part’s morphology

www.wjpps.com │ Vol 9, Issue 12, 2020. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │

791

Gaikwad. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

A REVIEW: MUNTINGIA CALABURA SCIENTIFIC

CLASSIFICATION, CULTIVATION AND THEIR INDIVIDUAL

PART’S MORPHOLOGY, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT’S, USES,

BIOSYNTHESIS AND FORMULATION’S.

Nishikant Dhanaji Gaikwad*

Indrayani Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Talegaon Dabhade-410507,

Pune, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT

Purpose of this review article is to be collect the information related to

muntingia calabura tree in which include their scientific classification,

morphology, chemical constituents, cultivation and collection,

traditional uses, health benefits, extraction process and dosage

formulation. These all are explained with their individual part. So that

these article divided in to different subtitles (leaves, roots, flower,

fruits and bark). In which gives the information regarding to the

specific part (leaves) of muntingia calabura tree and then explain other

part of muntingia calabura tree like fruits or roots. Because many

researchers plane their research on a specific part of plant like leaves or

roots etc. But they are very difficult to find the information regarding

to the only leaves or fruits at single page in sequence manner. So these

review article try provide all information regarding to specific part of muntingia calabura

tree in a sequence manner. These article reviewed from the number of databases like research

paper, journals, books, patents, websites, literature etc. by using google search. There is

limited study performing on muntingia calabura tree. So the aim of these review article is to

motivate for performing further research on the muntingia calabura tree. Because this plant

has some traditional use like antiseptic and to reduce swelling in lower extremities, reduce

gastric ulcer, treat headache and cold, tranquillizer, antispasmodics, etc. based on literature

search. So these tree much valuable for future research.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 12, 791-821 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

*Corresponding Author

Nishikant Dhanaji

Gaikwad

Indrayani Institute of

Pharmaceutical Education

and Research, Talegaon

Dabhade-410507, Pune,

Maharashtra, India.

Article Received on

05 October 2020,

Revised on 25 October 2020,

Accepted on 15 Nov. 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202012-17880


792


KEYWORDS: Muntingia calabura, Elaeocarpaceae, Biosynthesis, Morphology,

Formulations, Uses, Chemical constituents.

INTRODUCTION

I have chosen Muntingia calabura tree for preparing review article. Because these plant are

available near to my house, so I have easily collect botanical information regarding to these

plant. Also nowadays, pharmaceutical industries are stepping forward for larger investment in

the terms of money and for the development of natural drugs which possesses on averse

effect. So the muntingia calabura tree contains number of natural ingredients.

Muntingia calabura is a flowering plant belongs to the family Elaeocarpaceae. This is a fast

growing fruit tree their fruits are green in colour when young and converted in to bright red.

It contains large number of tiny yellow seeds. Leaves are dark green in colour with alternate

arrangement. Leaves contains large amount of chemical constituents like saponin, tannin,

triterpene, steroid and flavonoids. Fruits of Muntingia calabura also contains squalene,

triglyceride, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars and phenols.

Muntingia calabura roots are spread very wide, suckers in moist soil. It contains 12

flavonoids which isolated from the methyl extract. Flowers of Muntingia calabura are

composed of five green sepals, five white petals and it emit a weak sweet scent. They

contains the chemicals like alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, saponins and phenols.

Muntingia calabura stem and bark are contains the chemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids,

steroids and poliphenolic compound.

World Health Organization has been promoted traditional medicine as an alternative source

of economical and comprehensive medical care, in developing countries. So Muntingia

calabura tree are very valuable for development of natural drugs for the treatment of diseases

like Myocardial infraction, Cancer, Inflammation, Type 2 Diabetic, Fungal infection, Ulcer,

Bacterial infection etc.

Practitioners belonging to Indian health care systems of medicine, create systematically and

dispense recipes, Approximately 40 per cent of the population is habituated to use of the

inhabitants consume plant derived drugs because of adverse effects and high cost factors of

the modern system of medicine.[46]

Also people are aware about ‘prevention is better than

cure’. So Investigations on medicinal plants have become major area of interest for the

isolation of novel biologically active compounds. However, this type of exploitation may lead


793


to the loss of biodiversity of some traditionally used plants.[46]

So Muntingia calabura tree

are very valuable for future.

1) Muntingia calabura

1.1 Botanical information

Muntingia is a genus of plants in the belong family Muntingiaceae, comprising only one

species, Muntingia calabura and was named in honour of Abraham Munting.[1]

This is a

fastest growing tree of slender proportions, reaching 25 to 40 ft (7.5-12 m) in height, with

spreading and nearly horizontal branches. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, lanceolate or

oblong, long-pointed at the apex, oblique at the base; 2 to 5 in (5-12.5 cm) long, dark-green

and minutely hairy on the upper surface, gray- or brown-hairy on the underside; and

irregularly toothed. The flowers, borne singly or in 2's or 3's in the leaf axils, are 1/2 to 3/4 in

(1.25-2 cm) wide with 5 green sepals and 5 white petals and many prominent yellow stamens.

They last only one day, the petals falling in the afternoon. The abundant fruits are round, 3/8

to 1/2 in (1-1.25 cm) wide, with red or sometimes yellow, smooth, thin, tender skin and light-

brown, soft, juicy pulp, with very sweet, musky, somewhat fig-like flavor, filled with

exceedingly minute, yellowish seeds and too fine to be noticed in eating.[2]

The flowers are

said to possess antiseptic properties. An infusion of the flowers is valued as an antispasmodic.

It is taken to relieve headache and the first symptoms of a cold. In Mexico, the fruits are eaten

and sold in markets. The fruits can be processed into jams and the leaves can be used for

making tea. In Brazil, the trees are planted along river banks. The fruits falling from the tree

attract fish that are then caught. In the Philippines and Indonesia the fruits are usually eaten

mostly by children although they are not sold in the markets. The skin is slightly tough and

often discarded by children. In traditional medicine, leaves of Muntingia calabura can be

used as an antiseptic, antipruritic and to treat abdominal cramps.[4]

This tall tree would look at

home in a tropical landscape. It provides shade, animal habitat and food. As an ornamental

specimen, the exotic blooms alone create quite a show. The fruits dangle like Christmas

ornaments on the plant, tempting birds and humans alike.[5]

1.2 Common names

Strawberry Tree, Panama berry, Jamaican cherry, Bajelly tree and Singapore cherry, Sabah

cherry, Panama Cherry, Jam tree, Cotton Candy berry, Calabura, calabur tree, capulin.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntingiaceae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Munting


794


1.3 Name in Other Languages

Argentina: Cedrillo majagua, Australia: Bird cherry, Belize: Calabur tree, capuleen,

Bolivia: Ovillo, uvilla,uvillo, Brazil: Calabura, cereja-das-Antilhas, pau-de-seda,

Cambodia: Kakhop, krakhob barang, Chamorro: Mansanita,manzanilla, Manzanita,

Colombia: Acurruco, chirriador, chitato, majaguito, nigua, tapabotija, Cook Islands:

Venevene, Cuba: Capulinas, guácima boba, guácima cereza, guasimilla, memiso, Ecuador:

Comidapaloma, El Salvador: Capulín de comer, French: Bois ramier, cerisier de Panama,

French Polynesia: Cerise, Guam: Mansanita, manzanilla, manzanita Guatemala: Capulín

blanco, Gujarati: Siṅgāpurī cērī (સ િંગાપરુી ચેરી), Haiti: Bois de soie, bois de soie marron,

bois d’orme, India: Bird’s cherry, gasagase hannina mara, nakkaraegu, paanchara,

Singapore cherry, ten pazham, Indonesian: Kersen, cerri, Malay cherry, talok, Japanese:

Nan’youzakura (ナンヨウザクラ), Jamaica: Strawberry tree Javanese: Kèrsen, Kannada:

Gasagase hannina mara ( ಗಸಗಸೆ ಹಣ್ಣಿನ ಮರ), Laos: Khoom sôm, khoom somz, takhôb,

Malay: Kerukup Siam, Malaysia: Japanese cherry, kerukup siam, Malayalam: Jamaikkan

ceṟi (ജമൈക്കൻ ചെറി), Maldives: Jaam, Maori (Cook Islands): Venevene Mexico:

Bersilana, bisilana, cacanicua, capolín, capulin, capulín de mayo, capulín manso, capulín

real, capulincillo, carecillo, cerezo, guinda, huztlán, huztlán, jonote, juanito, nigua, palmán,

poan, puam, puan, puan capulín, puyam, puyán, teresita, Micronesia, Federated states of:

Terri, Myanmar: Hnget thagya, hnget-tangya, Nauruan: Bin, Nicaragua: Capulín negro,

Palauan: Budo, Panama: Pacito, pasito, periquito, Peru: Bolaina, bolina yamanza, guinda

yunanasa, iumanasa, mullacahuayo, mullaca-huayo, yumanaza, Philippines: Aratiles,

cereza, datiles, latires, ratiles, seresa, zanitas, Pohnpeian: Terri, Portuguese: Calabura,

Russian: Muntingiya (Мунтингия), Singapore: Buah cheri, Spanish: Cacaniqua, Capulín

blanco, Nigua, bolaina yamanaza, niguito, capuli, capilun, cereza, majagua, Sri Lanka: Jam

fruit,jam tree, Sundanese: Kérsen, Swedish: Panamabär, Tagalog: Ratiles, aratilis, sares,

Tahitian: Cerise, monomona, Tamil: Ten pazham (தேன் பழம்), Telegu: Nakkaraegu,

Thai: Tak hbf r ng (ตะขบฝร่ัง), krop farang, ta kobfarang, takhop farang, Tongarevan:

Venevene, Ulithian: Sugar, Venezuela: Cedrillo, guácimo hembra, mahaujo, majaguillo,

niguo, Vietnamese: Trứng cá, mat sam|, Yapese: Budo, pelang. English: cotton candy

berry, calabur tree, capulin, Jamaica cherry, Panama berry, strawberry tree, ornamental

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language


795


cherry, jamfruit tree, Singapore cherry, West Indian cherry, Marathi: Paanchara

पाांचारा.[7,8,9,10]

1.4 Origin and Distribution

The Jamaica cherry is indigenous to southern Mexico, Central America, tropical South

America, the Greater Antilles, St. Vincent and Trinidad. The type specimen was collected in

Jamaica. It is widely cultivated in warm areas of the New World and in India, south-east

Asia, Malaya, Indonesia, and the Philippines, in many places so thoroughly naturalized that it

is thought by the local people to be native.

Macmillan says that it was first planted in Ceylon about 1912. Several trees were introduced

into Hawaii by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1922. Dr. David Fairchild

collected seeds of a yellow-fruited form in the Peradeniya. Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, in 1926.

The tree has been grown in southern Florida for its fruits and as quick shade for nursery

plants. It is seldom planted at present. Volunteers from bird-distributed seeds spring up in

disturbed hammocks and pinelands. The author supplied seeds requested by the Kenya

Agriculture Research Institute, Kihuyu, in 1982. The Jamaica cherry is said to grow better

than any other tree in the polluted air of Metropolitan Manila. It runs wild on denuded

mountainsides and on cliffs and is being evaluated for reforestation in the Philippines where

other trees have failed to grow and also for wildlife sanctuaries since birds and bats are partial

to the fruits.

Figure no. 1: Muntingia calabura tree and fruits.[12]


796


The fruits are sold in Mexican markets. In Brazil, they are considered too small to be of

commercial value but it is recommended that the tree be planted on river banks so that the

abundance of flowers and fruits falling into the water will serve as bait, attracting fish for the

benefit of fishermen. In Malaya, the tree is considered a nuisance in the home garden because

fruit-bats consume the fruits and then spend the day under the eaves of houses and disfigure

the porch and terrace with their pink, seedy droppings.[6]

1.5 Scientific classification[11]

Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass: Dilleniidae

Order: Malvales Family: Elaeocarpaceae – Elaeocarpus family

Genus: Muntingia L. – muntingia Species: Muntingia calabura L. – strawberrytree

1.6 Cultivation

Soil

The tree has the reputation of thriving with no care in poor soils and it does well in both acid

and alkaline locations, and even on old tin tailings in Malaya. It is drought-resistant but not

salt-tolerant.[13]

Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 6.5[14]

Propagation

Brazilian planters sow directly into the field fresh seeds mixed with the sweet juice of the

fruit. To prepare seeds for future planting, water is added repeatedly to the squeezed-out

seeds and juice and, as the seeds sink to the bottom of the container, the water is poured off

several times until the seeds are clean enough for drying in the shade.[13]

Culture

The planting hole is prepared with a mixture of organic fertilizer and soil and with a

fungicidal solution to prevent the young seedlings from damping-off. To assure good

distribution of the seeds, they are mixed with water and sown with a sprinkling can. When

well fertilized and watered, the seedlings will begin fruiting in 18 months and will be 13 ft (4

m) high in 2 years.[13]

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Plantae

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Tracheobionta

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Spermatophyta

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Magnoliophyta

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Magnoliopsida

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Dilleniidae

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Malvales

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Elaeocarpaceae

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=MUNTI

https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=MUCA4


797


Season

Wherever it grows, fruits are borne nearly all year, though flowering and fruiting are

interrupted in Florida and Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the 4 coolest months. Ripe fruits can

easily be shaken from the branches and caught on cloth or plastic sheets.[13]

Cultivation process

A plant of the lowland tropics, where it is found at elevations up to 1,000 metres. It grows

best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 22 - 32°c, but can

tolerate 10 - 36°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,400 - 2,000mm, but

tolerates 1,000 - 2,400mm. Probably tolerant of most soil types. The tree has the reputation of

thriving with no care in poor soils and it does well in both acid and alkaline soils and even on

old tin tailings.[16]

Prefers a pH in between 5.5 - 6.5, tolerating 5 – 7.[14 ]

Established plants are

drought resistant.[16]

The plant requires a sheltered position, the wide-spread branches tend to

break in high winds. The tree is often cultivated as an ornamental and shade tree. With its

ability to colonise disturbed ground, even on well-trodden land that other trees cannot

become established, this tree has spread to many areas of the tropics.[14]

It has proved to be

invasive in many regions.[15 ]

Seedlings flower within two years due to their fast growth. Air-

layered plants fruit straight away.[16]

The plant can establish itself in trodden yards and

withstand the air pollution in city streets and also along shop fronts where no other tree takes

root.

1.7 Parts Utilized[22,25,42,49,52,55]

Leaves, Fruits, Roots, Flowers, Stem and Bark.

1.8 Phytochemical studies of muntingia calabura tree

Various parts of the plant (leaves, root, bark, flowers,) were collected and air dried at room

temperature for 72 hours. The dried parts were ground into powder, sieved (60 mesh) and

extracted with water and methanol at room temperature for 72 hours and 48 hours

respectively. After extraction, it was filtered by using Whatman No. 1 filter paper and

concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator and stored in sterile

vials at 4°C until used.[17]

Test for glycosides: 5 ml of each extract was added in to 2 ml of glacial acetic acid which

was followed by the addition of 1 drop of ferric chloride solution and 1 ml of conc. sulphuric

acid. Formation of brown ring at interface confirms the presence of glycosides.[17]


798


Test for flavonoids: 1 ml of the extract was taken in the test tube and ammonia solution was

added (1:5) followed by the addition of conc. sulphuric acid. Appearance of yellow color and

its disappearance on standing indicates the positive test for flavonoids.[17]

Test for phlobatanins: 1% of HCl was added to the extract (1 ml) and boiled in hot water

bath. Formation of red precipitate indicates the presence of phlobatannins.[17]

Test for saponins: 1 ml of the extract was taken in a test tube and distilled water (2 ml) was

added to it. The test tube was then kept in boiling water bath for boiling and was shaken

vigorously. Existence of froth formation persisted for next one hour confirms the presence of

saponins.[17]

Test for tannins: 1 ml of the extract was added with 5 ml of distilled water and kept for

boiling in hot water bath. After boiling, sample was cooled down and to this 0.1% ferric

chloride solution was added. Appearance of brownish green or blue black coloration confirms

the presence of tannins.[17]

Test for terpenoids: 5 ml of extract was taken in a test tube and 2 ml of chloroform was

added to it followed by the addition of 3 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. Formation of

reddish brown layer at the junction of two solutions confirms the presence of terpenoids.[17]

Protein estimation: The protein estimation was carried according to Bradford’s method

using BSA as standard and hexane extracts of different plant materials into a series of test

tubes. Volume was made up to 100μl with distilled water and 900μl of Bradford’s reagent

was added to each tube. Absorbance was read at 535nm. Concentration of protein was

calculated accordingly using standard graph.[18]

α-tocopherol estimation: α-tocopherol estimation was carried out according to Kivcak and

Mer T. 20μl100μlof standard α-tocopherol solution and 20 and 40 μl of the hexane extracts

was used for the estimation. Volume was made up to 3ml using chloroform, 1 ml of 2, 2-

dipyridyl, and 1 ml of FeCl3 solution, Incubated at 370C for 15 minutes, and the absorbance

of the reaction mixture was read at 520nm, concentration was calculated accordingly by using

the standard graph.[18]

Total phenolics: Total phenolics were determined according to the method of Folin

Ciocalteu reaction with minor modifications using gallic acid as a standard (0-100µg).

Various concentrations of hexane extracts ranging from 0-100μg were taken in series of test

tubes & the volume was made up to 500μl with distilled water. 500μl of the Folin-ciocalteu

reagent was added to each tube, the mixture was allowed to stand for 10 minutes followed by


799


was read at 750nm and the concentration was calculated using the standard graph

accordingly.[18]

Ascorbic estimation: Ascorbic estimation was carried out according to Sadasivam S.,

Manickam. Different concentrations (0-100μg) of hexane extracts were taken along with

standard ascorbic acid. A drop of thiourea solution and 1ml of 2,4dinitrophenyl hydrazine

reagent was added to each tube and the volume as made up to 100μl with 4% oxalic acid and

acid was added to each tube. Mix the reaction mixtures thoroughly. The orange color

developed was read against a reagent blank at 540nm. The concentration was calculated on

the basis of the standard curve.[18]

Total sugar estimation: Sugar estimation was done according to Dubois method. 10 - 100

μg of the working standard solution was pipetted into a series of test tubes 200μl of the

extracted sample was pipetted into two separate test tubes. The volume in each tube was

made up to 1000μl with double distilled water. 1ml of 5% phenol was added to each tube

followed by 5ml of 96% sulphuric acid, intensity of the colour was read at 520 nm. The

amount of total sugar present in the given unknown sample solution was calculated using the

standard calibration curve.[18]

2 Leaves

2.1 Macroscopic observation

Leaves are dark green in colour with alternate arrangement as shown in figure no.2c. It is

long pointed at the apex and oblique at the base. They are 2.5 to 15 cm long and 1 to 6.5 cm

wide, minutely hairy on the upper surface of leaves as shown in figure no.2b.

Leaves are different in colour at time intervals. In which they are firstly dark green in colour

and thane convert in to slight green, slight yellow and lastly convert in to the dark yellow as

shown in figure no.2a.


800


A B C D

Figure no. 2: Muntingia calabura leaves, a- leaves in different time interval, b- front and

back side of leaves, c- leaves with stem, d- dry leaves powder.

2.2 Chemical constituents

In the leaves various chemical constituents present like saponin, tannins, triterpene, steroid,

and flavonoids GC-MS analysis of leaves for volatile compounds yielded myrcene (5.927%),

thymol (3.543%), a-terpinol (11.831%), linalool (2,240%), geraniol (21.718%). nerol

(4.375%), citronellol (12.837%), eugenol (17.498%), α-lonone (1.413%), ß-sitosterol

(7.806%), α-amyrin (3.167%), lupelol (4.228%). α-tocopherol (1.975%) and ß carotene

(1.425%).[19]

LC-MS analysis of leaves yielded fumaric acid (6.643%), succinic acid

(4.903%), niacin (0.718%), malic acid (2.863%), cinnamic acid (4.945%), pyridoxine

(1,893%), gallic acid (21,428%), ascorbic acid (6.121%), glucose (8.166%), fructose

(20.690%), pantothenic acid (1.478%), biotin (1.025%), thiamin (1.158%), ), kaempferol

(6.825%), catechin (14.407%), quercetin (10,623%), riboflavin (1.131%), and folic acid

(1.553%).[19]

2.3 Drying process of leaves

Drying is the most common method of medicinal plant preservation and, due to high

investment and energy costs, drying is also a large expense in medicinal plant production.

Drug quality and consequently earnings are significantly influenced by the drying regime.

Heat sensitive properties (aromatic, medicinal, culinary, colour) provide specialty crops with

their high market value. Care must be taken when drying specialty crops not to cause extreme

losses of heat sensitive properties. Therefore, they must be dried at low temperatures for

longer periods of time resulting in large power requirements for dryer operation. Heat pumps


801


can simultaneously raise the temperature from that of the waste heat stream and multiply the

energy supplied to the heat pump. Pereira et al. (2004) justified the addition of a heat pump

system to a convention re-circulating convection dryer. They found that heat pumps are able

to deliver more energy than they consume. It was stated that the additional compressor

energy required is counterbalanced by the energy savings if traditional (fossil fuel or

electrical resistance) dryers were used instead. So drying process of muntingia calabura

leaves heat pumps are most preferable. In the process of drying first upon we collected

Muntingia calabura leaf in Ben Tre province, Vietnam. They must be harvested from gardens

without pesticide and fertilizer residue to ensure food safety. After harvesting, they must be

conveyed to laboratory within 8 hours for experiments. They were washed under tap water to

remove foreign matters. Raw Muntingia calabura leaves were blanched in water solution

with 0.5% CaCl2 at 95oC in 5 seconds. Then these samples should be dried under heat pump

dryer at 40oC to maintain the most vitamin C (mg/100g), flavonoid (mg/g) and sensory score

in the dried Muntingia calabura leaf.[21]

Another process in which leaves that have been air-dried for 1-2 weeks at room temperature

(27 ± 2°C) and grinded into powder as shown in figure no. 2d.[20]

2.4 Extraction process and Biosynthesis

Fresh plant material was collected, shade dried and powdered in a mixer grinder.10g of plant

material (Muntingia calabura) were put into 50ml of different solvents such as Ethanol,

Methanol, Chloroform and Water respectively, then covered and kept standing for 48 hours

for extraction at room temperature. The solvent was removed from the sample by evaporating

at 650C using a waterbath. Then 50ml of the respective solvents were added into each extract

in the beaker and filtered using sterile cotton gauze. The extract was stored in a air tight

container and used for further studies.[22]


802


Aqueous extract for synthesis of gold nanoparticles[23]

Extraction

Figure no. 3: Gold nanoparticles.[24]

The leaves of Muntingia calabura L. used is fresh. The leaves are taken and then washed

thoroughly with deionized water and dried to the water of wash. Then, the leaves are cut into

uniform 2 x 2 cm and weighed 1.25 grams, then boiled with 50 mL deionized water in

Erlenmeyer 500 mL. The stew was allowed to boil for 5 minutes. Then, it cooled at room

temperature and the boiled water was poured and filtered using Whatman no. 42. The water

extract be used directly for the biosynthesis process. The water extract of Muntingia calabura

L. was analyzed using FT-IR.

Synthesis: The biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles was carried out by mixing the HAuCl4

solution and the water extract. 2 mL of water extract was mixed into 40 mL HAuCl4 solution

25 ppm then stirred for 1, 3, 4 and 5 hours. The gold nanoparticles solution was analyzed

using UV-Vis spectroscopy after 1, 3, 4 and 5 hours and 1, 3, 4 and 5 days. The gold

nanoparticles solution formed was left on top of a plastic-coated site to dry to obtain a gold

nanoparticles solid as shown in figure no.3. Further sampling of the gold nanoparticle solids

was taken to be characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM.


803


Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by reduction method using extract of Muntingia

calabura L. leaf a bioreductor.[32]

2.5 Medicinal uses

Cardioprotective: Muntingia calabura leaves extract efficiently protected the myocardium

against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. It brought about a significant decrease in

cardiac marker enzyme activities probably due reduction in extent of myocardial damage and

restriction of leakage of enzymes from the myocardium.[25]

Anticancer/Antiproliferative/Antioxidant: Study showed Muntingia calabura leaves

possess potential antiproliferative and antioxidant activities that could be attributed to high

content of phenolic compounds so these are used as anticancer, antiproliferative and

antioxidant.[26]

Hypotensive effect: Study evaluated the cardiovascular effect of a methanol extract from the

leaf of Muntingia calabura. A fractionated water-soluble extract elicited both a transient and

delayed hypotensive effect via production of nitric oxide. Activation of NO/sGC/cGMP

signaling pathway may mediate the MC-induced hypotension.[27]

Antinociceptive: Study on a methanol extract of leaves of Muntingia calabura showed

antinociceptive activity involving activation of peripheral and central mechanisms, and

partly, via modulation of opioid receptors and NO/cGMP pathway. (12) A petroleum ether

partition showed antinociceptive activity at the peripheral and central levels via modulation

of, partly, opioid and several non-opioid receptors, glutamatergic, TRPV1, PKC and K+

channels systems, but not L-arg/NO/cGMP pathway.[28]

Analgesic/Antipyretic: Study of chloroform extract of Muntingia calabura leaves showed

remarkable antinociceptive and antipyretic, but less effective anti-inflammatory activities in

various animal models.[29]

Antimicrobial: Study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Muntingia calabura leaf

extracts against a selected panel of microorganisms. A methanol extract produced inhibition

zones against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumonia and C. neoformans. Results

suggest potent antibacterial activity and the presence of more potent polar antibacterial

compound.[30]

Antihyperglycemic/Antioxidant: Study evaluated Muntingia calabura leaves extracts for in

vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic property in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced type II

diabetic rat model. In four complementary antioxidant assays, the ethanolic extract of leaves


804


showed high phenolic and flavonoid content. Treatment of STZ-N induced type II diabetic

rats with the extracts caused a significant reduction in fasting glucose level in a dose

dependent manner. All the extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-

hyperglycemic activity with potential to protect against free radical medicated damages.[31]

Hepatoprotective/Paracetamol Induced Liver Toxicity: Study evaluated the

hepatoprotective activity of a methanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves in a

paracetamol-induced liver damage animal model in rats. Results showed a hepatoprotective

effect with successful reversal of the PCM-induced hepatotoxic effect with reduction of ALT,

AST and ALP possibly through the extract's ability to inhibit cytochrome P450 and/or ability

to promote PMC glucuronidation.[33]

Antifungal/Fungal Phytopathogens: Study of various extracts of Muntingia calabura

leaves showed potential antifungal property with the presence of more potent polar antifungal

compounds.[34]

Anti-Ulcer: Study evaluated the anti-ulcerogenic properties of leaf extract of Muntingia

calabura in Sprague-Dawley male rats with ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Results showed

significant protection of gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced injury as evidenced by

increased mucus production and decrease acidity of gastric content.[35]

Cytotoxicity/Anticancer: Study evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic activity of Muntingia

calabura leaf against cancer (HJ60 and MCF-7) and normal cell lines using MTT assay.

Fraction 5 showed strong inhibition against HL60 with an IC50=3.98—0.09 µg/ml as

compared to other cell lines and fractions.[36]

Antioxidant: Study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant property of crude protein of Muntingia

calabura leaves using DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activity. The crude protein of

Muntingia calabura leaves extract showed significant antioxidant activity. Results suggest a

potential alternate to synthetic antioxidants.[37]

2.6 Formulations

Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory cream[38]

Preparation of plant extract

500 g of matured leaves that had been air-dried for 1-2 weeks at room temperature (27 ± 2°C)

were washed and dried. It is then being extracted with 70% methanol using maceration

method for a week with occasional shaking. The extract was further filtered and concentrated

using rotary evaporator and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C until further use.


805


Formulation of anti-inflammatory cream

Figure no. 4: Antibacterial and Anti- inflammatory cream.[38]

The formulation and composition of the cream were shown as followed. The oil phase and

water phase were taken in separate beakers and heated up to 70°C. The oil phase was added

in water phase with continuous stirring till oil-in-water is prepared. The cream is formed

when the consistency is good and the appearance is opaque as shown in figure no. 4. 1% of

Muntingia calabura leaves extract were mixed with the base along with methyl paraben

which is a preservative.

Active ingredient: Muntingia calabura leaves extract 1% cream (20) 1g extract.

Oily phase: Stearic acid 2.2, Cetyl alcohol 0.8, Liquid paraffin 0.8 in gram.

Aqueous phase: Water 14.7, Glycerin 1.0, Triethanolamine 0.3 in gram.

3 Fruits


A B C D

Figure no. 5: a: fruits of muntingia calabura, b: young fruit below the leaf, c: LS and TS

of fruit, d: seeds of Muntingia calabura fruit.


806


Muntingia calabura fruit are green in colour when young as shown in figure no.5b. They

converted in to bright red as shown in figure no.5a. It is rounded, about 1 to 1.5 centimeters

in diameter and sweet in taste. It contains a large number of tiny yellow seeds as shown in

figure no. 5d. The fruiting will be seen nearly throughout the year. Ripe fruits are easily be

shaken from the branches and collected on cloth or plastic sheets.

In every 100 grams of Muntingia calabura fruit contains[39]

Water (77.8g)

Protein (324g)

Fat (1.56g)

Fiber (4.6g)

Calcium (124.6mg)

Phosphorus (84.0mg)

Iron (1.18mg)

Carotene (0.019mg)

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) (0.065mg)

Riboflavin (0.037mg)

Niacin (0.554 mg)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid or antioxidants) (80.5 mg)


Dichlormethane extract of fruit yielded squalene, triglyceride, a mixture of linoleic acid

palmitic acid and α-linolenic acid, and a mixture of ß-sitosterol and stigmastero.[40]

Phytochemical screening of fruit yielded terpenoids (W), flavonoids (EMW), saponins (C),

tannins (ECW), reducing sugars (ECW), phenols and (EMW). (E ethanol, M methanol, C

chloroform, W water), Total phenolic content of chloroform extract of raw fruit yielded 3.8

µg.[41]

Fruit extract yielded phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins tannins, saponins, etc. A

methanolic fruit extract yielded 1.49 g/100g gallic acid of phenolic content, 3 mg/g CE of

flavonoid, and 300 µg CGE/100g fresh mass fruit of anthocyanin.[42]

3.3 Extraction Process and Biosynthesis

Aqueous extract preparation[43]

Aqueous extract was prepared by dissolving 15g of powdered Muntingia calabura leaf and

fruits in 200ml of distilled water. The mixture was heated on a hot plate with continuous

stirring at 30-40°C for 20minutes. Then the water extract was filtered through filter paper.


807


The filtrate was kept in a beaker and allowed to dry by heating in a boiling water bath. The

gummy residue obtained was used for the analysis of percentage yield, and the remaining

marc left was extracted with water and used for Qualitative analysis.

Extraction and Isolation[40]

Fresh M. calabura fruits (700 g) were washed and frozen before lyophilization. The resultant

dried berries (281.46 g) were incubated with one liter of CH2Cl2 and left in a closed vessel at

room temperature for three days. After filtering, CH2Cl2 was removed using a rotary

evaporator which afforded a 10.0022 g of crude extract.

The crude extract was chromatographed using increasing proportions of acetone in CH2Cl2at

10% increment as eluents. The CH2Cl2 fraction was rechromatographed (3×) using

petroleum ether to afford squalene (1.9 mg). The 20% acetone in CH2Cl2 fraction was

rechromatographed using 10% EtOAc in petroleum ether. Fractions collected from this

rechromatography were combined and washed with petroleum ether, then rechromatographed

(2×) using CH3CN:Et2O:CH2Cl2 (0.5:0.5:9 v/v) to afford a mixture of β-sitosterol and

stigmasterol (7.6 mg).The 50% acetone in CH2Cl2 fraction was rechromatographed (2×) in

7.5% EtOAc in petroleum ether to afford triglycerides (539 mg). The 60% acetone in

CH2Cl2 fraction was rechromatographed (3×) in 10% EtOAc in petroleum ether to yield fatty

acids (1.4 mg).

3.4 Medicinal uses

Antioxidant activity: The free and glycosylated forms showed the highest antioxidant

activities due to occurrence of flavonoids in these fractions, such as catechin, gallocatechin,

epigallocatechin, naringenin, and quercetin.[44]

Food industry: This berry shows great potential for use in the food industry and as

functional food due to its physicochemical properties, chemical composition and high content

of phenolic compounds.[44]

Anti-inflammatory effect: The extract suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated

expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 as well as the

productions of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumour

necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] in RAW264.7 macrophages. The extract

modulated the inflammatory processes through inactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB),

mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2

(JNK1/2), and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 1/3

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/flavonoid


808


(STAT1/3). Moreover, the activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)

followed by inducing the production of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is also related to the anti-

inflammatory effect of the extract.[45]

Food Uses: The Jamaica cherry is commonly consumed by children out-of-hand, though it is

somewhat sticky to handle. The fruits are also often cooked in preparation of jam.

Antibacterial activity: The antibacterial activity of fruits of Muntingia calabura was carried

out by Yasunaka et al. Based on their experimental data, the methanol extract of fruits have

been tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus exhibited antibacterial

activity. The antibacterial activity was of this plant extract was also reported by Zakaria et al.

(2006b).[46]

3.5 Formulations

Development of muntingia calabura fruit based squash

This tropical fruit, is known for its nutritional, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory

properties, but lacks commercial value. The objective of the present study was to formulate,

standardize and analyse a processed product, squash from Panama berry. Methods: Squash

was developed with 100% Muntingia calabura (M.C) and in combination with mausambi and

apple in different ratios. Different combinations of developed squash were assessed for

acceptability by sensory panel members. The most acceptable combination of squash along

with control was assessed for storage stability by storing in air tight bottles. The squashes

were checked for their storage stability for a period of three months with a periodic

evaluation of 15 day interval. Conclusion: Sensory analysis showed that 100% M.C squash

was as acceptable as other squashes. The squash developed with 100% M.C and M.C and

mausambi (75: 25) were more acceptable than M.C with apple. Sensory analysis of the

squash proved its acceptability up to 3 months. An increase in TSS, total sugars and reducing

sugar content of squash was observed. The present study proves that widely available,

untapped nutritious Muntingia calabura fruit can be used for developing healthy preserve and

can also be promoted in large scale processing (All rights reserved.).[47]


809


Wine fermentation process

Muntingia calabura fruits extract was treated with pectinase enzyme with different

concentration (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20%) in different duration (10, 15, 20, 25 minutes). In our

results we clearly found that 0.15% pectinase in 30 minutes treatment was optimal for

Muntingia calabura extraction. So we selected these values for next experiments.[48]

4 Root’s


Roots are spread very wide, suckers in moist soil. The suckers do not transplant and should

be removed.

Figure no. 6: Roots of muntingia calabura.


Kaneda et al. (1991) were the first to isolate bioactive compounds from the roots of

Mumtingia calabura. They reported on the isolation of 12 flavonoids from the methanol

extract of Muntingia calabura roots (MEMCR), namely, (2S)-50-hydroxy-

7,30,40trimethoxyflavan (1), (2S)-7,8,30,40,50-pentamethoxyflavan (2), (2S)-20-hydroxy-

7,8,30,40,50-pentamethoxyflavan (3), (2S)-50-hydroxy-7,8,30,40-tetramethoxyflavan (4),

(2S)-8hydroxy-7,30,40,50 tetramethoxyflavan (5), (2S)-8,20-dihydroxy-7,30,40,50-

tetramethoxyflavan (6), (2S)-8,50-dihydroxy7,30,40-trimethoxyflavan (7), 7,8,30,40,50-

pentamethoxyflavone (8), (M),(2S),(200S)-,(P),(2S),(200S)-8,800-50-trihydroxy-

7,7030,3000-40,4000-5000-heptamethoxy-5,500-biflavan (9), 50-hydroxy7,8,3040-

tetramethoxyflavone (10), (M),(2S),(200S)-,(P),(2S), (200S)-8,800-50-5000-tetrahydroxy-

70,700-30,3000-40,4000-hexamethoxy50,5000-biflavan (11), and 8,50-dihydroxy-7,30,40-

trimethoxyflavone (12).[49]


810


4.3 Extraction process and Biosynthesis

The dried and powdered plant samples root were extracted by percolation with methanol,

chloroform and petroleum ether at the rate of 1:5 at room temperature for overnight. The

extracts were then filtered with country filter paper and concentrated under vaccum in a

rotary evaporator to get 6-11 per cent of gummy residue as a percentage of powdered plant

materials. All the extracts were kept in a tightly stoppered bottle in a refrigerator. All the

extracts then assayed for antimicrobial activity.[50]

4.4 Uses

Inhibitory activity on superoxide generation and elastase release by neutrophils: In our

studies on the anti-inflammatory constituents of Formosan plants, many species have been

screened for in vitro inhibitory activity on neutrophil pro-inflammatory responses, and M.

calabura has been found to be an active species. Among the isolated compounds, 7-

hydroxyflavanone exhibited potent inhibition with IC50 value of 4.92 ± 1.71µM against

fMLP-induced superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to formyl-L-

methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP).[51]

Antifungal activity: Based on the experiment conducted in the Microbiology lab, TNAU,

Coimbatore, Muntingia calabura is significant as the potential source for the control of plant

pathogens. The antimicrobial compounds from the root of M. calabura were extracted

separately by using three different solvents viz., methanol (polar), chloroform (medium polar)

and petroleum ether (least polar). The results of the studies on antimicrobial activity against

fungal pathogens revealed that the methanol extract of M. calabura possessed broad spectrum

of antimicrobial activity compared to other solvent extracts.[5o]

Cytotoxic activity: The first attempt to study the cytotoxic activity of M. calabura was

performed using the roots of the plant collected in Sarabuti Province, Thailand (Kaneda et al.,

1991). The methanol extract of the roots, MEMCR, was first subjected to the isolation of

bioactive compounds and then tested against BC1 (human breast cancer), HT-1080 (human

fibrosarcoma), Lu1 (human lung cancer), Me12 (human melanoma), Co12 (human colon

cancer), KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma), KB-V (vincristine-resistant KB), and P-388

(murine lymphocytic leukemia) cell lines.[49]

Plant disease management: The present study is successful in demonstrating the inhibitory

activity of the medicinal plant Muntingia calabura against Alternaria Solani that causes early


811


blight of tomato and proposes the development of a new botanical formulation (Muntingin

5EC) and its use in plant disease management after package and practice.[52]

4.5 Formulations

Formulation of Muntingia Calabura for the management of early leaf blight in tomato

Effect of Muntingin 5 EC on seed infection, seed germination and vigour of tomato seedlings

were evaluated under in vitro condition. The treatments adopted were Muntingin 5EC at five

different concentration (0.2 %; 0.4%; 0.6%; 0.8%; and 1.0%), 0.2% Mancozeb (pesticide

control) and standard biocontrol agent (P. fluorescens PF1). The tomato seeds were soaked in

different concentrations of Muntingin5EC for 2 h and twenty five seeds of each treatment

were placed on moist blotters (ISTA, 1993) in petriplate and incubated at 20 ± 2°C for 12 h

of alternate natural light and 12 h of darkness. The seeds were examined for growth of seed

borne pathogens on eighth day of treatment. The seed infection was expressed in percentage.

The seedlings were evaluated as total number of normal seedlings and evaluating the per cent

germination. The Vigour Index was compared (Abdul-Baki and Anderson, 1973) and

expressed as whole number. The seed infection by A. solani was reduced by 99.28 per cent in

Muntingin 5EC (2%) treated seeds. The treatments which received Mancozeb (0.2 %) and P.

fluorescens recorded 89.28 and 90.21 per cent reduced seed infection respectively over the

control. The germination per cent was increased by 16.50 per cent in Muntingin 5EC (2%)

treated seeds compared to the other.[52]

5 Flowers


Figure no.7. Flowers of muntingia calabura. [54]


812


Muntingia calabura flowers are composed of five green sepals, 0.6 cm long, and five white

petals 0.5 cm long and 0.7 cm wide, on average as shown in figure no. 7. There are dozens of

stamens with yellow anthers forming their androecium. The average ovary diameter is 0.8

cm, with the stigma positioned 0.2 cm above the receptacle. The flowers emit a weak sweet

scent.[53]


The present study on preliminary phytochemical evaluation of aqueous flower extract of M.

calabura produced positive results for alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, saponins, and

phenols.[55]

5.3 Extraction process

The fresh flowers of M. calabura were collected from Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh and

authenticated by Dr. S. M. Khasim M. Sc., Ph.D., Department of Botany, Acharya Nagarjuna

University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. The washed flowers were dried at room temperature

(25°C–35°C), the dried flowers were powdered and passed through sieve number 80, the

dried powdered flowers were defatted with petroleum ether and then extracted with water

using Soxhlet extractor and dried at 45°C in an oven, and it was used for further

phytochemical and pharmacological studies.[55]

5.4 Uses

Antispasmodic: The current study was carried out to validate the traditional use of flowers

of M. calabura as antispasmodic. The aqueous extract of M. calabura flowers caused a

concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum

preparations, thus showing an antispasmodic action which is equipotent to that of

verapamil.[55]

Insecticidal activity: The insecticidal activity of flowers and fruits of Muntingia calabura

have been tested by Bandeira et al. According their studies, ethanol extract of flowers and

fruits and hexane extracts of flowers and fruits, at different concentrations screened aganist

Plutella xylostella larvae and pupae using leaf disc immersion assay revealed to be toxic to

the larvae and pupae.[46]

Antiseptic properties: Flowers of this plant possess antiseptic properties. Infusion of the

flowers is used as an antispasmodic. The plant extract is commonly applied for relieving of

headache and as well as cold.[46]


813


Antioxidant: The high percentage of antioxidant activity of the methanolic flower extracts

(87 %) from M. calabura could be attributed to the presence of flavonoid constituents, as was

evidenced by the phytochemical screening Table 1. As reported earlier, these flavonoids acts

as glycosides in plants.[58]

6 Stem and Bark


Figure no. 8, a: stems, b: Bark of Muntingia calabura.

The yellowish n sapwood, the red-dish-brown heartwood, compact, firm, fine grained, light

in weight, easily worked, durable indoors, and useful for interior sheathing, casks, small

boxes and general carpentry as shown in figure no.8b.[46]


In the stem ethanolic extract, triterpenes, a class of volatile metabolites, were however,

detected. The total phenolic content of M. calabura was (91.5 ± 6.4) mg GAE/g crude

extract.[56]

Qualitative phytochemical screening of the M. calabura stem bark extract shows

the presence of flavonoids, alkaloid, triterpenoid, steroid, and poliphenolic compounds.[57]

6.3 Extraction process

Stems weighting 100 g were immersed in 95% ethanol at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 72 h. The

mixtures were then decanted and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced

pressure using a rotary evaporator (Laborota 4001, Heidolph) with the temperature set at

40 °C. The crude stem extracts were then air-dried for 14 days. After air-drying, extracts were


814


reconstituted in 95% ethanol, and filtered through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper for further

bioassays.[56]

6.4 Uses

Anti-inflammatory: M. calabura L. stem bark extract has a potential as an

antihyperuricemic in diabetic rats. The recommended dose was 300 mg/kg body weight to

provide a significant effect on reducing the uric acid level in diabetic rats. Our results support

the use of this plant for the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases.[57]

Bark use: The bark is usually used for the construction of rural houses. This plant yields a

very strong, soft fiber for twine and large ropes.[46]

Antibacterial and Antifungal: Dried leaves and stems of M. calabura were extracted with

95% ethanol. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were examined using

the disc diffusion assay.[56]

6.5 Synthesis of Cellulosic Fibers

In line with the rising environmental concerns, the synthetic fibres are replaced with the

natural fibres in the recent past. Natural cellulose fibres have gained significant importance

and usage since decades.[59]

More than 1000 plant types bear fibres. Plants are made up of

huge number of cells. A cell is called a fibre when its length is more than the width.[60]

Fiber Extraction: The length of the Muntingia Calabura stem is from 2 to 4 feet as shown in

figure no.8a. These trees and stems are obtained by removing the leaves and are cut at

required length with knife and manually peeling process .These peeled parts are immersed in

water for 1 day for extraction. During this water retting process the peeled parts are

completely wetted .The gums were present in the fibers separated. Thus the extracted fibers

were washed thoroughly to remove the unwanted materials. After these fibers were dried in

sunlight at least from two to four hours to remove the water content. The bundles fiber dried

fibers were collected for further investigation.[61]

CONCLUSION

I have try to give the all information of Muntingia calabura tree with their individual parts.

Plants have been become a valuable source for naturally derived products especially for

maintaining human health. I think these plant are very much important for the preparation of

plant derived drugs. Because they containing valuable chemical compounds like saponin,

tannins, triterpene, steroid, flavonoids, triglyceride, palmitic acid, reducing sugars,


815


carbohydrates, glycosides etc. these all are naturally occurring chemical constituents very

useful for future studies regarding to many diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author thanks to pro. Rutuja Bhambar and pro. Mugdha Joshi for motivated me. My

thanks also go to Mr. Kartik Shinde for help to English text checking.

REFERENCES

1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. Neotropical Muntingiaceae - Neotropikey from

Kew". www.kew.org. Retrieved, 2017; 05: 16.

2. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Morton, J. Jamaica Cherry. In: Fruits of warm climates,

1987; 65–69.

3. Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) Invasive Species Compendium, Detailed coverage

of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/35164.

4. Muntingia calabura - தேன் பழம் - Jamaica Cherry, Panama Cherry

http://senthuherbals.blogspot.com/2015/05/muntingia-calabura-jamaica-cherry.html.

5. By: Bonnie L. Grant, Certified Urban Agriculturist, What Is A Panama Berry: Caring For

Panama Berry Trees, https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/panama-

berry/caring-for-panama-berry-trees.htm.

6. S.Sarojini1, B.Mounika,2, muntingia calabura (jamaica cherry ) : an overview,

https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/muntingia-calabura-jamaica-cherry-an-overview.

7. Health benefits of Jamaica Cherry, https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/jamaica-cherry/

8. calabura L., Sp. Pl. 509 1753.(Syn: Muntingia glabra Spreng.; Muntingia rosea H.Karst.);

https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/.

9. D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha,

K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S.

omashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and

Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on

Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4711.

10. Lim, Dr T. K. "Muntingia calabura". Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants. 3.

Springer Netherlands, 2012; 486–492. doi:10.1007/978-94-007- 2534-

8_62. ISBN 9789400725331. "Muntingia calabura". GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.8.2. U.S.

National Plant Germplasm System. Retrieved 2017-05-16.

http://senthuherbals.blogspot.com/2015/05/muntingia-calabura-jamaica-cherry.html

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/panama-berry/caring-for-panama-berry-trees.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/panama-berry/caring-for-panama-berry-trees.htm

https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/muntingia-calabura-jamaica-cherry-an-overview

https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/jamaica-cherry/

https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/

http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4711


816


11. The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants,

mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories.

https://plants.usda.gov/images/masthead_names.gif.

12. Muntingia Calabura Plants, https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/muntingia-calabura-

plants-20806779497.html.

13. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Jamaica CherryMuntingia calabura L., Morton, J. Jamaica

Cherry. In: Fruits of warm climates, 1987; 65–69.

https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jamaica_cherry.html.

14. World Agroforesty Centre, An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving

very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/.

15. Author: Barwick. M. Tropical and Subtropical Trees - A Worldwide Encyclopaedic

Guide. Publisher: Thames & Hudson, London, Year, 2004; ISBN: 0-500-51181-0.

16. Author: Suranant Subhadrabandhu, Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. RAP

Publication 2001/26, Publisher: F. A. O., The United Nations, Bangkok. Year, 2001.

17. Sibi G,* R. Naveen, K. Dhananjaya, K.R. Ravikumar and H. Mallesha R & D Centre,

Robust Materials Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru –Karnataka, India. Potential use of

Muntingia calabura L. extracts against human and plant pathogens, 560: 072.

18. Mohamed Azmathulla Khan Y1, Subhas Chandrappa Mundasada2, Dinesha Ramadas*3,

Research article Antioxidant Activity: Root, Leaves and Fruits Aqueous Extracts of

MuntingiaCalabura, Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences

www.jipbs.com, ISSN:2349-2759.

19. Diana Triswaningsih1*, Sri Kumalaningsih2, Wignyanto2, Pratikto3, Estimation of

Chemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Muntingia Calabura Extract.

International Journal of ChemTech Research, CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-

4290, ISSN (Online):2455-955, 2017; 10(3): 17-23.

20. M. H. Mohd. Sani, 1 Z. A. Zakaria, 1,* T. Balan, 1 L. K. Teh, 2 and M. Z. Salleh 2

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, Antinociceptive Activity of Methanol Extract of

Muntingia calabura Leaves and the Mechanisms of Action Involved. Published online

2012 Apr 26. doi: 10.1155/2012/890361, PMCID: PMC3351243, PMID: 22611437.

21. Nguyen Phuoc Minh1,*, Nguyen Phu Thuong Nhan2, Nguyen Ngoc Anh Khoa3, Nguyen

Ngoc Thao4, Nguyen Thi Tram5, Vo Phu Sang6, Different Parameters of Herbal Tea

Production from Straw Berry (Muntingia calabura) Leaf, J. Pharm. Sci. & Res, 2019;

11(4): 1451-1454.

https://plants.usda.gov/images/masthead_names.gif

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/muntingia-calabura-plants-20806779497.html

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/muntingia-calabura-plants-20806779497.html

https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jamaica_cherry.html

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/

http://www.jipbs.com/


817


22. Dr. S.Vijayanand and Ann Steffy Thomas. Screening of Michelia champacca and

Muntingia calabura extracts for potential Bioactives, International Journal of Pharma

Sciences and Research (IJPSR).

23. Abdul Wahid Wahab1, Abdul Karim1, Asmawati1 and I. Wayan Sutapa2, Bio-Synthesis

of Gold Nanoparticles Through Bioreduction using the Aqueous Extract

of Muntingia Calabura L. LEAF, 34: 1.

24. ratih dyah pertiwi1,4, suwaldi2, erna prawita setyowati3, ronny martien2*, bio-

nanoparticles: green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and assessment of biological

evaluation. Int J App Pharm, 2019; 11(6): 91-99.

25. Nivethetha M, Jayasri J, Brindha P, Effects of Muntingia calabura L. on isoproterenol-

induced myocardial infarction. Original Article Singapore Med, 2009; 50(3): 300.

26. Zakaria ZA, Mohamed AM, Jamil NS, Rofiee MS, Hussain MK, Sulaiman MR, Teh LK,

Salleh MZ. / Am J Chin Med, In Vitro Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of the

Extracts of Muntingia calabura Leaves, 2011; 39(1): 183-200.

27. Cheng-Dean Shih, Jih-Jung Chen and Hsinn-Hsing Lee, Activation of Nitric Oxide

Signaling Pathway Mediates Hypotensive Effect of Muntingia calabura L. (Tiliaceae)

Leaf Extract / The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 34(5): 857–872.

28. M. H. Mohd. Sani, Z. A. Zakaria, and M. Z. Salleh / Antinociceptive Activity of

Methanol Extract of Muntingia calabura Leaves and the Mechanisms of Action Involved,

2012, Article ID 890361 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/890361.

29. ZA Zakaria, G Hanan Kumar, Siti NH Mohd Zaid, Marwiza A Ghani, MH Hassan, Nurul

AMN Hazalin, Mahirah M Khamis, G Rathna Devi and MR Sulaiman /Analgesic and

antipyretic actions of Muntingia calabura leaves chloroform extract in animal models

/Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 2007; 7(1): 34-40.

30. Ramasamy Rajesh*, JaivelNanjundan /Antimicrobial Activity of Muntingia calabura Leaf

Extracts against Human Pathogens /Trends in Biosciences, 2014; 7(8): 651-654.

31. Aruna Sindhe M, Yadav D. Bodke* and Chandrashekar A /Antioxidant and in vivo anti-

hyperglycemic activity of Muntingia calabura leaves extracts /Der Pharmacia Lettre,

2013; 5 (3): 427-435.

32. Abdul Wahid Wahab1, Abdul Karim1, Nursiah La Nafie1, Nurafni1 and I. Wayan

Sutapa2, Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Muntingia Calabura L. Leaf Extract As

Bioreductor and Applied As Glucose Nanosensor, 34: 6.

33. N. D. Mahmood, S. S. Mamat, F. H. Kamisan, F. Yahya, M. F. F. Kamarolzaman, N.

Nasir, N. Mohtarrudin, S. F. Md. Tohid, and Z. A. Zakaria*/Amelioration of

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/890361


818


Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat by the Administration of Methanol Extract of

Muntingia calabura L. Leaves /Biomed Res Int, 2014; 2014: 695678 / doi:

10.1155/2014/695678.

34. Mohamed Azmathulla Khan Y, Dinesha Ramadas*, Subhas Chandrappa Mundasada,

Santosh Kumar N, Harsha R Kashyap, Chikkanna d /in vitro anti-diabetic activity of

muntingia calabura root proteins /world journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical

sciences, 2015; 4: 10.

35. Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim, Mahmood Ameen Abdulla, Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab,

Fouad Al-Bayaty and Nazia Abdul Majid /Leaves Extract of Muntingia Calabura Protects

Against Gastric Ulcer Induced by Ethanol in Sprague-Dawley Rats/Journal of Clinical &

Experimental Pharmacology, S5:004. / doi: 10.4172/2161-1459.S5-004.

36. A Sufian, K Ramasamy, N Ahmat, Z Zakaria /Bioassay-guided Isolation of Cytotoxic

Fractions from Muntingia calabura Leaf /Planta Med, 2011; 77 - PM43 / DOI: 10.1055/s-

0031-1282801.

37. Dr. K. N. Kalaivanam, Mr. N.Santhosh Kumar and Dr. Dinesha Ramadas /Invitro Anti-

oxidant activity of Crude protein of Muntingia Calabura leaves extract /International

Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2018; 14(1): 71-76.

38. Mahendran sekar*, formulation and evaluation of novel antibacterial and anti-

inflammatory cream containing muntingia calabura leaves extract, Revised and Accepted,

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017; 20: 2455-3891 Print -

0974-2441. 2017 DOI: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21963.

39. Panama berry/ https://justcooking.in/dictionary/panama-berry.

40. Consolacion Y. Ragasa , Maria Carmen S. Tan , Irving D. Chiong /Chemical constituents

of Muntingia calabura L. /Der Pharma Chemica, Scholars Research Librar, 2015; 7(5):

136-141.

41. Dr. S.Vijayanand and Ann Steffy Thomas /Screening of Michelia champacca and

Muntingia calabura extracts for potential Bioactives /International Journal of Pharma

Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2016; 7: 6.

42. Nivethetha M, Jayasri J, Brindha P /Effects of Muntingia calabura L. on isoproterenol-

induced myocardial infarction. /Singapore Medical Journal, 2009: 50(3): 300-302.

43. 1Marimuthu Krishnaveni* and 2Ravi Dhanalakshmi, Qualitative and quantitative study of

phytochemicals in muntingia calabura l. leaf and fruit, World Journal of Pharmaceutical

ReseaRch SJIF Impact Factor, 5.045; 3(6): 1687-1696. ISSN 2277 – 7105.


819


44. Gustavo AraujoPereiraa, Henrique SilvanoArrudaa, Damila Rodriguesde Moraisb,

Marcos Nogueira, EberlinbGlaucia MariaPastorea, Carbohydrates, volatile and phenolic

compounds composition, and antioxidant activity of calabura (Muntingia calabura L.)

fruit. Food Research International, 2018; 108: 264-273.

45. Jau-Tien Lin,a, Yuan-Yen Chang,b , Yi-Chen Chen,c , Bo-Yan Shend and Deng-Jye

Yang ORCID logo *e , Molecular mechanisms of the effects of the ethanolic extract of

Muntingia calabura Linn. fruit on lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory

mediators in macrophages. https://pubs.rsc.org/lv/journals/journal/fo.

46. Isolation of Biologically Active Natural Products from the Medicinal Plants of Telangana

Region and Development of Novel Synthetic Methods, Shodhganga : a reservoir of

Indian theses @ INFLIBNET, The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre provides a

platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the

entire scholarly community in open access.

47. Harshini, V.; Gayathri, H. Sai; Padmaja, Development of Muntingia calabura Fruit Based

Squash. Source: Asian Journal of Dairy & Food Research, 2020; 9(3): 256-260. 5p. ©

2020 EBSCO Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.

48. Nguyen Phuoc Minh1,*, Nguyen Phu Thuong Nhan2, Lam Binh Thuong3, Bui Ha

Thanh4, Nguyen Thi Tho5 , Ly Xuan Thien6. Utilization of Straw Berry (Muntingia

Calabura) Fruit for Wine Fermentation, J. Pharm. Sci. & Res, 2019; 11(4): 1427-1430.

49. N. D. Mahmood, N. L. M. Nasir, M. S. Rofiee, S. F. M. Tohid, S. M. Ching, L. K. Teh,

M. Z. Salleh & Z. A. Zakaria, Muntingia calabura: A review of its traditional uses,

chemical properties, and pharmacological observations, Pharmaceutical Biology, 52:12,

1598-1623, DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.908397 To link to this article:

https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.908397.

50. Rajesh Ramasamy*, Jaivel Nanjundan and Marimuthu Ponnusamy. Solvent Extraction

and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Muntingia calabura Root against Fungal

Phytopathogens, Original Research Article,

https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.009, International Journal of Current

Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706, 2017; 6(7): 77-83.

51. JJ Chen 1, TH Chou 2, CH Liao 3, TC Chen 4, HL Wang 4. Flavonoids from the root of

Muntingia calabura with inhibitory activity on superoxide generation and elastase release

by neutrophils, Planta Med, 2013; 79 - PI22, DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1352112.

https://pubs.rsc.org/lv/journals/journal/fo

https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.908397


820


52. R. Rajesh*, N. Jaivel and P. Marimuthu. Botanical Formulation of Muntingia Calabura

for the Management of Early Leaf Blight in Tomato. publication at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335985148.

53. Rodolfo Antônio de Figueiredo2, Aline Aparecida de Oliveira3, Maria Alice Zacharias3,

Sandra Maria Barbosa3, Flávia Fontes Pereira3, Gisele Natacha Cazela3, Joyce Pedroso

Viana3 e Reila Andreza de Camargo. reproductive ecology of the exotic tree Muntingia

calabura L. (muntingiaceae) in southeastern brazil1.

54. Gardening/Greenery/Garden Insects | My Indoor and Outdoor Photography, Wild Flower-

Muntingia Calabura, By livelifeandlove on, 2012; 3.

55. Kannan Vadivel, Gollapudi Sandeep Kumar, and Sitty Manohar Babu, Ex

vivo Antispasmodic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Flowers of Muntingia calabura Linn.

on Excised Rabbit's Jejunum. Pharmacognosy Res, 2017; 9(3): 301–303. doi:

10.4103/pr.pr_99_16, PMCID: PMC5541489, PMID: 28827974.

56. William Patrick CruizBuhian12Raquel OrejudosRubio1Demetrio LimValleJr.23Juliana

JanetMartin-Puzon12. Original article, Bioactive metabolite profiles and antimicrobial

activity of ethanolic extracts from Muntingia calabura L. leaves and stems. Asian Pacific

Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2016; 6(8): 682-685.

57. Safrida Safrida 1,* and Mustafa Sabri 2 , Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Stem Bark

Extracts on Uric Acid Concentration and Renal Histopathology in Diabetic Rats.

https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100695, Received, 2019; 31(30) 2019 / Accepted: 9

October 2019 / Published: 16 October 2019.

58. Singh R*, Iye S, Prasad S, Deshmukh N, Gupta U, Zanje A, Patil S, Joshi S ,

Phytochemical Analysis of Muntingia calabura Extracts Possessing Anti-Microbial and

Anti-Fouling Activities , Available Online:25th June, 2017, Available online on

www.ijppr.com International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research,

2017; 9(6): 826-832.

59. Maepa C.E, Jayaramadu J, Okonkwo J.O, Ray S.S, Sadiku E.R, Ramontja J, Extraction

and characterization of natural cellulose fibers from maize tassel, IJPAC 99, ISSN

1023-666X.

60. Teli M.D, Jadav A.C, Mechanical extraction and physical characterization of pandanus

odorifer lignocellulosic fiber, IJSR, 2015; 2319-7094.

61. K. Savitha1, Dr. S. Grace Annapoorani2. Material and Characterization of New

Cellulosic Fibers From Muntingiacalabura Stem. IJSRST173696 | 15 August 2017 |

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335985148

part’s morphology

Documents