participatory groundwater management eklavya prasad & himanshu kulkarni - waterwheel - march...
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PARTICIPATORY GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE
ALLUVIAL FLOOD PLAINS OF NORTH BIHAR, INDIAPERCEPTIONS, EXPERIENCES AND WAY FORWARD
Eklavya PrasadMegh Pyne Abhiyan
&Himanshu Kulkarni
Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management
India‟s groundwater dependence: springs and wells
Users, sources…
…& resources (aquifers)
India‟s oft-unfathomed groundwater dependence
Use & users
30 million wells, at least every fourth farmer has a well
Used for drinking water, agriculture and industry
Dependence
Rural drinking water: almost entirely groundwater – 80 to 95%
Agriculture: ???60-70%??? of total use
Urban: 48% of total use
Well (water hole) in Nagzira Tiger Reserve
Agriculture Statistics, various years; DDWS (2009); CSE (2012)
Location of Bihar State in the national groundwater typology
Deep alluvial aquifers – quality issues + mix of exploitation and non-access
„Hard-rock‟ quifers –heterogeneous, overexploited; fluoride
Mixed type – regions of intensive and extensive overexploitation, contaminatyion
Groundwater extraction relatively limited, forests, tribal hinterlands, poverty
Groundwater –high dependence low visibility
Mountain aquifers and springs, major impact of climate change
Coastal areas – salinity ingress to aquifers, erosion of traditional drinking water sources
Bihar
WSS: Demand, Supply & ???
Aquifers: RESOURCE• Type
• Combination• Character
Source
Distribution
Availability
PGWM: Groundwater, management and participation
Groundwater: only as “aquifers” to perceive and believe in the concept of CPR
Management: shift from „sources‟ to the „resource‟, i.e. aquifers and CPR management, with the primary purpose of ensuring drinking water security protocol
Participation: community participates in developing understanding and generating knowledge and converting these into actions...
Generalised geology…
Alluvial aquifers are found within the Gangetic plains, Mehsanaand other basins in Gujarat, along the Brahmaputra basin in the NE and along the coastal parts of peninsular India
Alluvial setting
Alluvial aquifers
Bihar and its scale... • Name is derived from the ancient word Vihara (monastery)
• Total population of 103.8 million with 1,102 persons per sq. km.
• Total area is approximately 94.2 thousand sq km, split into two by the Ganges –
• Northern region of 53.3 sq. km and
• Southern region of 40.9 thousand sq km
• Approximately 90 per cent of its population lives in rural areas
Bihar: floods Floods affect about 73 per cent of Bihar‟s total area
with almost 7 million hectares (ha) each year
Some 17% of the total flood affected area of India is
located in Bihar
Over 22% of the flood affected population in India
lives in the alluvial plains of Bihar
Almost 1 million hectares (ha) of land (roughly 15 per
cent of the region) in north Bihar remains permanently
waterlogged
Floods: a season of misery, destruction, and fatality
accompanying it
In 2013 5.9 million people in 20 districts of Bihar were affected. As per Government figure the death toll was around 176
In 2008, a total of 3.3 million people were affected
In 2007 the figure was at 25 million.....
Bihar's groundwater
As per the National Rural Drinking
Water Program's (NRDWP) - 80 per
cent of the sources developed under
the scheme are based on
groundwater tapped by handpumps or
bore wells
Out of a total of 107,642 habitations
34,909 habitations (32.4 per cent) get
contaminated water
According to Bihar's minor irrigationcensus (2006-07) dugwell (56112);shallow tubewell (571871) and deeptube well (23259) based MI schemestogether comprise 98.17 per cent ofthe entire MI schemes in Bihar
Handpump Results….
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dak
shin
Tel
hua
Shya
mp
ur
Ko
trah
a
Ban
dh
Ch
atar
Utt
ar M
arar
Dah
ama
Kh
airi
Kh
uta
Mad
arp
ur
Sar
saw
a
Bal
iya
Luck
hn
our
Gan
gap
ur
Har
di
Har
na
Pas
twar
Mah
esh
i U
ttar
i
Mah
iser
ho
Tel
har
Mah
esh
i D
aksh
ini
Bal
awa
Bar
ia
Pip
rakh
urd
Ram
dat
tpat
i
Gh
ura
n
Paschim Champaran
Khagaria Madhubani Saharsa Supaul
Percentage of sampled Handpumps showing the presence of Iron beyond the desirable limits - 2010 (as per IS 10500; 2004)
Total Samples - 489
73% of samples had Iron beyond desirable limits
Handpump Results….
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dak
shin
Tel
hua
Shya
mp
ur
Ko
trah
a
Ban
dh
Ch
atar
Utt
ar M
arar
Dah
ama
Kh
airi
Kh
uta
Mad
arp
ur
Sar
saw
a
Bal
iya
Luck
hn
our
Gan
gap
ur
Har
di
Har
na
Pas
twar
Mah
esh
i U
ttar
i
Mah
iser
ho
Mah
esh
i D
aksh
ini
Bal
awa
Bar
ia
Pip
rakh
urd
Ram
dat
tpat
i
Gh
ura
n
Paschim Champaran
Khagaria Madhubani Saharsa Supaul
Percentage of sampled Handpumps showing the presence of Arsenic beyond the desirable limits - 2010 (as per IS 10500; 2004)
Total Samples - 453
24% of samples had Arsenic
beyond desirable limits
Handpump Results….
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dak
shin
Tel
hua
Shya
mp
ur
Ko
trah
a
Ban
dh
Ch
atar
Utt
ar M
arar
Dah
ama
Kh
airi
Kh
uta
Mad
arp
ur
Sar
saw
a
Bal
iya
Luck
hn
our
Gan
gap
ur
Har
di
Har
na
Pas
twar
Mah
esh
i U
ttar
i
Mah
iser
ho
Tel
har
Mah
esh
i D
aksh
ini
Bal
awa
Bar
ia
Pip
rakh
urd
Ram
dat
tpat
i
Gh
ura
n
Paschim Champaran
Khagaria Madhubani Saharsa Supaul
Percentage of sampled Handpumps showing the presence of Colliforms beyond the desirable limits - 2010 (as per IS 10500; 2004)
Total Samples - 489
28% of samples had Coliforms beyond
desirable limits
Dugwell Results….
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Dakshin Telhua
Shyampur Kotraha
Bandh Chatar
Madarpur Sarsawa Baliya Luckhnour Gangapur Hardi Harna
Paschim Champaran Khagaria Madhubani
Percentage of sampled Dugwells showing the presence of Iron beyond the desirable limits - 2010 (as per IS 10500; 2004)
Total Samples - 39
20% of samples had Iron beyond desirable limits
Dug Well Results….
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dak
shin
Tel
hua
Shya
mp
ur
Ko
trah
a
Ban
dh
Ch
atar
Mad
arp
ur
Sar
saw
a
Bal
iya
Luck
hn
our
Gan
gap
ur
Har
di
Har
na
Pas
twar
Mah
esh
i U
ttar
i
Mah
iser
ho
Bar
ia
Pip
rakh
urd
Ram
dat
tpat
i
Gh
ura
n
Paschim Champaran
Khagaria Madhubani Saharsa Supaul
Percentage of sampled Dugwells showing the presence of Arsenic beyond the desirable limits - 2010 (as per IS 10500; 2004)
Total Samples - 39
15% of samples had Arsenic
beyond desirable limits
Dug Well Results….
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dak
shin
Tel
hua
Shya
mp
ur
Ko
trah
a
Ban
dh
Ch
atar
Mad
arp
ur
Sar
saw
a
Bal
iya
Luck
hn
our
Gan
gap
ur
Har
di
Har
na
Pas
twar
Mah
esh
i U
ttar
i
Mah
iser
ho
Bar
ia
Pip
rakh
urd
Ram
dat
tpat
i
Gh
ura
n
Paschim Champaran
Khagaria Madhubani Saharsa Supaul
Percentage of sampled Dugwells showing the presence of Colliforms beyond the desirable limits - 2010 (as per IS 10500; 2004)
Total Samples - 39
80% of samples had Coliforms
beyond desirable limits
Bihar's groundwater
• Groundwater is commonly the
largest source of perennial
domestic water and irrigation
• While considering the region as
water abundant, groundwater
quality remains a serious issue to
be addressed.
• Clearly, in such areas, the
quantity of groundwater is of
secondary importance as
compared to accessing good
quality water
• Participatory groundwater
management must be embedded
in this background…
PGWM as a water security process in North Bihar
• Rainwater harvesting and storage – an alternative during the flood season
• Dug wells as arsenic-iron-bacteria free „community‟ sources in vulnerable areas
• Household filters for iron, arsenic and bacteria filtration
• Phaydemand Shauchalay – Beneficial toilets – for household-level sanitation
• Jal doots - water ambassadors – to promote concept and facilitate processes – fulcrum for PGWM in Bihar
GROUNDWATER
SANITATIONWATER SUPPLY
Groundwater: source & sink
KNOWLEDGE DRIVEN
floodsaquifers,
groundwater quality
JAL DOOTS
Ambassadors to deliver appropriate messages
Connecting to rural HHs
APPROPRIATENESS
Alternatives
Application of science
Practices
PGWM
PROCESS
Demystification of science
Behavioral change
COLLABORATION& PARTNERSHIP
Institutions
Disciplines
People
PGWM – Principles and processes in North Bihar
Water as a “commons”
Respect the natural resource regime of an area
Data availability and accessibility are crucial for water security plans – at all scales
Include involvement of all stakeholders
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