pastoral peoples, mongols, and yuan dynasty
DESCRIPTION
The Extent of the Mongol Empire The Mongols built a vast empire across much of Asia, founded the Yuan dynasty in China, and opened China and the region to greater foreign contacts and trade.TRANSCRIPT
Pastoral Peoples, Mongols, and Yuan Dynasty The Extent of the
Mongol Empire
The Mongols built a vast empire across much of Asia, founded the
Yuan dynasty in China, and opened China and the region to greater
foreign contacts and trade. The Mongols Nomads from the Steppe
Fierce Warriors
In the 1200s a nomadic people called the Mongols burst forth from
Central Asia to create the largest land empire in history. Vast
steppes, grasslands, stretch across north-central Eurasia, home to
nomadic peoples Steppes too dry for farming Nomads relied on herds
of domesticated animals Often traded; but also swept down on
settlements, took what they wanted Nomads from the Steppe Like
Huns, Turks, the Mongols emerged as powerful nomadic people on
Central Asian steppes Herded sheep, goats Skilled with horses
Accustomed to living in harsh environment, competing for scarce
resources Tough people, fierce warriors Fierce Warriors Mongolian
Steppes Steppe- A vast semiarid grass-covered plain, as found in
southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America. Xinjiang
Region Typical Uygher [Mongol] Yurt
A yurt is a portable, bent wood-framed dwelling structure
traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia.
Insulated with sheep wool in the walls and the roof. The Universal
Ruler Separate Clans Genghis Khan Campaign of Conquest
Mongols divided into separate clans, each led by a khan, chief
Khans rose to power through military skills, ability to lead 1100s,
Temujin, powerful khan, began to conquer rivals, unite Mongol clans
Genghis Khan 1206, Temujin completed task, took name Genghis Khan,
Universal Ruler Set out to build empire, organized Mongols into
powerful military machine Strict discipline, demanded loyalty,
rewarded those who pleased him Campaign of Conquest Mongol forces
began bloody campaign of conquest; highly mobile armies Employed
brutality, psychological warfare; burned towns, killed inhabitants
Sent agents ahead to instill fear; soon people surrendered without
a fight Chingghis Khan when elected the ultimate ruler, or KHAN of
the Mongol tribe. He managed to break individual clan loyalties and
construct new military units with allegiance to himself as the
leader. Masters of the shortbow. Mongol contact with the Chinese
also introduced them to other weapons of war such as catapult, gun
powder, cannons, flaming arrows and battering rams. When Chigghis
Khan died in 1227 the Mongols controlled an empire that extended
from Northern China to eastern Persia. Mongol Invasions Mongol
Warriors What do we remember from our reading about Mongol
warriors? Learn to walk they could ride a horse Had lots of weapons
lances, hatchets, and iron maces, short bow the most powerful yards
away. Lifestyle bread mobility Messenger system?Does anyone
remember this from the the reading? Mongol Archer How did the
Mongols ride?Shoot a short bow while ducking under a horses belly
or leaning over the horses rump.Mongol army was entirely cavalry
meant they moved to rapidly that their advances alone could
demoralize there enemy. The Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire
Khanates
Genghis Kahn led Mongols in conquering much of Asia Mongols learned
art of siege warfare, gunpowder in fights against Chinese, Turks At
Genghis Kahns death, 1227, Mongols controlled much of northern
China, Central Asia Sons, grandsons took up challenge of world
conquest The Mongol Empire Genghis Kahns empire divided into four
khanates, heir ruled each region; new Great Khan ruled over whole
empire Grandsons resumed efforts to complete conquests of China,
Korea, Persia 1236, Golden Horde, or Tartars, began conquering
Russia, Poland, Hungary Khanates Mongols executed the only
successful winter invasion of Russia in history. Cities that
resisted Mongol advances saw their inhabitants massacred or sold
into slavery. Mongol Rule-under Chingghis
Temujin --> Genghis Khan [Universal Ruler] 1162 1227
Illiterate/not ignorant Consulted with Confucian scholars on how to
rule China,design weapons, improve trade with further lands to the
east and the west. Secure trade routes prosperous merchants and
wealthy cities All religions were tolerated . The MONGOLS [Golden
Horde]
Genghis Khans Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage,we will take your
prosperity. If you do not have prosperity,we will take your
children. If you do not have children,we will take your wife. If
you do not have a wife,we will take your head. Used cruelty as a
weapon some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction! Effects
of Mongol occupation in Russia
Serfdom arose as peasants gave up lands to the aristocracy in
exchange for protection Mongol rule kept Russia culturally isolated
from Western European trends such as the Renaissance. Moscow
benefited financially by acting as a tribute collector for the
Mongols. Strengthen the Orthodox church by making the head of
Orthodox church head of the Russian church. Established presence in
Russia- next goals were toconquer Europe Attempted conquest of
Hungary in 1240 Left to handle succession issues in their own
capital of Karakorum Proposed conquest of Europe never
materialized. Gold Saddle Arch Mongols, 13c Gold Saddle, Front View
Mongols, 13c Golden Horde stood ready to invade western
Europe
The Golden Horde Golden Horde stood ready to invade western Europe
Grandson Batu learned of Great Kahns death, suddenly turned back
India, Western Europe escaped Mongol wrath Most of Eurasia
devastated Millions had died, entire cities annihilated The Mongol
Peace Stability in Asia
Mongols built empire with brutality, ruled peacefully Tolerated
local beliefs, ways of life, allowed local rulers to stay in power
as long as they paid tribute to Mongols Some Mongols adopted
aspects of more civilized cultures; Mongols in Central Asia,
Persia, adopted Islam Stability in Asia Mongol Empire established
peace, stability across Asia Some historians call period Pax
Mongolica, Mongol Peace Guarded trade routes across Asia, allowed
trade to increase; people, goods, ideas flowed across Asia Some
believe Black Plague spread from Asia to Europe during period
Mongol Nobleman, Short bow, Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c
Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics How were the
Mongols able to build a vast empire across much of Eurasia?
Answer(s): army was skilled and well organized, rules promoted
loyalty and obedience; tactics involved brutality and psychological
warfare; built fear in those they conquered Kublai Kahn Rules
China
The Yuan Dynasty Great Kahn 1260, Kublai Khan became Great Kahn of
Mongol Empire Determined to complete conquest of China begun in
1235 Southern Song Mongols ruled northern China Southern Song
dynasty ruled in south, fiercely resisted Mongols 1279, Song
defeated; Kublai Khan created Yuan dynasty Kublai Kahn Rules China
As emperor, Kublai Khan tried to gain loyalty of Chinese subjects
Adopted Chinese practices, gave dynasty Chinese name New Capital
Kublai Khan moved capital to near what is now Beijing Built
Chinese-style walled city, lavish palace, adopted Chinese court
ceremonies Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing
houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers
(roughly 1,100 miles) long, linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province
with Beijing in the north. An extremely important water project
that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several
big rivers and provides an important means of transportation and
communication. With the two pictures below in mind, how do you
think the access to rivers and lakes would have made the lifestyle
of people in the south different from that of people in the north?
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.
Kublai Khan [r ] Pax Mongolica [Mongol Peace] Tolerated Chinese
culture but lived apart from them. No Chinese in top govt. posts.
Believed foreigner were more trustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade
& foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo The
Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a
touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confuciuss
teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become
bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest
status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to
replace literature, including Confuciuss writings, lost during the
Qin Dynasty.Created new works of literature and music.Scroll
painting began during this time.Iron was now used for plows and
weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing
tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an
earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on
ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for
Silk Road trade.It brought Chinese together into one civilization,
creating a common culture.Economically, it brought much wealth to
the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudis
public schools taught Confucianism.Grand School in capital. In 100
years, 30,000 studied there. Kublai Khan Rules China
Mongol Identity Kublai Khan tried to rule as Chinese emperor But
took care to see Mongols not absorbed into Chinese culture Mongols
lived apart from Chinese, had little in common Separation
Individual friendships between Mongols, Chinese discouraged Mongols
forbidden to marry Chinese Different laws, taxes for Chinese; could
not own weapons, serve in military Limited Power Kublai Khan
distrusted Chinese, limited power Chinese officials served at local
level, could not hold high government posts Mongols invited
foreigners to hold government office Taxes to Trade Peace Foreign
Trade
Mongols burdened Chinese with heavy taxes Large part of taxes
supported public-works projects Chinese laborers built new roads,
extended Grand Canal Improvements made shipping rice, other goods
from southern China to northern China easier, more reliable Mongols
posted soldiers throughout China to keep peace Feared rebellions,
particularly in south where many Chinese remained loyal to Song
dynasty Peace Foreign trade increased Pax Mongolica made land
travel safer for merchants Sea trade improved; foreign merchants
welcomed to Chinas ports Foreign Trade How did Mongol rule in the
Yuan dynasty affect life for the Chinese?
Summarize How did Mongol rule in the Yuan dynasty affect life for
the Chinese? Answer(s): made the Chinese subordinate to the
Mongols; limited their power End of the Yuan Dynasty The Yuan
dynasty weakened during the last part of Kublai Khans reign. One
cause was a number of military defeats. All of his invasions into
Southeast Asia failed, and Mongol armies suffered huge losses.
Kublai Khan had set sights on conquering Japan Tried to invade
Japan twice Disastrous results each time Japan First attempt: 900
ships attacked Japan, storm destroyed fleet Second attempt: Khan
sent larger fleet, severe storm again wiped out fleet Attacks After
two fleets destroyed by storms, Mongols never attempted Japanese
invasion Japanese called storms that saved them kamikaze, divine
wind Kamikaze Mongol Warriors Military and Monetary Losses
Huge military losses in Japan weakened Mongol forces that
controlled, protected China Large amounts spent on public-works
projects weakened economy Weaknesses, Chinese resentment of
Mongols, left empire ripe for rebellion Black Plague was spread by
Mongols in the mid 1300s Weaknesses 1294, Kublai Khan died, power
struggles erupted. He became more concerned with accumulation of
wealth than the efficient administration. Khans successors lacked
talent for leadership Floods, rising taxes further increased
discontent 1300s, Chinese rebelled, defeated Mongols Mongols fled
to Manchuria, ending foreign rule in China by 1368 End of Dynasty
Identify Cause and Effect
What factors led to the end of the Yuan dynasty? Answer(s):
military defeats and failed invasions; lack of good leadership;
power struggles; Chinese discontent