Name: _____________________ Date: _______________

Biology Mid-Term Study GuideDate of midterm exam:________________ Time of midterm exam: _____________

This study guide packet is due the day of the mid-term exam. You must complete it and bring it with you when you come to take the test.

The following review covers the chapters in the first nine weeks. To properly prepare for the exam you should:

1. Complete and Review this packet2. Organize, rewrite and review your notes3. Review old tests, quizzes& study guides

Bring to the exam: A #2 pencil with an eraser.

Good Luck!Remember: Your exam accounts for 20% of your 9 weeks grade!

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology

1. List the 8 characteristics of all living things:1)made of cells2) can reproduce3)have a genetic code (DNA)4)grow& develop5)get& use energy6)respond to stimuli (to their environment)7)maintain stable environment (homeostasis)8)as a group, change over time=evolve

2. What Life processes are common to all living things? HINT STERNGRRSynthesis: make larger molecules from smaller onesTransport: move substances into & around cell/organismExcretion: remove wastesRespiration: release energy from foodNutrition: get and use energy/foodGrowth: get larger in sizeRegulation: maintain constant internal environmentReproduction: make more individuals

3. What is homeostasis?Keeping constant internal conditions in response to changing environment

4. What is metabolism? All chemical reactions in organism (all life processes together)

Experimental Design

5. Read the experimental design and answer the questions:A group of students was trying to determine which type of soil would rose bushes grow the tallest in. They had five rose bushes that they planted in five different types of soil. The size of the pots were the same, they were watered the same amount and kept in the same light and temperature conditions.

a. What was the problem?What type of soil is best to grow roses?

b. What was the independent variable?Soil type

c. What was the dependent variable?Height of rose bush

6. Another group of students were trying to determine at what temperature a newly discovered fish will thrive. They set up four different aquariums and kept each at different temperatures. They put 100 fish in each tank and then counted how many were alive at the end of a week.

a. What was the problem?What temperature is best for fish (thrive means live the longest)

b. What was the independent variable?temperature

c. What was the dependent variable?Fish growth

d. What conditions need to be kept constant during the experiment? Size of tank, amount of food, location of tanks

7. Using the scenario below answer questions 1-10.Kari has been doing research on a new chemical to help tomato plants grow and produce bigger,

healthier tomatoes. Kari hypothesized that the new chemical would increase plant growth producing larger tomatoes. She needed to set up an experiment to test the new organic fertilizer. Kari set up her experiment in a greenhouse with the same species of tomato plant in 5 small flats. She kept all conditions the same such as humidity, temperature, soil, amount of water, etc.. Listed below is how she administered the fertilizer and the data she collected after six months.

Plant trays Amount of fertilizer per day Growth of plant Color of plant1 4 mL 2 inches Green2 6 mL 5 inches Green3 8 mL 6 inches Greenish-Yellow4 10 mL 9 inches Yellow5 0 mL 3 inches Green

Identify the following:1. Control group(s)? __#5 no fertilizer _________________________2. Experimental group(s)? _____groups 1,2,3,4_________________________3. Controlled variable(s)? __species of plant, humidity, temperature, soil, amt. of water______4. Independent variable? ___amount of fertilizer_____________________________5. Dependent variable? ____plant growth and color______________________8. Why did Kari only test one variable in this experiment? _it is a controlled experiment, only can test 1 variable at a time_9. What was the purpose of the control(s) group in this experiment? __control group is for comparison of results, it represents the normal condition _

Microscope Use1. How do you calculate total magnification? _eyepiece_X _objective__=__total magnification_

2. What is the highest magnification possible using the microscope above? ___100X* 10X= 1000X_3. Why do we use stain like methylene blue or iodine?_to see cell structures_____

4. What power objective should you always start on?__low power because you see more of object _

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life

1. What is the pH scale? Draw the scale and show where acids and bases are located.

2. What is a buffer and how does it work?Weak acid or base that prevents sudden change in pH

3. What is an organic compound?Contains Carbon & hydrogen (C-H) bonds

Fill out the following table about organic compounds:Organic Compound:

Monomer(small unit)

Examples: Where is it found in the body?JOB

Elements

Protein Amino acid Meat, muscle & bone

Builds structure, Cell transportCell communication, Chemical reactions, Fight disease

CHON

10X

40X

100X

eyepiece

Low power

High power

Carbohydrate monosaccharide Sugars &starch, Cellulose, glycogen

Immediate energyPlants build structures

CHO in 1:2:1 ratio

Lipid Fatty acid & glycerol

Fats, oil & waxes

Store energyInsulationWaterproof coverings

CHO in larger than 2:1 ratio

Nucleic Acid nucleotide DNA & RNA Store & transmit hereditary info

CHONP

4. Identify the following as a nucleic acid, protein, lipid, or carbohydrate:

Lipid has CHONucleic acid CHONP Protein CHONA

B

C

nucleic acid lipid

5. What is a catalyst?Anything that speeds up a reaction

6. What is an enzyme?Special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in organisms

7. What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity? Use the following terms in your description (active site, enzyme, products, substrate) and label below.

T: Substrate S: enzyme U V :products

5. For each of the following statements, label as true or false_T_ a. Enzymes are types of proteins__F__ b. Enzymes slow down the rate of chemical reactionsSPEED UP__T__ c. Each enzyme is specific, it only works on one type of substance_T__ d. Enzymes become denatured (melt) at high temperatures_T__ e. Enzymes work best at a narrow pH range__F__ f. Enzymes cannot be reused.CAN_T___ g. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids

D

E

__F_ h. Proteins are made in the mitochondria of cellsRIBOSOMES_T_ i. Proteins make up our blood, hair, skin, heart, muscles, and bones

6. Use the graphs above to answer the questions:a. Does enzyme number one function at a pH of 5.5? _yes but barely___b. What is the best pH for enzyme number two? __6___c. Which enzyme has the broadest ph range? __#3 has a range of 6.5-11.5 ________

Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function

1. What is a cell? Name and draw 3 types of cells.Cell is the basic unit of life. Bacteria plant animal

2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?a. All living things are made of cellsb. Cells are basic unit of structure and functionc. New cells come from existing cells

3. What is a prokaryotic cell? What is a eukaryotic cell? Give examples of each.Prokaryotes lack organelles (no nucleus) Example: bacteria Eukaryotes have organelles(nucleus) Example: plant & animal

4. What are three differences between a plant cell and an animal cell? Draw and label them on each cell ( one plant and one animal)animal has centrioles, plants have cell wall & chloroplasts

5. Matching: Next to each organelle, write the letter of its function_F___ mitochondria a. where proteins are made

_H___ cell membrane b. site of photosynthesis in plants, contain chlorophyll

_D___ cell wallc. organizes cell division in animal cells

_A__ribosomesd. provides support and protection for plant cell

__G__nucleuse. storage area for the cells

_E___ vacuolef. powerhouse of the cell, makes energy

__B__chloroplasts

_C___ centrioles

g. control center of the cell, contains the genetic info

h. is selectively permeable, controls what goes in and out of the cell

6. Label the diagrams of the cells below:

Animal Cell:A.B. centriolesC.D.E. nucleusF. mitochondriaG.

H.I.

Plant Cell:A. cell wallB. nucleusC. cell membraneD.E.chlorolplastF. vacuole

H. ribosomesI. cell membrane

7. What does selectively permeable mean?Some things can pass and others cannot

8. What types of organic molecules make up a cell membrane?mostly Lipid and protein

9. Label the parts of the membrane:A LIPID B PROTEIN D Carbohydrates

10.What is the function of the cell membrane?Homeostasis; controls what enters and leaves

11.What is diffusion?Movement of molecules from High to Low concentration; without energy

12.What is equilibrium?When concentrations inside and outside cell are equal

13.What is osmosis?Diffusion of water from High water to low water, without energy

14.Define the following terms: isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution.Label each picture (they are NOT in the above order!!!):Solution is less conc solution is more conc equilibriumWater leaves water enters water moves in & out

15.What is active transport?Movement of molecules from Low to High concentration (against the gradient) using energy

16.What type of organic molecule is needed for active transport?ATP is needed and the organic molecule glucose( a carbohydrate) provides it

17.What is the difference between diffusion and active transport?

Diffusion is passive (no energy, from H to L) active transport is with energy ( L to H)

Chapter 8 & 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

1. Define photosynthesis.Means “Putting together with light” Makes food by combining water and carbon dioxide

2. What is the equation for photosynthesis?

3. Where does photosynthesis occur?Chloroplast

4. What type of organisms carry out photosynthesis?All plants ( some bacteria and some protists)

5. What is the most important energy molecule in organisms?ATP is used to store and release energy for cell work (like a rechargeable battery)

6. Does respiration require oxygen?Yes

7. Compare aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration.Aerobic requires oxygen, anaerobic does not require oxygen

8. What type of respiration yields more ATP? See previous question. Aerobic respiration releases more ATP because oxygen helps break down glucose fully

9. What is the equation for cellular respiration?

10.Where does respiration occur in the cell?In the mitochondria

11.What type of organisms carry out cellular respiration?All organisms

Chapter 12 - DNA

1. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? __DNA__ __ RNA____

2. __genes___ are a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein.

3. A ___nucleotide____ is the basic building block of DNA & RNA.

4. What are the 3 parts that make up the nucleotides of a nucleic acid?a.phosphate b. sugar c.nitrogen base

9. What is the name of the bond formed between the nitrogen bases called? _hydrogen bond_11. How are RNA and DNA different? How are they similar?

12. Find the complimentary strand.

a. DNA strand A A T G C A T b. DNA strand C C G A T A

DNA strandT T A C G T A DNA strand G G C T A T

13. __REPLICATION___ occurs when DNA makes a copy of itself to form 2 new strands of DNA.

14. Identify as a section of DNA or RNA or Both.

a. ATCT _DNA_ b. AGGCU RNA_ c. AGGCA _BOTH_ d. UAUU _RNA__

15. ___messenger mRNA__ is a type of RNA that carries genetic message of DNA into cytoplasm.

16. __transfer tRNA___ is a type of RNA that brings amino acids to mRNA in ribosome for protein synthesis.

17. __ribosomal rRNA___ is a type of RNA that helps mRNA and tRNA come together to make a protein.

18. _transcription____ occurs when mRNA makes a copy of DNA and takes this copy to the ribosome.

19. __translation___ occurs when mRNA is decoded while bonded to tRNA to build a protein.

18._3_ nucleotides = __1__ codon.

19.What amino acids are coded for by the following mRNA strand? (use chart below)AUG – CCC - ACU – GAU – GGA – CUU – AUU – UGAMET---PRO---THR---ASP----GLY----LEU---ILE----STOP

20.Use the section of DNA to figure out the amino acids that will be formed during protein synthesis

**Use the mRNA to determine the amino acid sequence.DNA mRNA amino acid (use mRNA)A UT A STOPT AC GG C ALA

A U

23. A __mutation___ is a mistake or change in the DNA sequence.

24. A __point mutation___ mutation is a change to a single base pair that changes an amino acid in a protein.

25. A __frameshift_ mutation is an addition or deletion of one or more bases that changes all the resulting amino acids.

Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction

1. What is a chromosome?

2. What is mitosis?

3. What is a centromere?

4. What are the 3 parts of interphase? What happens in each one?

Label the diagram---

What process is happening at X?transcription

What process is happening at Y?translation

Match the picture on the right to the description on the left for each stage of mitosis:

INTERPHASE Longest stage Nucleolus and nuclear membranedisappear Chromosomes look like tangled threads Centrioles together

PROPHASE Chromosomes pair up Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

METAPHASE Chromosomes line up in the middleOf the cell

ANAPHASE Chromosome pairs pull apart and move To opposite sides of the cell

TELOPHASE The chromosomes are at opposite sides of the cell Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears

a. What happens during cytokinesis?

b. What is different with cytokinesis in plant cells?

1. What are homologous chromosomes?

2. What does diploid mean? Give the diploid number for humans.

3. What does haploid mean? Give the haploid number for humans.

4. What is meiosis?

5. What are gametes?

6. What are the steps of meiosis? List and describe all of them.

Label the phases:

7. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

8. What is cancer?