PASS Objectives Content Standard 1.1

Cells are composed of a variety ofstructures such as the nucleus,cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,ribosomes, mitochondria, andchloroplasts.

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All living things are made of cells

1

Cells are the basic units of life

2

Cells come only from other cells

3

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All bacteria cells are about the same size

All animal cells are about the same size

All plant cells are about the same size

Larger animals musthave MORE cells.

Cell Organelles

Organelles - 5 min

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Cell Parts - 16 min

Summary of Cell Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecyclecontain pigment

Cell Wall

Surrounds bacteria and plant cells, functions for support and protection.

There are large pores in the cellwall that allow substances to come in contact with the cell membrane.

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

A complex barrierof lipid (fat)moleculesseparating theinside of the cellfrom its external environment.

Cell Membrane

There are two layers of lipidmolecules - one forming the inside surface and one forming the outside surface.

Cell Membrane

Carbohydrate and proteinmolecules are part of themembrane and extend through it.

The membraneis selectively permeable,allowing substances like water and oxygen to move freely through it, while keeping other substances from doing so.

Cell Membrane

Water movesthrough themembrane by theprocess of osmosis.

Cell Membrane

During osmosis,particles move easily from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration by molecular motion only.

Cell Membrane

A cell CAN push molecules against this "concentration gradient", but it requires the cell to use energy to do so.

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

A thick, aqueoussolution of salts surrounding the organelles inside the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm

Nutrients and minerals spread through the cytoplasm to all parts of the cell bycytoplasmic streaming...

Cytoplasm

meaning thecytoplasm isconstantly slowly moving inside the cell.

Nucleus

The nucleus directs cell activities.

Nucleus

The nucleuscontains the DNA of a cellin the form of chromatin,long threads of DNA.

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Nucleus

Chromosomes form ONLY during cell division.

Ribosome

Sites of protein synthesis in almost all cells.

These small, spherical structures are the most numerous organellesin most cells.

Ribosome

EndoplasmicReticulum

A system of folded membrane sacs and tunnels in the cytoplasm.

EndoplasmicReticulum

Rough "ER" is covered with ribosomes.

Smooth "ER" has few or no ribosomes.

Mitochondria

Respiration centersof a cell.

Mitochondria

Large organellesscattered through the cell, they are most numerousin cells that use a LOT of energy like liver and muscle cells.

A stack of membranes that act to "package" substances for export from the cell.

GolgiApparatus

Once enclosed in a vesicle, the product is sent through the cell membrane.

GolgiApparatus

Lysosome

Lysosomes are the cell's recycling centers.

Lysosome

Enzymes insidelysosomes break down molecules into smaller materials that are then used to build new complex molecules.

Vacuole

Vacuoles are storage areas within a cell.

Vacuole

Although most cells have vacuoles,plant cells have LARGE vacuoles in which they store water.

Plastid

Plastids contain pigments, chemicals that produce colors.

Plastid

The cells in your lowerepidermis have melanoplasts,containing the brown pigmentcalled melanin...

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Plastid

the more melanoplasts,the darker your skin.

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Plastid

Chloroplasts in plant cells contain the green pigmentchlorophyll, which makes photosynthesis possible.

Summary of Organelles

Summary of Organelles

cell wall

Summary of Organelles

cell wall support & protect cell

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membrane

support & protect cell

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membrane

support & protect cell surround the cell

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasm

support & protect cellsurround the cell

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasm

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cell

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleus

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cell

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleus

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosome

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosome

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesis

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondria

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesis

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondria

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energy

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuole

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energy

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuole

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystorage

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosome

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystorage

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosome

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecycle

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecycle

Summary of Organelles

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecyclecontain pigment

cell wallcell membranecytoplasmnucleusribosomemitochondriavacuolelysosomeplastid

support & protect cellsurround the cellfluid inside cellcontrols the cell (DNA)protein synthesisproduce energystoragerecyclecontain pigment

Summary of Organelles

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End - Cell Organelles

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Cell Cycle - 16 min

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TheCycle of

CellDivision

Gap 1 - The formation of two daughter cells from a parent cell in cytokinesis is an energy-consuming process.

Gap 1 - The time needed by the cells to replenish their energy causes this "gap".

G1 - The longest phase of the cell cycle.

G1 - It is during this phasethat specialized cells in higher organisms perform their major function.

S - Synthesis means "to make".

S - the cell's original DNA is duplicated in the process of replication.

Gap 2 - The replication of DNA is another energy-consumingprocess for the cell.

G2 - The time taken by a cell to build up its energy reserves produces this second gap.

M - Mitosis is the process by which DNA is divided into two identical setsbefore the cell divides.

Mitosis has four major phases:

Chromatin condensesinto chromosomes.

1.Prophase

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Paired chromosomes moveto center of the cell.

2.Metaphase

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Homologous chromatids(half of a pair of chromosomes)move to opposite sidesof the cell.

3.Anaphase

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Chromosomes disappear anda nuclear membrane formsaround the chromatin...

4.Telophase

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Daughter cells form by cytokinesis.

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Telophase

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell.

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In animal cells, the cell pinchestogether, roughly in the center.

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In plant cells, a new cell wallbegins to form between thetwo daughter cells.

Cytokinesis marks theend of the M phase.

The cycle starts over.

Cells willbe found inall phasesof the cellcycle in any fast growing tissue.

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Most human body cells can only divide about 50 times beforewearing out.

Meiosis is like Mitosis,only different...

Meiosis - 3 min

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Mitosis Meiosis

1 DNA duplication,1 cell division

1 DNA duplication, 2 cell divisions

Normal human body cells,somatic cells, have 46 chromosomes,in 23 pairs.

A cell with a full set of chromosomes is said to have a 2n number of chromosomes.

Human sex cells, gametes, have 23 unpaired chromosomes.

Gametes are said to have an n number of chromosomes.

Fertilization - the joiningof gametes.

Fertilization restores the "2n" chromosome number.

This process definessexual reproduction.

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Comparison of Cell Size

If the nucleus ofa cell were the size of a penny, the cell would be the size of a football field.