding of an enzyme yielding it inactive. Dehydration Synthesis: The bonding of small molecules to form large molecules. Hydrolysis: The breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Glycosidic Bond: Bond formed in the dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides. Peptide Bond: Bond formed when two amino acid covalently bond due to a dehydration synthesis. Saturated Fat: At room temperature, they are solid. Animal fats are an example. Glycerol is bonded with a fatty acid. No double bonds between the carbon atoms.


Unsaturated Fat: As at least one double bond between the carbon atoms. The fatty acid chain is bent. Usually liquid at room temperature. Plant fats are an example (vegetable oil).

pH Scale

Enzymes

Acids

Bases

Carboxyl Group

Variable Group

Amino Group

Amino Acid


+ H2O


Lipids


Proteins (Also see Enzymes)

Carbohydrates

Glucose

Enzyme activity is affected by temperature, pH, and Enzyme-Substrate concentrations. At a certain point, an enzyme reaches its maximum work, and may or may not denature. Most likely, at a certain pH and temperature, and enzyme denatures.


+ H2O

Glycosidic Bond


Overview


Cellular Organelles

Terms: Diffusion: Movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (like Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Ethanol, and Urea). Osmosis: The diffusion (facilitated) of water molecules (across a membrane). Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion through a protein channel (tunnel) when a substance is too polar to diffuse by themselves (like Water and Glucose). Active Transport: The use of cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient (from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration). Pump: Active transport of substances with the use of a pump. Pumps substances like Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium, and Hydrogen in and out of the cell against gradients. Bulk Transport: A form of active transport where larger substances are transported. Endocytosis: Bulk transport of substances into the cell for (feeding and Imunology) Phagocytosis: Endocytosis where the cell membrane surrounds the substance and brings it into the cell (for feeding and Immunology). Pinocystosi: “Cell drinking.” Cell membrane surrounds fluid and brings it into the cell. Exocytosis: Bulk transport of substances in vesicles out of the cell (like waste products and proteins). Plasmolysis: Cytoplasm and plasma membrane of a plant cell shrink away from the cell due to osmosis. Lysis: The rupture of the cell membrane leading the leakage of cytoplasm and the death of the cell. Hypertonic: Having a greater concentration of ions than another substance. Hypotonic: Having a lesser concentration of ions than another substance. Isotonic: Having an equal concentration of ions to another substance.


Ribosomes: Aid in the production of proteins within the cell. Golgi complex: Enzymes found in the complex attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. The Proteins are then moved to destination. Cytoplasm: Gel-like matrix in which the organelles are located. Helps suspend the organelles. Nucleus: Controls most cellular processes and holds the hereditary information (DNA). Nucleolus: Assembles ribosomes. Nuclear Membrane- Allows transfer of materials in and out of the nucleus, Cell (plasma) Membrane: Surrounds cell and controls flow of materials in and out of the cell. Mitochondria: Site of respiration. Uses energy from food to produce high-energy compounds (ATP). Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Assemblage of cell membrane components (lipids), protein modification, and the place where ribosomes are found attached. Vacuole: Cell storage (water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates). Plants of a main (Central) vacuole. Cell Wall: Provis protection and support for the cell (rigid structure). Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis. Uses energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create energy-rich food molecules (glucose). Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Produces lipids for cell. Lysosome: Enzymes breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Breakdown unnecessary organelles. Centriole: Produces and organizes spindle fibers during Mitosis. Involved in chromosome movement during mitosis and meiosis.


Photosynthesis and Respiration

ATP

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stores large amounts of energy in its terminate phosphate bond (last bond). When this bond is broken it becomes ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and a Phosphate that releases energy, which can be used by cells to do work. Used For Cell Work: Active transport, Cell Division (Cell Reproduction), Protein Synthesis, Metabolic Activities, Dehydration Synthesis, Movement, and Growth. The Leaf

Palisade Layer: Rows of elongated cells containing many chloroplasts. Stomate: Openings between guard cells on the lower epidermis that allow gases to pass.

Sugar


Chloroplast Photosynthesis (Occurs in the Chloroplast of the Cell) Overview

Outer Membrane

Inner Membrane

Stroma

Granum

Thylakoid Sac

Lipid Bilayer

Lipid Bilayer

Photosystem II (Chlorophyll)

Photosystem I (Chlorophyll)

ATP Synthase

Thylakoid Space

Chloroplasts have their own DNA, which means they can replicate themselves!


light Overall Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Phases Light Dependent Reaction

• Occurs in the Thylakoid Membrane • Requires sunlight • Oxygen as a Waste • Accomplishes two things

o NADP + P NADPH (High Energy Molecule) Reaction occurs in Photosystem I

o ADP + P ATP • Steps:

1. Light Energy is absorbed by 1) H2O 2) Chlorophyll in P.S. I and P.S. III

2. In photolysis, H2O 2H+ + 2e- + O2 (Water is split to release oxygen!)

3. H+ stay in the thylakoid space

LIGHT

H2O

Thylakoid Space

Step 1

2H+ + 2e- + O2 Step 2

Step 3

2e- 2e- 2e-

Step 4

H+ H+ H+

H+

Step 5

H+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+ H+

H+

Step 6

Stroma

ADP + P ATP

Step 7


4. e- are transported through the electron transport chain within the thylakoid memebrane.

5. e- transport generates enough energy to create a H+ concentration from the stroma. H+ are pumped into the thylakoid space where they accumulate.

6. The H+ ions flow back into the stroma down their gradient by facilitated diffusion through the ATP Synthase enzyme in the thylakoid membrane.

7. This flow of H+ ions activates the enzyme and enables it to carry out ADP + P ATP

Calvin Cycle (Independent Light Reaction)- Carbon Dioxide (that comes through the stoma of the leaf and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast) is combined with other chemicals in the stroma (energized by ATP and NADPH from Dependent Light Reaction) to produce sugars, namely glucose (C6H12O6). Photosynthesis: Reactions: CO2 and H2O Products: Glucose and Oxygen (Waste) High Energy Molecules Produced: ATP and NADPH (Used during

Calvin Cycle) Significance: Release Oxygen and creates glucose yielding energy. Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis

• Amount of sunlight • Amount of water

Respiration Overall Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38ATP Reactants: Glucose and Oxygen Products: ATP (36-38), Water (Waste), and Carbon Dioxide (Waste) Purpose: To convert Glucose into ATP, which, when broken down,

provides energy for intracellular activities. Overview of Aerobic Respiration

Enzymes Mitochondria


1) Glycolysis

• Total Net Gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH Overview: A molecule of glucose is split (energized by 2 ATP) into two, three carbon molecules in the cytoplasm. These molecules are turned into 2 Pyruvic Acids, also making 4 ATP and 2 NADH

2) Krebs Cycle • Pyruvic Acid is broken down to yield 4NADH, FADH2, and an

ATP. Carbon Dioxide is given off as a waste. • This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

2 NADH

Pyruvic Acid Glucose


2) Electron Transport Chain

The concept of the electron transport chain is much like that of the Dependent light reaction in photo synthesis. The hydrogen is split from high energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) and brought into the mitochondria. The electrons filled with energy are powered down this chain until they hit the ATP Synthase. Here, they charge up this “turbine” and all the H+ ions rush through because of the concentration gradient that has built up. This causes the production of 34 ATP, the BIG BANG! This


last process is known as chemiosmosis. Also note that water was also made as a waste. Totals:

Anaerobic Respiration • After glycolysis, anaerobic respiration occurs when there is no

oxygen. Its yields of energy are low, but occur quickly.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

pyruvic acid + NADH Lactic acid + NAD+


Note Lactic Acid Fermentation creates Lactic acid and

NAD+. It also yields some ATP, but very little Occurs in muscle cells to tell body to slow down

(release of lactic acid is painful)

Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

o Occurs in cells such as yeast in bread.

Anaerobic versus Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Aerobic Occurs in the presence of…

No oxygen Oxygen

Yields of ATP 2 ATP 36-38 ATP Other products Alcohol or Lactic acid,

sometimes CO2, and NAD+

CO2 and Water (Note that NAD+ is made when NADH is used up)

A look at Respiration

How Photosynthesis and Respiration Relate

Photosynthesis Respiration Reactants Carbon Dioxide and Water Glucose and Oxygen Products Glucose and Oxygen Carbon Dioxide and Water Energy Source

Sunlight Glucose

Energy Produced

Stored in glucose bonds ATP

Organisms Plants with light All organisms, all the time This means that these processes complement each other. The reactants of one are the products of the other and the products of the other are the reactants of one. This means that these processes work together in a cycle in the correct conditions (light).

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