parthenium hysterophorus- an economical tool to increase the

113

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012

PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS- ANECONOMICAL TOOL TO INCREASE THE

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Lalitha P1*, Shivani K1, Rama Rao R1

Research Paper

Parthenium hysterophorus is a well known weed that is a serious problem in agriculture. It alsoproduces a toxin called parthenin. However, in this paper we have utilized the leachate of differentplant parts of Parthenium plant and observed the effect on several aspects such as seedgermination of Phaseolus mungo, metal tolerating capacity of the seeds against iron, lead,mercury and nickel of seeds during germination, antimicrobial activity against fungal pathogensand effect on brinjal fruit borer. We observed that there was a 48.8 % increase in the seedsgermination of the seeds treated with flower leachate. The metal tolerating capacity was highestin leaf extract against iron, in stem extract against lead, in flower extract against mercury andleaf extract against nickel. The flower extract exhibited 100% mortality on brinjal fruit borer. Thisstudy demonstrated that the weeds can be used to obtain growth factors easily in aqueousmedium and that can be utilized for enhanced plant growth of desired plants.

Keywords: Parthenium, Seed germination, Metal tolerance, Plant growth enhancer

*Corresponding Author: Lalitha P,[email protected]

INTRODUCTIONCongress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L.,

also known as Peterson’s Curse or Santa-Maria

Feverfew, is an obnoxious weed which can cause

a total habitat change in native grasslands, the

under storey of open woodlands and along rivers

and flood plains (Chippendale and Panetta,

1994). Owing to its fast spread Parthenium

hysterophorus L. has become a problematic

issue to humans all around the world. It can

ISSN 2250-3137 www.ijlbpr.comVol.1, Issue. 1, January 2012

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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012

1 Department of Microbiology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam - 530045, India.

tolerate drought condition also to a certain extend

under favorable conditions (Mahedavapa et al.,

1999). Parthenium hysterophorus L. completes

about three generation in a year. It is also reported

that congress grass has remarkable power of

regeneration (Dhawan and Dhawan,1996).

Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), an

annual asteraceous herb, is native to Central and

South America and is considered to have

originated from the Gulf of México (Rollins,

114


1950). Parthenium hysterophorus has spread

rapidly and extensively throughout the world sincethe 1970s (Evans, 1997) and is considered amajor threat in many regions (Adkins & Navie,2006). Parthenium hysterophorus is capable ofgrowing on a wide range of soil types rangingfrom sandy to heavy clays, but favors’ the latter(Dale, 1981). Parthenium hysterophorus occursin areas with summer rainfall greater than500 mm per annum (Chamberlain & Gittens,2004). Germination can occur at temperaturesbetween 10°C and 25°C, it has high germinationability throughout the year (Tamado et al., 2002).

The weed left as such in the same area actsas a seed bank because of its higher seedproduction capacity and extended dormancyperiod (Haseler, 1976). It was accidentallyintroduced in India, 1955, in Pune through theimported foodgrains (Dhawan and Dhawan,1996). At present, it has occupied almost all partsof India and is attracting the attention of allagriculturalists. (Dhawan and Dhawan, 1996).Parthenium leachates nutrients even from nutrientdeficient soil and in cropped land can reduce upto 40% in yield (Swaminathan et al., 1990).

Parthenium hysterophorus colonizes newareas rapidly by means of relatively high numbersof seeds, seed dispersal is by various modes andhence exhibit rapid growth rate (Auld et al., 1983).Disturbed habitats, such as roadsides andrailway tracks, stockyards, around buildings andfallow agricultural lands, are particularly suitablefor P. hysterophorus, due to a lack of interspeciescompetition.

The adverse impacts of P. hysterophorus onagriculture have been reviewed by several authors(McFadyen, 1992; Navie et al., 1996; and Evans,1997) mention a few effects. In India,P. hysterophorus causes a yield decline of up to40% in agricultural crops (Khosla and Sobti,

1981).

Due to the invasive capacity and allelopathic

effects of P. hysterophorus (Mersie and Singh,

1987), natural ecosystems are disrupted (Evans,

1997). Allelopathy is achieved primarily via the two

groups of allelochemicals, phenolics and

sesquiterpene lactones, mainly parthenin

(Belz et al., 2007), which inhibit the germination

and growth of plants that include pasture grasses,

cereals, vegetables and other plant species

(Navie et al., 1996; and Evans, 1997)

Parthenium hysterophorus also causes

human health problems such as asthma,

bronchitis, dermatitis and hay fever (Evans,

1997). Parthenium hysterophorus taints the

milk and meat of animals, thereby reducing the

value of animal products (Tudor et al., 1982).

Parthenium hysterophorus in animal feed causes

dermatit is with pronounced skin lesions

(Ahmed et al., 1988) and a significant amount

(10–50%) of P. hysterophorus in the diet can kill

cattle and buffalo (Narasimhan et al., 1977). The

antimicrobial activity of leaf leachates of plants

and weeds depends on the phytochemicals

present in it (N.B. Barsagade and G.N. Wagh,

2010). It has been reported that the antimicrobial

activity depends on the bioactive agents present

in the leaves of plants or weed leachate has been

reported to be associated with phytochemical

constituents and botanical properties. (N.B.

Barsagade and G.N. Wagh, 2010). The results

obtained in their study confirmed the antimicrobial

potential of methanol and acetone leachates of

congress grass. The leaf leachates of plants and

weeds have great potential as antimicrobial

compounds against microorganisms. Thus, they

can be used in the treatment of infectious

diseases. The allelochemicals released

from parthenium affecting many plant species

115


are sesquiterpene lactones and phenolics

(Swaminathan et al., 1990).

The most common effects of allelochemicals

may occur through leaching, volatilization, root

exudations and decay of the fallen parts either

through biotic or abiotic means (Anaya et al.

1990).

Positive and negative allelopathic effects have

been reported of Parthenium on many agricultural

crops and other plant species (Oudhia et al. 1997,

Aggarwal & Kohli 1992) and it inhibits the

surrounding herbaceous vegetation (Nath 1988,

Srivastava et al. 1985). There are hundreds of

secondary metabolites in the plant kingdom and

many are known to be phytotoxic (Einhelling

2002). Allelopathic effects of these compounds

are often observed to occur early in the life cycle,

causing inhibition of seed germination and/or

seedling growth.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant Material Collection and Preparation

Parthenium plants were collected from the GITAM

University campus. The plant parts were

separated viz root, stem, leaves and flowers. The

parts were thoroughly washed with sterile distilled

water. The parts were blotted dry and used for

further experimentation.

Effect of Parthenium Leachate on SeedGermination

Parthenium plant parts (root, stem, leaves and

flowers 250 gm each) were soaked separately in

500 ml distilled water for 24 hours. The leachate

was then used to treat seeds of Phaseolus

mungo. The seeds were purchased from local

market. 100 seeds were taken and were treated

with 10 ml of leachate for 2 hours. Seeds soaked

in distilled water served as control. The seeds

were placed in a petridish on a two layered

moistened filter paper. The root length was

measured after three days.

Effect on Metal tolerance Capacity DuringSeed Germination

A set of 100 seeds were taken and soaked in a

solution of 10 ml of different metals (concentration

1mg/ml) (FeCl3, HgCl

2, PbSo

4, Ni (So

4)

2 solutions.

Following this, the seeds were treated with

leachate of different plant parts. Seeds treated

with distilled water served as control. The seeds

were observed for germination and the root and

shoot length was measured after three days.

Screening of Control Seeds for Infection

The infected seeds in control were separated .The

fungal spores on the seeds were taken using

inoculating loop and streaked on to Sabouraud’s

agar plates. The plates were incubated at 280C

for 48 hours. The fungi were identified by spore

morphology and microscopic examination.

Evaluating the Antifungal Activity ofAqueous Leachate

Two fungal cultures (isolated from infected seeds)

were spread on to Sabouraud’s agar plates. Well

of 4 mm diameter of was made and 0.1ml of the

aqueous leachate of each plant part was

dispensed. The plates were incubated at 30 0 C.

Following incubation the plates were observed

for zones of inhibition.

Evaluating the Activity of Leachate on Larvae

of Brinjal Fruit Borer

A total of 100 larvae of brinjal fruit borer were taken

and treated with leachate of each plant part (100ml

of leachate was used to treat the larvae).

Treatment with distilled water served as control.

The larvae observed for mortality.

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Quantification of Auxins in the AqueousLeachate

The aqueous leachate of parthenium plant parts(roots, stem, leaves and flowers) at aconcentration of 1 gm/10ml were separately usedfor IAA estimation. To 0.2 ml aliquots, 50 µl of 50%ethanol was added and reagents comprising ofone part of Salkowski reagent and one partErhlich’s reagent were added. After heating at 450C for 30 minutes colour developed was estimatedafter making up to 1 ml with 50% ethanol at 615nm against blank. A graph was plotted taking IAA

as standard.

RESULTSEffect of Parthenium Leachate on SeedGermination

The seeds on treatment with the root leachate ofParthenium showed 37.8%increase in the rootlength and 43.24% increase in the shoot lengthrespectively. When the seeds were treated withstem leachate, an increase of 34.8% in the rootlength and 36.36% increase in shoot length wereobserved. The treatment with leaf leachateshowed a 5.5% increase in root length and 23.8%

increase in the shoot length respectively. Thetreatment with flower leachate showed thehighest increase in the root length of 48.81% and37.31% increase in the shoot length respectivelyFigure 1 and 2 shows the effect of leachate onroot length and shoot length of Phaseoulus Mungo.

Effect on Metal Tolerance Capacity DuringSeed Germination

Tolerance of Mercury

The seeds treated with mercuric chloridesolutions and subsequently treated with differentparthenium leachates (root, stem, leaf, and flowerleachates) showed significant increase in root andshoot length in comparison with control.The seeds showed maximum increase in rootlength (44.89%) when they were treated withflower leachate followed by an increase of38.63%, 18.18%, 42.53% when they were treatedwith leaf, stem and root leachates respectively.Treatment with root and flower leachatesincreased the shoot length by 8.69% and 16%whereas treatment with stem leachatedecreased the shoot length by 10.5% andtreatment with leaf showed no effect Figure 3aand 3b shows the root and shoot length

respectively of seeds treated with mercury salt.

Figure 1: Effect of Parthenium Leachate on Seed Germinationof Phaseoulus Mungo Effect on Root Length

117


Figure 2: Effect of Shoot Length

Figure 3: Effect of Mercury on Seed Germination

Tolerance of Nickel

When the seeds were treated with nickel sulphatesolution and a subsequent treatment with differentleachates of parthenium (root, stem. leaf, andflower leachates) the root length increased by66.45%, 67.15%, 68.16% and 64.94% respectively.There was an increase in the shoot length by67.41%, 68.13%, 68.87%, 70.40% on treatmentwith the root, stem, leaf and flower leachatesrespectively.

As it is evident from the results there was a

maximum increase in the root length in the seeds

treated with leaf leachate (68.16%) and

maximum increase in the shoot length in the

seeds treated with flower leachate (70.40%)

Figures 3a and 3b shows the root and shoot

length respectively of seeds treated with nickel

salt.

a) Effect on Root Length

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Figure 4: Effect of Nickel

Tolerance of Lead

When the seeds were treated with a solution of

lead sulphate and subsequently treated with

different leachates of parthenium (root, stem, leaf

and flower leachates) the root length enhanced

by 41.53%, 40.88%, 39.20%, 41.53% and the

shoot length increased by 14.08%, 8.9%, 12.34%,

26.04% respectively. Maximum root length was

observed in the seeds treated with root and flower

leachates (41.53%) and the highest shoot length

was observed in the seeds treated with the flower

leachate (26.04%).

Figure 3: Effect of Mercury on Seed Germination

b) Effect on Shoot Length

a) Effect of Root Length

119


Figure 5: Effect of Lead

Tolerance of Iron

When the seeds were treated with solution of

ferrous sulphate and subsequently treated with

parthenium leachates which include root, stem,

leaf and flower leachates, they enhanced the root

length by 1.3%, 13.25%, 2.0%and 2.7%

respectively. On the other hand treatment with

leaf and flower decreased the shoot length by

48.5% and 21.15% respectively Figures 5a and

5b shows the root and shoot length respectively

of seeds treated with ferrous salt.

Figure 4: Effect of Nickel

b) Effect of Shoot Length


120


Screening of Control Seeds for FungalInfection

The spore morphology and microscopic

examination reveled that the control seeds

were infected by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus

flavus

Effect of Leachate on Larvae of BrinjalFruit Borer

The pesticidal activity was observed in the flower

leachate. The flower leachate showed 100%

mortality within 10 minutes and in the remaining

leachates no effect was observed.

Figure 5: Effect of Lead


Figure 6: Effect of Iron


121


Figure 7: Quantification of IAA-Concentration In Root And Stem Extract ConcentrationIn Leaf Extract 3-Concentration In Flower Extract

Figure 6: Effect of Iron


122


Quantification of Auxins

The concentration of IAA was found to be

maximum in flower extract (0.06g/ml) Figure 7

shows the amount of auxins in different extracts.

Antifungal Activity of the AqueousLeachate of Parthenium

The flower leachate exhibited significant

antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flavus

and the inhibition zone was observed as 7mm.

The other leachates showed no effect.

DISCUSSIONPlant extracts have played significant role in the

inhibition of seed-borne pathogens and in the

improvement of seed quality and field emergence

of plant seeds (Nwachukwe, 2001). Patel et al

have worked on antimicrobial activity of weeds

and have reported the efficiency of parthenium

weeds against bacteria and fungi. The excessive

growth of the weeds is due their high production

of growth hormones. From the above experimental

results it is clear that parthenium flower extract

is very effective as a plant growth enhancer. The

germination of seeds needs auxins and it has

been observed that the concentration of auxins

was highest in flower extract. In addition to

hormones that re are some other factors that have

enhance metal tolerance. In our further study we

would like to see whether a plant treated with

parthenium extract is safe for consumption or not.

At present this study can have application in

enhancing the growth of flowering plants.

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