Part IV

Writing in the Past and in the Future

Rich Tennant

I ’m not, svre ""ha.t, s \:JellínS ~bovt，. It,’

’ d ~ll ín Sp~nísh. "\3>vt, 1 t,hínk he’s CélllínS

~ monst.er.

ln this part ... , here’s more to life than the present. Although the past /J is gone with the wind, 1 can think 01 many situations in

which a student, a traveler, or a businessperson will have to use the past tense to express thoughts, ideas, or ques­tions. This part presents the lormation and use 01 the most commonly used past tenses in Spanish - Irom the preterit to the imperlect. And il you have hopes and dreams lor the luture, this part also helps you express them through the use of the present tense, expressions of the near future, and the luture tense (Ior the distant luture).

Leaving It Completely in the Past 。 “” ij (,•“ υι; ‘““‘ U 0 (1 ‘” o “‘ G ‘“ ωι ’“i ’ ÇJ

ln This Chapter

Forming the preterit 01 various types 01 verbs

Using the preterit to express a past action

ιC' ‘ i> (',‘;;,\ ‘ ιο ’‘3 o (j ()υιαια ‘’ ç， 이 o ,:1 α Q ιo q ’ 0 。

‘ιome people look back on the past with lond memories. For others, however, the past is 4!ttSØ' a time they’d like to lorget! No matter how you leel about it, the past is a time that can help you learn and grow. In Spanish, several different tenses alIow you to express past actions. One of them is the preterÎt, which expresses an action, event, or state of mind that occurred and was completed at a specific time in the past. (For example, She closed her book or He caught the ball.) In other words, il you had a digital camera, it would capture that moment instantly. If you remember that an action ended at a definite moment, you’1I have no trouble using the preterit, and you won’t get the preterit conlused with another Spanish past tense you ’1I see in a later chapter.

In this chapter, 1 show you how to form the preterit 01 regular verbs, verbs with spelling changes, verb with stem changes, and irregular verbs. Along the way, 1 include helplul hints on how to remember the changes and irregularities you’1I have to know and memorize. 1 also provide a detaHed explanation on when to use the preterit 50 you won’ t make mistakes when the tense is calIed for and appropriate. By the end 01 this chapter, you’1I be able to express what you did in the past - for better or for worse!

FormÎnfj the Preterit Forming the preterit isn’t as chalIenging as you may believe. AlI regular verbs and verbs with spelling and stem changes whose infinitives end in -ar have the same preterit endings ‘

The same holds true for verbs whose infinitives end in -er and -ir. And alI irregular verbs have the same endings, and most lalI into categories that make them easy to digest. The fol­lowing sections show you the way.

Reljufar flerbs Forming the preterit of regular verbs is rather easy, because although there are three differ­ent infinitive endings - -ar, -er, and -ir - you use only two different sets 01 endings for the preterit. Only -ir verbs with present tense stem changes undergo a change in the preterit, and there are just a few verbs with spelling changes.

To form the preterit of regular verbs , you drop the -ar, -er, or -ir infinitive ending and add the preterit endings. The fo lIowing table shows the conjugation of an -ar verb:

I 12 Part IV: Writing in the Past a삐

젠j

q鍵

yo mlr8

tú miraste

él, ella, Ud. miró

Yo miré 10 televi5ión. 1I watched te/evision.)

Here’s the conjugation 01 an -er verb:

bebí

tú bebiste

él, ella, Ud. bebió

Finally, allow me to give you this -ir conjugation

recibí

tú recibi5te

nosotros miramos

vosotros mirasteis

e1l05, ellas, Uds. miraron

nosotro5 bebim05

V050!ros bebi5tei5

ellos, ellas, Ud5. bebieron

nosotros recibimos

VQsotros recibisteis

él, ella, Ud. recibi따 e1l05, ellas, Uds. recibieron

iOuére미bi5te? (What did you receive?)

The nosotros preterit lorms 01 -ar verbs and -ir verbs are the same as their present­tense forms

Nosotros hablamos. (We speak; We spoke.)

Nosotros subimos aI ático. (야Iè go up 10 Ihe attiι μfe wenl up 10 Ihe attic.)

Here are some more examples that show you how to write a sentence by using the preterit tense:

‘J/ Todo야s los a허h삐umnos aprendieron mucho. (Alllhe sludenls learned a /01.)

iK‘J/ Yoe썼뼈뼈o야m때때e않빼빼sh뼈tu뼈뼈빠빼빼l떠폐따빠뼈d띠따빠뼈i댄따때6싶뻐e마le앉때웹鋼s얘웹빼p뼈뼈a뼈ño이lκ(1μ“lμωsl“ωu，띠I띠d이le얹dS，φpaαam

J/ Mi amigo ecribió un poema en españ이. (My friend wrole a poem in Spanish.)

You just got back lrom a vacation with a tour group. Express what dillerent people did on the tour by giving the preterit 01 the verb indicated

Q. φebeηT디 mucha agua y n050tr05 mucho calé

A. Tú bebiste mucha agua y nosotros bebimos mucho calé

----I l

, 4

때

n r n s m ·m ” -­마

밍 聊

F L g

t

빼

없

’ L 염

밍

t 매

L ” ” F

·u

췄솔

학평‘

1. (comer) Yo

2. (comprar) Vosotros

3. (correr) Nosotros campo.

demasiado pero ella poco

aretes y nosotros relojes

en el gimnasio y vosotros en el

4. (escribir) Tú

5. (gastar) T디

6. (hablar) Yo

tarjetas postales y ellos cartas.

mucho dinero pero Juanita poco.

con todo el mundo pero ellos con nadie

fJerhs witn spelfint} cnant}es Only two categories 01 verbs have spelling changes in the preterit tense:

품 Thosewith짧 gar, and -zar endings (whose c願yo뼈 Chapter 7 when dealing with the subjunctive)

V' Those that have a vowel belore their -er or -ir ending

The lollowing sections dive into these changes

I!erbs endin9 in -caη -9aι and -zar

Verbs ending in -ear, -gar, and -zar have the same change that they have in the sub­junctive (see Chapter η， but only in the yo lorm 01 the preterit. This is necessary to preserve the original sound 01 the verb‘ The lollowing table presents a relresher course:

c changes to qu tocar (10 louch) yo toqué (1 louched)

yo jugué (1 played)

yo empecé (1 began)

g changes to gu jugar (10 play)

z changes to c empezar (10 begin)

Here are some example sentences that highlight these endings:

제 Yo expliqué el problema. (1앉plained Ihe problem.)

V' Yo lIe밍lé antes de ellos. (1 arrived before Ihem.)

‘'" Yo almorcε con mis amigos. (1 ale lunch ωilh my friends.)

I!erbs that change i tu IJ Verbs that contain a vowel immediately preceding their -er or -ir ending change i to y in the third-person sing비ar (él, ella, Ud.) and plural (ellos, ell잃， Uds.) lorms. All other forms have an accented i: í.

The i to y change doesn’t hold true lor the verb σaer (10 bring)

Él no trajó su p잃aporte. (He didn '1 bring his passp야t)

? 14 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past and i빼

핫맺J

The tables that follow show high-frequency Spanish verbs that require the i to y change:

yo cal nosotros caímos

tú caíste vosotros caísteis

él, ella, Ud ellos, ellas, Uds.

티 lurisla se cayó allago. (The tourist fe /l in the lake.)

yo crel nosotros creímos

tú creíste vosotros creísteis

él, ella , Ud. creyó ellos, ellas, Uds. creyeron

Ellos no me creyeron. (They didn't believe me.)

yo leí

tú leíste

él, ella, Ud. 1

nosotros leímos

VDsotros Jeísteis

e110ι ellas, Uds. leyeron

i.leyó Ud. esle artículo? (Did you read this article'!)

01 nosotros oímos

tú oíste vosotros oísteis

eIlos, ellas, Uds. oyeron

Verbs ending in -uir (concluir [to conc/ude ], destruir [to deslroy] , sustiluir [to substi­tute] , and so on) follow the i to y change, but they don't accent the i in the tú, nosotros, and vosotros forms. The following table presents an example:

‘ yo conc lU비 JI l

tú concluiste

§1, ella, Ud. concluyó

Ellos concluyeron sus estudios. (

nosotros concluimos

vosotros concJuisteis

e110ι ellas, Uds. concluyeron

concluded their studies.)

, ‘ ‘

i l l

•

‘ / -때

n r a ν

m ·m ” ’ • 밍

하 뼈

n b t

빼

않

I L ” u R t 매

• ” ” n b

Verbs with stem chantjes The only verbs with stem changes in the preterit tense are -ir inlinitive verbs that have a stem change in the present tense (see Chapter 4). Be careful, though! The change is different in the preterit tense than it is in the present. Here’s how you form the preterit: Change e to i or 0 to U only in the third-person singular (él, ella, Ud.) and plural (ellos, ellas, Uds.) forms ‘ The following tables show what these verbs look like in the preterit tense:

!ú

61, ella, Ud. prefirió

Ella

nosotros pedimos

voso!ros pedisteis

e1I0s, ellas, Uds. pidieron

su ayuda. (We asked for his help.l Nosotros

해3

nosotros dormirnos

vosotros dormisteis

ellos, ellas, Uds. durmieron

The verbs reír (10 laugh) and sonreír (10 smile) change -e to -i in the stem of the third person singular (él, ella, Ud.) and third-person plural (ellos, ell잃， Uds.) forms, and add accents in the tú, nosotros, and vosotros forms. Here’s the conjugation

re, tú reíste

él, ella, Ud. rió

Ellas rieron de él. (

nosotros reímos

vosotros reísteis

ellos, ellas, Uds. rieron

216 Pa때rt에빼t“배IV:W빠Vr디때it

‘짧

“

Here are some examples that use other verbs with these changes:

‘'" ÉI mintió. (He lied.)

v Ellos sirvieron vino. (They served wine.)

v EI hombre murió. (The man died.)

Express what happened yesterday by completing the conversations you had with and about friends and others. Change the verbs 1 provide from the infinitive to the preterit tense

ι (reírse) ι chistes.

A. se riojme reí

7. Gugar) l

8. (caerse) ιQuiεn

9. (leer) ‘ 10. 여ormir) l

11. (platicar) l

12. (sentirse) ι

13. (oír) lQué chismes

14. (abrazar) l

15. (vestirse) ιA qué hora media

16. (distribuir) ιQuξ folletos.

lrret)utar f/erbs

Ud. con 105 chistes de Luz? Sí, yo

t디 aI tenis? No, yo

? Nosotros

Ud. este artículo? No, yo no 10

.José una siesta? Sí, el y yo

Ud. con sus amigos? Sí, yo

Uds. bien ayer? Sí, n050tr05

Ud.?Yo no

tú a tus padres? Yo 105

Uds. Nosotros

Pablo y Juan‘ No sé pero yo

desus

al fútbo l.

una siesta

con ellos

bien

ningunos

a las seis y

Many verbs that are irregular in the present tense also are irregular in the preterit, which makes them easier to recognize as irregular verbs. Some of these irregular verbs may be grouped according to the changes they undergo. Unfortunately, a small number of verbs are completely irregular and must be memorized. 1 cover both in the sections that foll。、v

Most irregular verbs fall into categories, which makes them easier to remember. The irregular verbs in the categories in this section have the following endings in the preterit tense:

vyo:-e

vt디: -iste

‘/ ε1， ella, Ud.: -0

‘ --­” / • 때

n r e m -m u ! 마

하 聊

F b t

빼

‘ 않

’ L 염

r a ‘ t 매

L ” n b

v nosotros: -imos

v vosotros: -isteis

‘'" ellos, ellas, Uds.: -ieron (or -jeron if the stem ends in -j)

f/erbs lIIith i in the preterit stem Some Spanish verbs with an e or an a in their stem change the e or a to i in the preterit. The lollowing tables present lour such verbs

tú

él, ella, Ud. dijo

vosotros dijisteis

ellos, ellas, Uds. dijero"

vme nosotros vinimos

tú viniste vosotros vinisteis

él, ella, Ud. vi"o ellos, ellas, Uds. vinieron

yo qUlse

tú

tú hiciste

él, ella, Ud. hizo

4했 In the third-person singular preterit 01 hacer, -c changes to -z to maintain the original sound 01 the verb

'18 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past ar빼 the Future

Verbs lIIith u in the preterit stem SOffie irregular Spanish verbs with an a or an 0 in their stem change the a or the 0 to u. The following tables present examples 01 such verbs:

vosotros cupisteis

§1, olla , Ud. c뻐o 0110ι ollas, Uds. cupieron

Nosotros no cupimos todos en 리 coche. (We didn't al! fit in the car.)

Verbs lIIith ull in the preterit stem

nosotros supimos

vosotros

ellos, ellas, Uds. supieron

nosotros pusimos

vosotros

ollos, ellas, Uds. pusieron

nosotros pudimos

vosotros pudisleis

ellos, ollas, Uds

Three Spanish verbs use uv before their preterit endings. Be carelul, though, because tenerdoesn’t follow the same pattern as andar and estar:

nosotros anduvimos

tú anduvisle vosotros anduvisteis

él, olla, Ud. anduvo ollos, ollas, Uds. anduvieron

Nosolros anduvimos al lealro. (We walked to the theater.)

yo estuve

tú estuviste

él, elia, Ud. estuvo

estuve en casa.

yo tuve

tú tuviste

él, elia , Ud. tuvo

Chapter 13: leaving It Completely i때

nosotros estuvimos

vosotros estuvisteis

elios, elias, Uds. estuvieron

nosotros tuvimos

vosotros tuvisteis

ellos, elias, Uds. tuvieron

Ella tuvo un catarro. (She had a cold.)

Verbs with i in the preterit stem Some irregular Spanish verbs have a j in their preterit stem. This category includes all verbs that end in 깅ucir as well as the verb decir (10 say; see the section “Verbs with i in the preterit stem"). Note that there’s no i in the third-person singular or plural preterit endings. Here are some examples

yo traje

tú trajiste

él, elia, Ud. traio

Ellos

tú conduiiste

él, ella, Ud. condujo

The preterit of dar and rler

their books to class.)

nosotros

vosotros condujisteis

elios, elias, Uds. conduieron

The Spanish verbs dar and ver have the same irregular preterit endings. You drop their respective -ar and -er infinitive endings and then add their preterit endings to d-and v-:

~ 20 Part IV: W끼ting in the Past and in the Futur

‘鍾

di nosotros dimos

tú diste vosotros disteis

él, ella, Ud. dio ellos, ellas, Uds. dieron

nosotros vimos

vosotros visteis

ellos, ellas, Uds‘ vieron

The prete서t uf ser and ir The two irregular verbs ser (10 be) and ir (10 go) have the exact same preterit lorms. How can you tell which verb is being used in a sentence? You have to look at the con­text 01 the sentence. The highly irregular conjugations 01 these two verbs are as lollows:

fui

tú fuiste

1, ella, Ud. fue

The lollowing examples show these verbs in action

ir. Yo 떠 al mercado. (1 wenllo Ihe markel.)

ser: Yo fui con él en el mercado. (1 was wilh him in Ihe markel.)

Write the story 01 your day with Iriends in your journal. Give the correct lorm 01 each verb by changing its infinitive to the preterit tense

Hoy, yo (hacer) (17) una cosa y mi hermano (hacer) (1히 otra. Yo (ir) (1잉 de compras y εl 이r) (20) al estadio de 1디tbol. Mis amigos y yo (querer) (2 i) comprar un regalo para Julia. Mis ami땅。 s (venir) @긴 a mi casa. Todos (caber) α3) en mi coche.

Yo (conducir) (24) al centro. En una media hora nosotros (estar) (25) allá. Nosotros (andar) (26) por muchas tien-

das y (ver) αη muchas cosas interesantes. Yo (ponerse) @에 una camisa. Mis amigos me 여e다r) (2잉

“Cómprala!" Yo (dec띠irse) (30) a comprarla. Desafortunadamente, yo no (poder) (31) encontrar mi cartera. EI dependiente no (saber)

@긴 porque yo (empezar) (33) a llorar. Yo (traer)

” “ 웠

n 「

a c m . m ” ’ · 따

따 때

n u n b t

뼈

’ L ” u 망

t 뻐

-­L ” n

·u

(34) mi dinero en mi cartera. Luis (tener) (3잉 un billete de cincuenta dólares. ÉI me (dar) (36) su dinero. Yo (s앙?

。7) optimisita. Finalmente, yo (encontrar) (38) mi cartera en la guantera de mi coche.

Usinø the Preterit You can use the preterit tense in many ways to convey past actions, events, or states 01 mind. You use the preterit to express the lollowing:

’'" An action or event that began at a specific time in the past

El a띠ón despegó a las seis. (ηle plane look off al 6 0 ’'c/ock.)

v An action or event that was completed at a specific time in the past:

Anoche fuimos a una fiesta. (Lasl nighl ωe went to a par，이

lt that was completed in the past within a

Preparé la cena. (1 prepared dinner.)

v A series 01 events that were completed within a definite time period in the past:

Me desperté, me bañé y me vestí antes de desayunarme. (1 woke up, 1 balhed, and 1 gOI dressed before ealing breakfast.)

Strange as it may seem, some verbs can have special meanings when used in the preterit. The lollowing verbs may have dillerent meaning in the past tense lrom the usual meaning 01 their infinitive lorm

Y" Conocer, which usualIy means to knoω" may mean to meet in the preterit

La conocimos en España. (We mel her in Spain.)

‘'" Saber, which usually means 10 know, may mean 10 learn in the preterit

ιCuándo supiste la verdad? (W꺼en did you learn Ihe t.rulhη

Y" Tener, which usually means to have, may mean to receive in the preterit:

Tuvo un regaIo de mÍ. (He received a gift from me.)

Y" Querer, which usually means to want, may mean to reωse when negated in the preterít:

No quisieron discutirlo. (They refused 10 discuss it.)

ler, which usually means 10 be able 10, may mean 10 man

Pudimos hacerlo. (We managed [finally αere ableJ 10 do κ〕

~22 Par때때rt비빼tIV:W빠r꺼빼it

蠻Last night you had a date with your special someone. Write an e-mail to a friend to tell her all about it. Translate the following past tense sentences into Spanish, writing from your point of view.

Dear Luz,

39. He arrived at your house at 7 p.m ‘

40. You went to the movies

41. You asked for a bag of popcorn and a drink

42. He had a box of candy

43. The movie was bad

44. He almost fell asleep.

45. After the movie, you walked in the park.

46. Finally, you returned home.

47. He wanted to kiss you.

48. You said, “ Of course!"

Sincerely, Pilar

AnsWer Keμ 짧 comíjcomió

comprasteisjcompramos

corrlmosjcorristeis

escribistejescribieron

gastastejgastó

habléjhablaron

Chapter 13: lea빼

짧용 jugastejju밍lξ. Verbs ending in -gar change g to gu only in the yo form of the preterit

se cayójnos caímos. Verbs that contain a vowel immediately preceding their -er or -ir endings change i to y in the third-person singular and plural forms. All other forms have an accented i‘ í. Caerse is a reflexive verb and requires the use of a reflexive pronoun before the verb (see Chapter 11).

leyó/leí

durmiójdormimos. Change 0 to u only in the third-person singular and plural forms.

platicójplatiqué. Verbs ending in -car change c to qu only in the yo form of the preterit

se sintieronjnos sentimos. Change e to i only in the third-person singular and plural forms.

oyójoí

abrazastejabracé. Verbs ending in -zar change z to c only in the yo form of the preterit

se vistieronJnos vestimos

뿔탱 distribuyeronjdistribuí. Verbs ending in -uir change i to y but don’t accent the i in the tú, nosotros, or vosotros forms

hice. Some verbs with an e or an a in their stem change the e or a to i în the preterit

hizo. Hacer has an irregular third-person singular preterit form

fui. Ser and ir have the same irregular preterit forms.

fue

quisimos

vinieron

cupieron. Some verbs with an a or an 0 în their stem change the a or the 0 to u in the preterit

conduje. Some verbs have aj in their preterit stem, including those that end in 강ucir， as well as the verb decir.

~24 Pa하빠rt떠빼t IV: Wr디때it

뭘뿔 estuvimos. Estar uses uv before its preterit stem.

anduvimos. Andar uses uv before its preterit stem

훌뿔 vimos. Ver drops the -er infinitive ending and then adds the irregular preterit ending

흩엉 mepuse

톰쩔 dijeron

11!11 me decidí.

플I pude

ID supo

톰 empecé

쩔쩔 traje

m tuvo.

ID dio

뿔뿔 fui

흩뿔 encontré.

Llegó a mi casa a las siete de la noche

뿔뿔 Fuimos aI cine.

톰엉 Pedí un saco de palomitas y un refresco.

멍필 Él tuvo una caja de dulces.

m La película fue mala.

댐명 Casi se durmÎó.

@웰 Despu싫 de la película anduvimos por el parque.

뿔쩔 Finalmente regresamos a mi casa.

ÉI quise besarme.

뿔엉 Yod젠e， “ iPor supuesto!"

Looking 8ack with the Imperfect o @ @ 0)‘“‘3 ‘’‘ φ

ln This Chapter

Forming the imperlect 01 regular and irregular verbs

생 Using the imperlect to express a past action

[l> Pitting the preterit against the imperlect

‘’ o 0 ‘

o @ @ 000 ‘9 잉 @ ‘ o @ ‘,’ “ ‘’ ‘’ 0&0 0 “ ‘ o @

11 an you describe a beautiful place you once visited? Do you remember what you used ‘I사o do when you were younger? Another past tense, the imperfect, allows you to give descriptions and to speak about what you were in the habit 01 doing in the past. Whereas the preterit tense allows you to express what you did in the past, the imperlect allows you to express what was happening or what used to happen previously. To put it in a visual sense, il the preterit tense captures a snapshot 01 a past action with the click 01 a button, the imperlect tense captures the motion 01 a past action with a video camera. For example, “He was swimming (used tofwould swim) every day." lf you recall that an action e자ended over an indefinite period of time, you’11 have no trouble using the imperlect, and you won’t conluse it with the preterit‘

ln this chapter, you see how to lorm the imperfect 01 regular and irregular verbs ‘ αou’ 11 be delighted to discover that there are no verbs with spelling or stem changes in this tense!) You also work on using the imperlect, and 1 include plenty 01 explanations and clues to help you decide when the imperfect, rather than the preterit, is the tense 01 choice. The various exercises in this chapter, along with those in Chapter 13, will give you the practice you need so that you can easily select the proper past tense lor any situation.

Perfectint) the lmperfect Unless you’ve studied a romance language belore, the imperlect is a tense you’ve never worked with. That’s because we have no grammatical English equivalent lor this past tense lfyou’re unlamiliar with the imperlect, you need to know, belore you work on lorming it, that it expresses a continuing state or action in the past - an action that was taking place or that used to happen repeatedly over an indefinite period 01 time. You also use the imper­fect to describe scenes, settings, situations, or states in the past. (For more specific uses of the imperfect tense and examples 01 these uses, see the later section “Uses 01 the lmperlect ’V ln the imperlect, beginnings and endings are unimportant; only the events taking place have significance. Here are a few examples:

Durante el verano yo 찌ajaba. (During the summer 1 used to [ωouldJ trauel.)

lAdónde iban? (Where were they goingη

La pnerta eslaba cerrada. (The window ωas closed.)

? 2 6 Part IV: Writing in the Past and in the Future

샤뺀~8 jι ~"、

l매} Here’s a handy tip to remember: The imperfect expresses what the subject “would do" if “would" has the sense of “used to"

GeneraImente, me despertaba a las seis. (Generally, 1 would wake up al six 0 ’'c/ock.)

The following sections now work on helping you lorm the imperfect 01 both regular and irregular verbs (01 which there are lew)

Forminfj. the imperfect of refj.ufar flerbs Just as with the preterit, forming the imperlect 01 regular verbs is rather easy. Although there are three different infinitive endings for regular verbs - -ar, -er, and -ir - you use only two different sets 01 endings to lorm the imperfect 01 these verbs

You form the imperlect 01 a regular verb by dropping the -ar, -er, or -ir infinitive ending and adding the proper imperlect ending. The endings lor -er and -ir verbs are the same, as you’ 11 see in the lollowing conjugation tables.

Here’s the imperlect conjugation 01 융rverbs

mîraba

tú mirabas

él, ella, Ud. miraba

Here’s the imperlect conjugation 01 -er and -ir verbs

yo bebía

tú bebías

ella, Ud. bebía

recibía

tú recibías

él, ella, Ud. recibía

nosotros mirábamos

vosotros mirabais

ellos, ellas, Uds. miraban

nosotros bebíamos

vosotros bebíais

ellos, ellas, Uds. bebían

e lIas, Uds. recibían

Here are some examples of the imperfect in action, using regular verbs:

Los turistas admiraban a los animales. (The lourisls were admiring Ihe animals.)

Los monos comían cacabuetes. (The monkeys ωere ealing peanuls.)

Los tigres preferian dormirse. (The ligers preferred 10 go 10 sleep.)

4췄

‘繼

Chapter 14: Looking Back with tl빼Iperfect 2낀

FormÎl1t) the imperfect of irret)utar flerbs It’s your luc셰 day! You don’t have to memorize any Spanish verbs with stem or spelIing changes in the imperfect tense, because there are no changes in these verbs

No conocía a ese hombre. (1 didn ’'t know Ihal man.)

ElIa no te entendía. (She didn ’'1 undersland you.)

In fact , want some more good news? There are only three Spanish verbs that are irreg. ular in the imperfect tense. 1 show these irregular verbs in the tables that fo lIow:

yo ib.

tú ib.s

él, ell., Ud ‘ iba

Nosolros íbamos .1 resl.ur.nle.( We were

er.

tú eras

vel3

tú veías

él, 011., Ud. veí.

nosotros éramos

vosotros erais

ellos, ell.s, Uds. er.n

nosotros veíamos

vosotros veíais

ollos, ellas, Uds. veí.n

In your journal, discuss what various people around you were doing during a black­out by using the imperfect tense. 1 incIude the infinitive of the verb and you must change it to the imperfect. Here’s an example to get you started

ι nosotrosjesc뼈ar r뼈ica

A. Nosotros escuchábamos m디sica 아le were Iistening to music.)

228 Pa때rt버t“배IV:W뻐Vr꺼빼.it

~ξξγ μ싹"， yξVlstc\:

vosoh-os/ J..OV"“\lV' lA.\tð\ siest-C\!

ellos/ J.isct싸YC'。‘ s“ S 싼센8~ 4 얘끼U에C\Y 01.1 bOl.l。‘εesto

r μ\is v..evμ“lI\\tC\S! escvlbiv sμs t Ol.veðl.s:

ι A"，(7\.기이aζ'eY ξiev-òòos:

7. \tosoh-os!pyepCl.Ye>\V' ldlcξ10\0\:

g P",,,lo y Josεj，씨.Î.v""Y 10\ televìsió",:

'1. Gey"，l .J.ojteld。“eO\Y 0\ st.\ ‘\OVtO\:

10. 써S pMves/l“‘piðl.Y" 1"" Cð\SO\!

11. V.As./co lI-\ev""l veSrOll.\YOI.‘,te:

←←←니2. V.J. 끼y c\ 10\ .f!O\Y"^"""cto\:

Uses of the lmperfect You’11 have no problem knowing when to use the imperfect tense if you can remember that the imperfect is a descriptive past tense. You use the imperfect in the following situations

v To describe ongoing or continuous actions in the past (which may or may not have been completed)

Yo 10 veía todos los días. (1 saw him every day.)

‘ ... To describe repeated or habitual actions that took place in the past:

Ella vi헤aba mncho. (She used to travel a lot.)

’ ... To describe an action that continued for an unspecified period of time‘

Vivi뻐，os en México. (We lived in Mexico.)

v To describe a person, place, thing, weather condition, time, day of the week, state of mind, or emotion in the past

• Estaba contento. (1 was happy.)

• La casa era muy grande. (The house was very big.)

• Hacía frío. (lt ωas cold.)

• Eran 1잃 dos. (It ωas two 0 .c/ock.)

• Era ellunes. (It was Monday.)

• Quería comprenderIo. (1 wanted to understand it.)

• Creía que no era urgente. (He thOl땅ht π wasn ’'t urgent.)

‘짧

Chapter 14: Loo빼 Back with t뻐聊rfect 22~

‘,. To describe actions that took place simultaneously

Yo escuchaba la radio mientras mi amiga miraba la televisión. (/ ωas listening to the radio ωhile my friend was watching teleuision.)

•,. To describe a situation that was going on in the past when another action or event, expressed by the preterit (see Chapter 13), took place

Yo escuchaba la radio cuando alguien sonó a la puerta. (/ was listening to the radio when someone rang the doorbell.)

press an event or action that began in t using hacía (que) or desde hacía (had been)

• ιCuánto tiempo hacía que trabajas allá? ιDesde hacía cuándo σabajas allá? (How long had you been working thereη

• Hacía tres OOos (que trabajaba allá). Trabajaba allá desde hacía tres OOos. (/’'d been working there for three years.)

For Spanish homework, your teacher asked you to write a description 01 a photo. Use the imperlect tense to describe what was happening in the picture you chose. 1 pro­vide the verb, and you provide its imperlect conjugation.

앤er) (13) 10, 센깐앤릉깐 macer)_‘ { (14)

b l.\e“ \-ie\t'‘po. 1-10 (haber) (15) 'I.\be' e , e1 ζ'ielι Lo?\.ço?\~mCl

Cor녕， (i r) (16) ",1 p"，r<~μe. 씨 ",,,,J-re (empl때 I (17) ω'\ cøcheci+。 ‘""e,\-r"" "" p",J-re (hablar)

τJJI8) co써 h뻗앤씬씬。η fey \to?\\\J..o 한싼깐뺏ner) 낀~뻔 ðl，~Ì?，?，，~，엔o e , 1"" "'''''0'. é.1Jestar!= (2미씬Y

ζ0안e\ti-o. lJ\tOl. \A'\l..\chO\εv."， (mirar) (21) '" 1", ~'"써.i.llð\.

EII", Olevar) (22) ‘ ... ves\-i.J..。 ‘:;'\Yo\C\vll1o y ‘"",ro y (comer)

(23) 1.\“ v.el",J-o. EII", (parecer) (24)

르씬뻔깐깐뻔했. (5er} (25) ev,J-e , !-e 익μe(querer)

(26)ver 써 bebε F。‘'11.\e ell", (sonreír) (27). I

Comparint) the Preterit and the lmperfect The preterit tense (see Chapter 13) expresses an action that was completed at a spe­cific time in the past. You could represent such an event or action by drawing a dot Boom! The action took place and was completed, and that’s the end 01 it

The imperlect tense, on the other hand, expresses a past action that continued over an indefinite period 01 time. You could represent such an action or event with a wa'ηI line: It just kept moving and moving without an end in sight. The action continued

230 Part IV: Writing in t빼ast and i뼈

j

‘蠻

。ver a period 01 time in the past: it ωas happening, used 10 happen, or would (meaning used 10) happen.

In some instances, either the preterit or the imperlect is acceptable as a past tense The tense you use may depend on the meaning you want to convey. For instance, il you want to convey that the action was completed, you can say

E11a estudió. (She sωdied.)

If you want to convey that the action was ongoing or continuous, you can say

E11a estudiaba. (She was studyir땅〕

ln the 10IIowing list, 1 compare some examples 01 the preterit and the imperlect

Preterit: E110s b떠laron. (They danced.)

Imperfect: E110s bailaban. (They ωere dancing.)

Preterit: Yo salí anoche. (1 ωenl out last night.) Yo salí dos veces. (1 went oul two “mes.)

Imperfect: Yo salía cada noche. σ ωenl oul each nighl.)

One big difference is that you use the imperlect to describe a person , place, thing, state 01 mind , time, day, or weather condition in the past

E11a era optimista. (She ωas optimislic.)

EI viaje era agradable. (The πm ωas nice.)

Esperaba ganar. (He ωas hopir핑 m ωin.)

Era la una. (/1 ωas one 0 ’'clock.)

Era martes. (/1 was Tuesday.)

Llo띠a. (It ωas raining.)

You recently wrote a composition for Spanish class in the present tense, but your teacher wanted it written in the past tense. Oops! Rewrite the composition, changing aII the verbs in the present tense to the preterit or imperlect tense

Es (28) sábado. Hace (29) Irío. Está 。이 nevando. EI soI no brilla (3 1) y hay 떠 muchos nubes en eI cielo. Los pájaros no cantan α3) Notengo 여 nada de particular a hacer. De

repente eI telélono suena (35) y yo contesto (36)

Es (3η mi amigo) Manuel. Me dice (38) que se aburre C:뻐，) mirando Ia televisiôn. Me pregunta (4이 si quiero (4 1) salir. Yo creo (42) que e응

(43) una buena idea. Yo sugiero (44); “ Nosotros podemos (45) construir un muñeco de nieve." A Manuel no le gusta

(4이 esa idea. Él prefiere (47) construir una fort-aleza de nieve. Yo acepto (48) esa idea. Yo Ie pido (49) permiso a mi madre para salir. Naturalmente, ella dice (50) “Sí" inmediatamente. Nosotros nos decidimos (51) a reunirnos a la una y n050tr05 colgamos 잉) eI teIεlono. EI día es 떠〕 maraviIloso.

Chapter 14: lo뼈

Certain words in Spanish act as clues that you should use the preterit or the imper-lect tense, because they show that an action occurred at a specific time or imply that an action was ongoing over a period 01 time. The sections that lollow will help you determine which past tense you should use in a given situation

Cfues to the preterit You olten use the preterit tense along with words and expressions that specily a time period. Table 14-1 presents many 01 these common words and expressions.

4 -빼

-빼

τ --해 anoche

anleayer

ayer

ayer por la noche

de repenle

el año pasado

el olro día

el verano pasado

linalmenle

la semana pasada

por lin

pnmero

un día

Clues to the Preterit Tense

Meaning

18st night

day before yesterday

yesterday

last night

suddenly

lastyear

the other day

lastsummer

끼'nally

lastweek

finally

first

one day

una vez one tfme

Here are some example sentences that show how you use these words with the preterit

Anoche me quedé en casa. (Last night 1 stayed home.)

De repente, oímos uu ruido fuerte. (Sudden/y we heard a /oud noise.)

FiuaImente, 10 terminé. (Fina/(χ 1 finished it)

Cfues to the imperfect You often use the imperlect tense with words and expressions that imply habitual action or repetition in the past. Table 14-2 lists many 01 these words and expressions

232 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past a삐

‘중첼

Table 14-2 Spanish

a menudo

a veces

cada día

con frecuencia

de vez en cuando

en general

frecuentemente

generalmente

habítualmente

normalmente

slempre

todo el tiempo

tOd05 105 día5

usualmente

Clues to the Imperfect Tense

Meaning

oκen

sometimes

each daι everyday

frequently

from time to time

generalψ

frequently

generally

habitualψ

normally

always

all the time

everyday

usually

Here are examples that show how you use the imperfect tense with some words and expressions Irom the previous table:

Normalmente regresaba a las seis. (You normally returned home at six 0 ’'clock.)

Siempre jugaban 허 tenis. (They al，ωays played tennis.)

You want to talk to a friend about why certain people acted in a particular way in the past by using the preterit and the imperlect tenses. 1 provide the infinitives and you provide the preterit 01 the first verb and the imperlect 01 the second verb , Here’s an example to get you started:

Q. (irftener) Pablo muelas

al dentista porque un dolor de

A. Pablo fue al dentista porque tenía un dolor de muelas. (Pablo went to the dentist because he had a toothache.)

54. (comerfseguir) Yo no

55. (quedarsefestar) Mi novio

56. (caersefprestar) T디

57. (comprarfquerer) Los muchachos ver el partido de lútbol

chocolate porque

en casa porque

porque no

billetes porque

un reglmen.

en띠1“lermo

atención

‘蠻

‘@藝

C빼ter싸빼

58. (enviaηcelebrar) Luisa una carta a su amiga porque ella 5U cumplea디os

59. (sacar/hacer) Nosotros un traje de baño porque

You’re writing a composition for school about your friend , Eduardo, who received a sizable inheritance from his grandfather. Express what he did on one fine summer day by putting the verbs in parentheses in their proper tense: the preterit or the imper­fect. Be on the lookout for the clue words 1 present earlier in this section

(ser) (6이 el verano. (hacer) (61) buen tiempo. (seγ') (6잉 el mediodía. Ayer Eduardo (recibir) (63)

una herencia de su abuela y (ir) (64) al banco con el cheque que (querer) (65) depositar en su cuenta. (pasar) 때 por una concesÎón de coches ‘ (llegar) (6D al banco pero desafortu-nadamente (estaη (6세 cerrado porque (ser) (69)

la hora de almorzar. No (haber) (70) otra cosa que hacer. En ese momento Eduardo (regresar) (71) a 1떠 concesión y (mirar)

(7긴 por los escaparates. Él (escoger) (73) un coche gris que le (gustar) (74) enormamente. Él (tener)

(7잉 mucha curiosidad. Él (entraη 0마 y (empezar) (7D a hablar con el vendedor. Élle (hacer)

。이 muchas preguntas 티 vendedor le (contestar) (79) con mucha paιiencia. Élle (explicar) (8이

todo. Ese coche (ser) (81) muy deportivo. Eduardo (desear) (8 긴 comprarlo. Élle (pedir) (83) el precio al

vendedor. (ser) (84) veinte mil dólares. Eduardo (tener) (8 잉 suficiente dinero y (comprar) 뼈 elcoche

(estar) 빼 tan contento. Ese día, Eduardo no (ir) (88) otra vez al banco. En vez de hacer eso, ε1 (i。(89) al campo en su coche nuevo.

Your teacher has asked you to write a composition for your Spanish class in which you tell how you celebrated Christmas. Express what you did in the past by using the preterit or the imperfect as needed. Here’s an example to get you started

ι You left your house at 10 am

A. Yo salí de mi casa a las diez de la mañana.

90. You celebrated Christmas at your sister's house.

91. There was a lot of snow.

92. You arrived safely.

93. Your sister prepared a delicious dinner.

sol

aUl!l poolì " P"니 κpoqκ1aA:'l，OI

κlaj"!paUlUl! uo l! jnd no，λ '001

'laj"aMS 100M Inmn"aq " paA!aJa1 nOÁ '66

lOl" j! pa껴!I a4S '86

'jalaJ"lq Ploll " 1ajS!S moκ aA"ll nOÁ 'L6

'SlJ!ll moκ pauado noκ JO 11" l"UU!P l"lJγ 96

“'S"UljSP4J κ Il"씨” κ，"S Oj P"lU"M "H 'S6

’P"II"J "pun 1n。κ‘llU!lU" 11" "l"M nOκ "1!4M 'v6

aJnJr밴11I뼈e Jsed aqJ U! 6剛

CI매h뻐a때pt떼e밍맘rη.↑14짜4: lo뼈0아떼k‘

Answer κeμ Yo leía una revista. (1 was reading a magazine.)

Vosotros dormíais una siesta. (You ωere taking a nap.)

Ellos discut빼 con sus amigos. (They ωere a탱umg ωith their friends.)

Tú jugabas al baloncesto. (You ωere playing basketball.)

Mis hermanas e잉cribían sus tareas. (My sisters ωere writing their homework.)

뿔쩔 Ana hacía ejercicios. (Ana was doing exercíses.)

풀쩔 Nosotros preparábamos la cena. (We were preparing the dinner.)

Pablo y José miraban la televisión. (Pablo and José ωere watching television.)

Geraldo telefoneaba a su novia. (Geraldo was calling his girlfriend on the phone.)

Mis padres limpiaban la casa. (My parents ωere c/eaning the house.)

Uds. comían al restaurante. (You ωere eating at a restaurant.)

Ud. iba a la farmacia. (You ωere going to the drugstore.)

era

hacía

뿔훨 había

iba

圖쟁 empujaba

훌훨 hablaba

tenía

estaba

뽑엉 miraba

llevaba

comía

parecía

era

queria

원 sonreía

236 Part IV: Writing i뼈

흩쩔 era (imperfect)

뿔웰 hacía (imperfect)

옐엉 estaba (imperfect)

brillaba (imperfect)

había (imperfect)

cantaban (imperfect)

뽑웰 tenía (imperfect)

짧웰 sonó (preterit)

contesté (preterit)

era (imperfect)

톰엉 dijo (preterit)

짧짧 aburria (imperfect)

짧쟁 preguntó (preterit)

뿔영 quería (imperfect)

잃월 creía (imperfect)

era (imperfect)

풀쩔 sugerí (preterit)

톰 podíamos (imperfect)

gustaba (imperfect)

prefería (imperfect)

짧영 acepté (preterit)

톰뿔 pedí (preterit)

뽑엉 dijo (preterit)

흩I decidimos (preterit)

m colgamos (preterit)

era (imperfect)

comíjseguía

se quedójestaba

te caístejprestabas

compraronjquerían

enviójcelebraba

sacamosβlacía

era (imperfect)

hacía (imperfect)

era (imperfect)

recibió (preterit)

iba (imperfect)

quería (imperfect)

pasó (preterit)

llegó (preterit)

隨앓 estaba (imperfect)

era (imperfect)

había (imperfect)

regresó (preterit)

miró (preterit)

escogió (preterit)

gustaba (imperfect)

tenía (imperfect)

entró (preterit)

empezó (preterit)

C빼ter 14: loo빼 Back with t뼈

~38 Part IV: W끼ting in the Past a빼

m hizo (preterit)

m contestó (preterit)

m explicó (preterit)

m era (imperfect)

m deseaba (imperfect)

m pidió (preterit)

$를 era (imperfect)

훌1iI tenía (imperfect)

E엉 compró (preterit)

뚱낌 estaba (imperfect)

m fue (preterit)

일엉 fue (preterit)

명iIl Celebré la Navidad en casa de mi hermana

m Había mucha nieve

몽III Yo llegué sin incidentes.

1m Mi hermana preparó una comida deliciosa.

훌댐 Mientras nosotros comíamos mi tió telefoneó (llamó).

몽!iI Quería decirnos “ Feliz Na찌dad."

E킹 Después de la cena nosotros abrimos nuestros regalos.

톨liiIII Yo le di a mi hermana una pulsera de oro.

톨댐 Le gustaba mucho

m Yorecibíu따uéter de lana muy bello.

lIl!Ill Me 10 pusé inmediatamente.

lIl!Ill Todo el mundo se divirtió.

Chapter 15

Seeing into the Future ü ‘’ “ “ Q ‘“ ” ‘"' (’ @ “ ‘\' ‘。 。 ‘, ‘’‘ (Þ {) 0'

ln This Chapter Using the present and ir + a to form the future

싸 Putting regular and irregular verbs into the future

Reviewing the uses of the future

‘”’ ‘a 0 Q 。 ‘> "’ ‘Ð

o 0 ‘s “ o ø ’ c

A t one time or another) every pet SOIl thinks about the future and makes plans based on hopes and dreams. For some dreamers, “ preparing for the future" means getting an

education. For others, it means getting a job, saving money, and starting a fam i!y. And then there are those who, each week without fai!, proceed to the nearest candy store to purchase lottery tickets with the fantasy of becoming an instant millionaire! What unites everyone is the fact that the future is a time you look toward. ln Spanish, you have three different ways to express future actions. One of them, believe it or not, is using the present tense. Another is to state what you’re “going to do." Finally, you can use the future tense, which expresses whatyou “will do."

This chapter covers these topics to allow you to look toward the future. You discover how to use the present tense to express a future action. You practice using the Spanish verb ir (10 go) + the preposition a to say what a subject is going to do. 1 also teach you how to form the future of regular and irregular verbs. You’ lllike this tense because there are no verbs with spelling or stem changes! Finally, you re띠ew the functions of this tense so that you can comfortably use it when you speak or write - in the future!

FormÎntj. and 타pressÎnt) the Future ln Spanish, you can express the future in three ways. One way is to use the present. lf that’s your method of choice, look back to Chapter 4 for all the detai!s on proper usage. Another way is to use the verb ir (to go) and the preposition a. You use this method \0 express what’s going to be done by the subject in the near future. For this, you need to know the present-tense conjugation of ir. These are the two methods 1 cover in the following sections. (For info on using the future tense, which requires some new stems and some new endings, see the future sections of this chapter.)

Discussint) the future b，μ usint) the present You use the present tense to imply the future when asking for instructions or when the pro­posed action will take place in the not-so-distant or near future. Here are two examples of these usages

?4,O Pa때rt비빼t배IV:W빠r끼it빼 in t빼l“t

‘鐘

i.Dejo de hablar? (Shalll stop talkingη

Ellos p잃an por nuestra c싫a. (They'll be stoppir핑 by our house.)

Usiru}. ir + a to express the near future You use the present tense 01 the verb ir (to go) + the preposition a (which, in this case, has no meaning) + the infinitive 01 the verb to express an action that will be taking place rather soon or that’s imminent. Here are some examples that express what the subject is going to do

Voy a salir. (1’'mgoing ω go out.)

Vamos a esperarlos. (μ'" are going to wait for them.)

The present tense 01 ir is irregular, and you conjugate it as lollows

yovoy nosotros vamos

tú vas vosotros vais

él, ella, Ud. va ellos, ellas, Uds. van

The parents in a family have decided to assign chores lor everyone so the house stays clean. In Spanish, write the chores the lamily members must execute by using ir + a. Here’s an example

Q. Marta(lavar la ropa

A. Marta va a lavar la ropa. (Mar띠 is going to wash the c/othing.)

1. yo(pasar la aspiradora

2. nosotros(preparar la comida

3. Alejandro(arreglar su cuarto

4. vosotros(limpiar el coche

5. t디(cortar el césped

6. Cristina y Blanca(quitar el polvo de los muebles

c피때h뻐a매pt떼e망r1딴5ε앉:S앓ee밍in빼l

Sendint) ret)ular (/erbs to the future The luture tense explains what a subject will do or what action or event will take place in luture time. Want some good news? The luture tense in Spanish is just about as easy to lorm as possible, because there is only one set 01 endings. All verbs -that’s right, every single one 01 them: regular verbs, verbs with spelling and stem changes, and irregular verbs - have the same luture endings. Well, some verbs do have irregular luture stems, but these are limited in number (see the lollowing section lor more on these verbs)

To lorm the luture tense 01 a regular verb, you add the appropriate luture ending (dependent on the subject) to the infinitive 01 the verb:

-e

tú -ás vosotros -éis

él, ella, Ud. -á ellos, ellas, Uds. -án

Time lor some examples. The tables that lollow show how you lorm the luture 01 some regular verbs with the endings lrom the previous table

‘/강 verbs:

nosotros trabajaremos

tú vosotros

él, ella, Ud. trabajará ellos, ellas, Uds. trabajarán

'" 석erverbs:

tú ‘lenderás vosotros venderéis

él, ella, Ud. venderá ellos, ellas, Uds. venderán

‘"" -ir verbs:

tú discutirás vosotros discutiréis

él, ella, Ud. discutirá ellos, ellas, Uds. discutirán

~42 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past and i뼈

s뱃

~했

Now check out some example sentences utilizing the future tense

Yo no los invitaré a mi fiesta. (1 won ’'1 invile Ihem 10 my party.)

ElI08 nO beberán alcohol. (They won '1 dri때 alcohol.)

lAbrir경8 una cuenta bancaria pronto? (Will you open a bank accounl soonη

Verbs such as oír (10 lislen) and reír (10 laugh) - whose infinitives contain an accent mark over the “ i" - drop their accent in the future tense:

Yo no oiré e잃8 mentiras. (1 won ’'1 lislen 10 Ihose lies.)

티108 no reirán de él. (They ωon’'11m땅h al him.)

ln the following exercise, express what different students both will and won’t do in a study-abroad program. The first section provides the subject. The second section provides the verb that states what the subject will do. The final section provides the verb that, when preceded by the word no, states what the subject won’t do. Follow this example

g. Ele뼈escribir notasjjugar

A. Elena escribirá notas. No jllgará. (Elena will ωrile noles. She won ’'t play.)

7. tújestudiarjmirar la television

8. Carolinajasistir a todas las clasesjvisitar a sus amigas

9. Luz y yojleer todos los librosjescuchar música

10. vosotrosjaprender el vocabulariojdescansar

11. yojprestar atenciónjpensar en otras cosas

12. Jaime y Luisjcorrer a las clasesjandar por el parque

” 샘

뻐

m r F

• a g

m n u ·m

뼈

F

、u π ω

M m t 매

매

Sendintj irretjufar flerbs to the future Certain Spanish verbs are irregular in the future tense. These verbs have irregular future stems, which always end in -r or -rr - an easy way to remember them! To form the future of these irregular verbs, you do one of three things:

•;' Drop e from the infinitive ending before adding the proper future ending 1 list in the section “Sending regular verbs to the future":

Infinitive Meaning Future Stem

caber

poder

to ηt

to be able

to want

(0 know

cabr­

podr-

querer

saber

querr-

sabr-

Here are some example sentences

lCabrá esa máquina en eI gabinete? (Will that machine fit in the cabinetη

No podremos venir. (We will not be able to come.)

Querré verlo. (I ωill want to see it.)

lSabrá hacerlo? (Will he know how to do itη

)/ Drop e or i from the infinitive ending and replace the vowel with a d before adding the proper future ending:

lnñnitive Meaning FutureStem

poner to put pondr-

salir to leave saldr-

tener to have tendr-

valer to be μ orth valdr-

venlr to come vendr-

These verbs are illustrated in the following example sentences ‘

Yo pondré los papeles en la me잉a. (1 will put the papers on the table.)

lCuándo saldrán? (When ωill they leaveη

Ella no tendrá bastante dinero. (She will not have enough money.)

lCuánto valdrá ese coche? (How much will that car be worthη

lNo vendrás mañana? (Won 't you be coming tomorrowη

)/ Memorize the irregular stems and add the proper future endings. At this level, you need to know only two high-frequency verbs in Spanish that are irregular in the future:

lnñnitive

decir

hacer

Meaning Futw'e Stem

to say dir-

to make, to do har-

Observe these verbs in action

~44 PartIV:W끼ting i빼

“1댄f ‘::t."~、“\ ι용용~Ii 、 ι~ j)

’’‘~?

Yo diré 10 que pieuso. (1 will say ωhatI think.)

.Quéh앙ánp없 .. resolver el problema? (What ωill they do to solve the problemη

In the lollowing exercise, use the luture tense 01 the verb provided to express what will happen at the next business conlerence you attend. Here’s an example:

g. (escuchar) Yo atentamente.

A. Yo escucharé atentamente. (1 willlisten attentive씨

E o 13. (valer) 1"" pe‘."" C\SisHv ðI. lðl Cdlt.çe ... e“ci~ 14. (querer) "í"Aos .. el\i.y ð\ 1 .... co‘-Peve‘。.... el\tTe‘ 15. (venir) íoJ.os 10$ p<'\'에ci.p"I'야e' _______ …쩌~，~ 16. (hacer) ).\O$oh-O$ _____ ~녕Aólop야에e f ØlY Q\ toJ.O$ 17. (saber) }.!O$야." ‘• _______ c。‘ a‘닝D\ÒÓ" 성 허 pyesiJ..e바e

(venir) _____ _ 18. (poder) liO$oh-ðS kospeJ. .... ,. .... toJ.os. 19, (poner) NO$otvO$ C ,,",VVO$ D\ l<'lS értJ.야es .Ae. toJ.os 20. (tener) πJ.os ,,\I.o.e VeseVVD\Y 10 I".ás "".1안'es fð싸.le.

21. (decir) "íOJ.ð el "씨.1A.".J.o. _______ 꺼I.o.ees …a ζ아:Pe .. eltc:i.Dl

i써poYTðI."te

22, (salir) ToJ.O$ C.싸“써

UsinfJ the Future Tense to Foretett, Pre，짜'ct， and Wonder

It seems kind 01 obvious that you should use the luture to express luture time. However, you must be aware 01 other instances in Spanish when you may use the luture, too. For instance, you use the luture

@ ν‘ To express what will happen:

Yo te ayudru녕.(1 ωill help you.)

ν‘ To predict a future action or event

Uoverá pronto. (lt ωill rain soon.)

’'" To express wondeι probability, conjecture, or uncertainty in the present.

The Spanish luture, in this case, is equivalent to the lollowing English phrases:

” 샘

뼈

따

r r e m o ·m

뼈

F s π ω

r a ‘ t 때

-%

에

‘鍵

“ Iwonder," “ probably," or “ must be."

ιCuánto dinero tendrán? (1 wonder hoω much money they have.)

Serán las seis. (It's probably [It must beJ six 0 ’'clock.)

Alguien viene. zQuién serã? (Someone is coming. 1 ωonder ωho it is.)

zSerá mi esposo? (1 ωonder if it's my husband.)

‘lrá a darme un anillo mi no찌o? (f wonder if my boyfriend is goir핑 togwe me a ring.)

To e action or event:

Si viene a tiempo el jefe no se quejará. (If you come on time, the boss will not complain.)

Si sigues la receta preparás una buena comida. (If you follow the recipe, you will prepare a good meal.)

It’'s your job to write Spanish horoscopes lor your club’s newsletter, 1 pro띠de the English version 01 the horoscope; you translate it into Spanish, using your mastery 01 the luture

23. ARIES (marzo 21-abrilI9): You will meet an important person. He will present an incredi­ble opportunity to you.

24. TAURO (abril 20-mayo 20): You will have good luck. You will buy a lottery ticket, and you will win a lot 01 money.

25. GÉMINIS (mayo 21-junio 21): You will receive an important letter in themaiL [t will give you good news.

26. CÁNCER Qunio 22-julio 21): Your Iriend will give you advice. You willlisten to it, and you will be able to get a better job.

27. LEO Qulio 22-agosto 21): You will take a trip, and you will meet many influential people

28. V[RGO (agosto 22-septiembre 22): Very soon your house will be worth a million dollars You will sell it and take a cruise around the world.

29. LlBRA (septiembre 23-octubre 22): You will go out with a friend, and you will have a lot ollun

?46 PartIV:W끼ting i빼

30. ESCORPIÓN (octubre 23-noviembre 21): You wilI Iose some important documents. A stranger w ilI return them to you

31. SAGITARIO (noviembre 22-diciembre 21): You wilI Iie to a Iriend ‘ Your Iriend wilI lorgive you.

32. CAPRICORNIO (diciembre 22-enero 20): You w ilI earn a Iot 01 money. You w ilI put that money in the bank lor the luture

33. ACUARIO (enero 21-lebrero 19): You wilI go to Spain, and you wilI Iearn to speak Spanish fIuently.

34. PISCIS (Iebrero 20-marzo 20): You wilI Ieave your office, and you wilI lind a $100 b ilI in the street

C빼te패

Answer KelJ 뿔뿔 Yo voy a pasar la aspiradora. (j am going 10 vacuum.)

뿔뿔 Nosotros vamos a preparar la comida. (If상 are going 10 prepare Ihe meal.)

뿔뿔 Alejandro va a arreglar su cuarto. (AIξjandro is going 10 tidy his room.)

뿔뿔 Vosotros vais a limpiar el coche. (You are going ω c/ean Ihe car.)

T디 vas a cortar el césped. (You are going to mow Ihe lawn.)

뿔뿔 Cristina y Blanca van a quitar el polvo de los muebles. (Cristina and Blanca are going to dusl the furniωre.)

T디 estudiarás. No mirarás la televisión

뿔뿔 Carolina asisitirá a todas las clases. No visitará a sus amigas

Luz Y yo leeremos todos los libros. No escucharemos m디sica.

m쩔 Vosotros aprenderéis el vocabulario. No descansaréis.

Yo prest뼈 atención ‘ No pensaré en otras cosas

흩쩔 Jaime y Luis correrán a las clases. No andarán por el parque.

m뿔 Valdrá la pena asistir a la conferencia. (It ωiII be ωorlhwhile 10 attend the conference.)

뿔뿔 Todos querrán venir a la conferencia en tren. (Everyone ωill want 10 come 10 Ihe conference by πain.)

뿔엉 Todos los participantes vend떠n mañana. (AII Ihe parlicipan“ will came tomorrow.)

톰뿔 Nosotros haremos todo 10 posible para todos. (We ωiII do everylhing possible for everyone.)

Nosotros no sabremos con antelación si el presidente vendrá. (We will nol know in advance if Ihe presidenl will come.)

Nosotros podremos hospedar a todos. (We ωiII be able 10 give a room to everyone.)

Nosotros pondremos carros a las órdenes de todos. (We ωiII have cars available for everyone.)

뿔엉 Todos tendrán que reservar 10 más antes posible. (Everyone will have to make a reservation as soon as possible.)

Todo el mundo dirá que es una conferencia importante. (Everyone ωiII say Ihal it is an impor­tant conference.)

Todos saldrán contentos. (Everyone willleave happy.)

엎짧 Conocel강 a una persona importante. Le dará una oportunidad increíble.

~ 48 Part IV: Writing in t빼ast and i빼

Tendrá buena suerte. Comprará un billete de lotería y ganará mucho dinero

뿔 Recibirá una carta importante en el correo. Le dará buenas noticias

g쩔 Su amigo le dará consejos. Los escuchará y podrá conseguir un mejor puesto

톰I Hará un viaje y conocerá a muchas personas influyentes

톰 Pronto su casa vaIdrá un millón de dólares ‘ La venderá y hará un crucero por mundo

SaIdrá con un amigo y se divertirán mucho

m엉 Perdrá documentos importantes. Un desconocido se los devolverá a Ud

똥 Mentirá a un amigo. Su amigo le perdonará a Ud

플 Ganará mucho dínero. Pondrá ese dinero en el banco para el futuro.

Irá en España y aprenderá a hablar español con fluidez.

SaIdrá de su oficina y encontrará un billete de cien dólares en la calle.

The Part of Tens

The 5th Wave By Rich Ten빠lt

~JS:5 티R8T TRIP TO SPA1N

“1>lE없뚱 하。p yellínS ‘01é’ every i.íme ba야end.et‘ spærs <3n olíve f야‘ <3 m<3rlíní."

ln this part ... , he Part 01 Tens is an integral part 01 every For Dummies 111 book. It contalns special tips and inlormation that

somehow didn’t make it or fit into the other chapters. In this part, you get the top ten common writing mistakes in Spanish. Avoid them il you want others to believe you’ve acquired native writing skills. You review the ten skills you need in order to polish your writing so that it has a proles­sional quality about it. Finally, 1 introduce you to ten pairs 01 verbs. The verbs in each pair have distinctive meanings that require more detailed explanations

Chapter 16

Ten Most Common Writing Mistakes in Spanish

’“ @ \Ð 0 ‘> 。‘ ” 、ν

ln This Chapter Applying English rules to Spanish grammar

Using parts 01 speech improperly

‘? ‘” 이 ‘) 0 ‘’ ‘’ “ “ ‘’ ‘, ‘ ι ” ι ν ) ‘ υ ι

'nfants learn their native language by listening and internalizing the sounds, vocabulary, ..: and structures they hear. They eventually start to mimic what the people around them are saying. Watch out! Perhaps you’ve had an embarrassing moment when your little tyke innocently blurted out a colorlul four-Ietter word

After a child has achieved a reasonable grasp 01 the language, he or she then learns t。read. At this time, parents can breathe a sigh 01 relief, because when little junior(ette) is engrossed in a story, he (she) may manage to avoid those verbal difficulties mentioned pre viously.‘ Finally, a child uses all that he (she) has been exposed to in order to put original thoughts down on paper. This ability may be scary to adults, who may stumble upon diaries or journals containing the intimate thoughts 01 teenage sons or daughters

Writing - in any language - is, by lar, the most advanced skill you can learn‘ Writing is, well, an art. Mastering your native language is difficult enough, with all its rules and excep­tions ‘ But when you want to acquire a second language - especially after you’ve already reached the ripe old age of 12 or 13, when the rules of your first language are deeply rooted into your subconscious - you really have to work hard at memorizing and internalizing a whole new set of sounds, vocabulary, structures, and rules. This is quite a daunting task; 1 commend you for undertaking it!

As a token of my admiration, allow me to attempt to help you perfect your Spanish writing skills ‘ In this chapter, 1 p1'esent the ten most common writing mistakes people make when learning Spanish. You need to avoid these if you want to write well ‘

Confusint) Gender Differences In English, a noun is a noun and an adjective is an adjective. Yes, gender counts, but only when English speakers are speaking about a male or lemale person. You can use adjectives, which you place in lront 01 the nouns, to describe anyone or anything without regard to gender or to the number 01 people or things you’re speaking about

In Spanish, however, every noun - no matter who or what it is - is either masculîne 01'

leminine. The gender 01 the noun determines whether you must use a masculine 01' leminine adjective to describe that noun. AIso, il the noun is singular, the adjective you use to describe it must also be singular. Likewise lor plural nouns: They require plural adjectives

’52 PartV:T빼art ofTens

And to complicate matters lurther, unlike in English, Spanish adjectives generally lollow the nouns they describe.

To perfect your writing in Spanish, make sure your adjectives agree with your nQlins and that they’re in the right position (see Chapter 8). Here’s an example sentence

Los vestidos rojos son bonitos. (The red dresses are pretty.)

lnsistint} on Word for Word Transfations Whatever you do, don’t try to translate your English thoughts word lor word into Spanish. lt simply won’t work, and you may sound quite loolish il you make an unwise word selection

Every language has its own set 01 idiomatic phrases that just don’t translate well lmagine how impossible it would be to translate and capture the true flavor 01 this English sentence: “She lell head over heels lor him." Here’s a Spanish example: Él se abogó en un vaso de agua. The literal translation is He drowned in a glass of water. The Spanish idiomatic expression abogarse en un vaso de agua means To make a mountain out of a molehill. A computer language translator or even the best bilingual dictionary won’t help you write Spanish properly unless you take idioms into consideration.

Fort}ettint} the Personaf a

j

English has no equivalent lor the Spanish personal a. lt’s something 50 foreign and 50

unusual to English speakers that many 01 us tend to lorget all about it when writing in Spanish. No doubt, il you omit the personal a, you’ 11 be marked as a gringo (Ioreigner)’ Use the personal a when the direct object in a sentence relers to a person. And don’t lorget that the preposition a contracts with the definite article el to become al belore a masculine singular nOUll. Here are some examples:

Busco los libros. α’'m looking for the books.)

Busco a Ana. (1’'m looking for Ana.)

Busco 떠 muchacho. σ’'m looking for the boy.)

Busco a las muchachas. (J'm looking for the girls.)

Usint} the lndefinite Article With an Unquafified Profession

“What do you do lor a living?" “Well, 1’m a teacher and my husband is an artist." ln English, you use the indefinite article a or an when relerring to a person’5 profession ln Spanish, the only time you use the indefinite article with a career is when the career is qualified or described. If you’re mentioning only the prolession, omit the indefinite article:

C빼te깨

Es ingeniero y su esposa es dentista. (He's an engineer and his ωife is a dentist.)

Es un buen ingeniero y su esposa es una dentista popular. (He s a good engineer and his ωife is a popular dentist.)

Mixint}. Up Por and Para The two prepositions por and para usually mean f<이" but in a few cases may have other meanings. This has puzzled and frustrated Spanish students forever. Even advanced students have a tendency to confuse them sometimes. Here’s a rundown of the most common rules for their usage:

You use por

‘'" To express the preposition through

Anduve por el bosque. (1 ωalked through the forest.)

‘'" To express the duration of an action:

Estudié por dos horas. (1 studied for two hours.)

J/ To express a means of transportation:

Viajaron por a띠ón. (They traveled by airplane.)

V To express doing something for someone:

Lo hizo por su mejor amigo. (He did it for his best friend.)

v To perform multiplication

Dos por dos son cuatro. (T.ωo IÎmes two is four.)

You use para to express

v A recipient

Esta carta es para Ud. (This letter is for you.)

v A purpose or a goal:

Leo para relajarme. (1 read [in orderJ to relax.)

v A time in the future:

Es el horarlo para mañana. (It's tomorrow's schedule.)

↓~ An opinion:

Para mí, esta casa es perfecta. (For me, this house is perfect.)

‘'" A destination

Ella va para la oficina. (She's heading for the office.)

Confusint}. Direct and lndirect Objects Direct object nouns and the pronouns that replace them answer whom or what the subject is acting upon. Indirect 01νéct nouns and the pronouns that replace them answer tojfor whom the subject is doing something. lndirect objects refer only to

54. Part V: The Part of Tens

ξ평

people. The pronouns me, te, nos, and 08 can be both direct and indirect object pronouns and generally present no problems (see Chapter 10).

The difficulty lies in distinguishing the direct object pronouns

10 (him, you, il), le (him, you in Spai띠， la (her, you, il), los (you, Ihem), and las (you, Ihem)

lrom the indirect object pronouns

le (Io/for him her, you, it) and les (Io/for you, Ihem)

Certain verbs in Spanish require a direct object (because the 10 or for actually is part 01 the verb) even though they require an indirect object in English. This can cause quite a bit 01 conlusion when you’re trying to select the correct pronoun lor a sen­tence. Allow me to provide some lists to help outl The lollowing verbs require a direct object in Spanish

했〔 η ,; escuchar (10 lislen 10)

ν .. esperar (10 wail fo r, 10 hope for)

，; 11뼈ar (10 calO

,; pagar (10 pay for [somelhing})

,; mirar (10 look al, 10 ωalch)

Here’'s an example using mirar:

ιLa televi8ión? Yo la miro tOd08 los días. (The lelevision? 1 walch il every day.)

The lollowing verbs are some that take an indirect object pronoun where the 10 isn't obvious:

g” 웹따@ 잉 ,; conte8tar (10 answer)

,; pre밍mtar (10 ask)

,; prohibir (10 forbid, prohibil)

,; telefonear (10 phone)

Here's an example using telefonear:

Le telefoneé anoche. (1 called him lasl nighl.)

English sentences may omit 10, which could trick you into using the incorrect object pronoun. Here’s a rule: lf 10 or for makes sense in the sentence - even though it may not be used in English - use the indirect object pronoun.

Le leyó el poema. (He read her Ihe poem. [He read Ihe poem 10 her.})

Note, too, that you must use an indirect object pronoun in Spanish even if you explic­itly express to or for whom the action was done:

Le dio a ella el regalo. (He gave her Ihe gift. [He gave Ihe gift 10 her.})

Chapter 16: Ten Most Common W빼g Mistakes i빼al뻐 2j

Lost in music translation In a term paper about rock music, one 01 my students Una piedra is, indeed, a rock. But it's a rockthatyoulind made the mistake 01 trying to translate Iiterally. on the ground when digging in yourgarden. Hadthis stu­Unlortunately, he used a computer language translator dent taken the time to use his bilingual dictionary, he and consistently relerred to rock music as la música would’'ve lound that Spanish borrowed the word “ rock" piedra.1 had tears rolling downfrom my eyes after 1 read lrom English, and thatthe correct expression in Spanish that one. Are you currently laughing as hard as 1 was? is la música rock.

Misusintj Gustar and Similar Verbs English speakers often misuse gustar (like) because they forget that in the 밍lstar con­struction, an indirect object precedes the verb and the subject follows the verb. Because a verb must agree with its subject, gustar must agree with the noun that comes after it. In most instances, you use only the third person singular form C밍1St빙

and the third person plural form C밍lstan). Only the gusta form may be used before infinitives. The following examples highlight these points:

Me gusta el postre. (1 like Ihe desserl.)

Me 밍lstan 1앓 frutas. (1 like fruits.)

Me gusta bailar. (f like 10 dance.)

Me gusta bailar y cantar. (1 like 10 dance and sing.)

You can study other high-frequency verbs like gustar in Chapter 10

Fortjettintj about l‘(ioms uJith Tener Although tener literally means 10 have, there are certain very commonly used idiomatic expressions in which tener means to be or in which it may have another, unexpected meaning. Be careful, when writing, not to use the verbs ser or estar (10 be) in these idiomatic expressions. Improper verb selection for common phrases will mark you as a novice. These idiomatic expressions include the following

tener calor (10 be warm, hol) tenersed (10 be Ihirsty)

tener frío (10 be coo/, co/，φ tenerlugar (10 lake p/ace)

tener celos de (10 be jea/ous of) tener miedo de (10 be afraid of)

tener cuidado (10 be carefuf) tenerprisa (10 be in a hurry)

tener dolor de ... (10 have a ... ache) tenerrazón (10 be r，땅hl)

teneréxito (10 succee이 tenersueño (10 be s/eep.끼

tener ganas de (10 fee//ike) tener suerte (10 be /ucky)

tener hambre (10 be hungry)

56 Part V: The Part ofTens

The lollowing example uses tener suerte:

Tienes mucha suerte. (You are uery ωcky.)

UsiruJ the Jncorri!ct Past Tense (Preterit or the JmperfectJ

j

Because English leatures only one past tense, Spanish having the preterit and the imperlect (the lormer to state a completed action and the latter to describe what was happening in the past) conluses English speakers and can cause a tremendous amount 01 mistakes. Time and again, 1’ve had students perlectly memorize the uses 01 the preterit and the imperlect only to use them improperly when they had to write compositions (see Chapter 13).

When writing in the past, always double check the verbs you’ve used and make sure 01 the lollowing

•'" Any verb that states a completed action at a particular moment in the past is in the preterit.

’'" Any verb that describes a scene or that expresses what “used to be" or “was" happening is in the imperlect

Certain verbs that describe a state 01 mind - such as querer (to ωant) ， poder (to be able to) , saber (to knoω') ， pensar (to think) , and so on - are generally, but not always, used in the imperlect. The correct tense olten depends on whether the writer per­ceives the action as completed at a specific time

Jt)norint) the Subjunctùle

@)

Because English speakers are so unaware 01 the use 01 the subjunctive in English, we tend to have difficulty with its use in Spanish. I!, however, you want to write like a native Spanish speaker, and il you want to do more than create simple, one-clause sentences, you must have a good command 01 the subjunctive. The subjunctive helps you to express, among other things, your wishes, emotions, needs, and doubts

Using the subjunctive properly will help you avoid the common mistakes associated with word-for-word translations. Here’s an example:

1 want you to go to tbe supermarket. (Quiero que uayas al supermercado.)

Although the English “1 want you to go" is perlectly acceptable, in Spanish you can’t say “1 want you ... " without being very fresh , if you know what 1 mean. You must join your two thoughts with que, and you must put your dependent clause (the one fol-lowing the clause showing the wishing, emotion, doubt, need, and 50 on) in the sub­junctive. 1 cover the subjunctive in detail in Chapter 7 so you can raise your level 01 speaking and writing.

Chapter 17

Ten Tips for Writing Well in Spanish e 。 Q ‘”‘” (’@‘,‘’ ι ψ

ln This Chapter

Applying good English writing skills to Spanish

Avoiding common mistakes that ruin writing

Using helpful resources to write well

” ‘” ‘’ ‘; ‘’ ‘, “ ‘’ () ‘’ o G‘ 。‘ Gι() \,'““

ιf you know how to avoid errors when writing in English, you have a head start on avoid­" ing errors when you write in Spanish. You can apply the tools you picked up in English 101 as you write down your thoughts in Spanish. But just in case you need a little extra help, this chapter presents ten tips that will allow you to express yourself correctly in Spanish When it comes to grammar, there are mistakes, and then there are mistakes! lf you can avoid the big ones by following the rules and tips 1 present in Chapter 16, and if you can apply the skills llist here, your writing will be clear, concise, and easily understood

Some of the tips in this chapter may seem a bit obvious, but you’d be surprised at how many papers 1’ve corrected where the students knew the work but gave very poor, sloppy presentations. Students who follow these tips always wind up with better grades because they put in the extra effort that makes the difference between well-written work and sub­standard rambling

Write in Complete Sentences l’ve had many students whose writing was inconsistent. What do 1 mean by this? ln one part 01 a student’s paper, a paragraph would consist of one sentence that rambled on and on lor five to ten lines - what grammarians refer to as a run-on. Unfortunately, the thought at the beginning often had very little to do with what went on at the end. 1 got lost somewhere around the middle! And in the next paragraph, the student would have a series 01 words that didn’t constitute a complete though!. Some sentences didn’t even have verbs! Sadly, 1 had only sentence fragments to contend with

Don’t let yourself fall into the run-on or fragment trap when writing in Spanish. lt’s better to write one short, well-constructed sentence than to try to prove that you’re the next Spanish Shakespeare. The same writing principles that you learned in your English classes also apply to your Spanish writing: Use complete sentences.

~ 5 8 Part V: The Part ofTens

Use Correct Punctuation 양織 Spanish uses the same punctuation marks as English, but it features some variations

in the rules of usage. The following list presents the m며or differences

V In numerals , you use a comma rather than a period, and vice versa

English ‘ $7,537.26

Spanish: $7.537, 26

v ln lists, you don’t put a comma between the last item and y (an이， whereas in English some writers use a comma before and.

Necesito un lápiz, una regla y una hoja de papel. (1 need a pencil, a ruler, and a píece of paper.)

J/ For quotation marks, the maio difference is that sentence punctuation in Spanish goes outside the quotation marks. ln English, the punctuation goes inside the quotation marks:

Él d젠0， “ Te quiero". (He said, ‘'1 love you. ':J V ln Spanish, you use an upside-down question mark at the beginning of a question

and a regular question mark at the end 01 the question. lf a sentence contains more parts than just the question, you place the question marks around the question only:

Si eslás cansada, lPor qué vas aI cine? (If you are líred, why are you going 10 Ihe movíes?)

V ln Spanish, you use an upside-down exclamation point at the beginning 01 the exclamation and a regular exclamation point at the end of the exclamation. lf a sentence contains both a question and an exclamation, you must lise Qne of the marks at the beginning 01 the sentence and the other at the end

iQué lastima, enconlrasle tn carlera? (Whal a shame, did you find your wallelη

Note that you can a150 separate the previous sentence

iQué lástima! ιEncontrasle lu carlera? (Whal a shame! Did you fínd your μ allelη

A(/oid Slant) An ídíom is a phrase that’s an acceptable grammatical peculiarity used in oral and written expression. You can’ t deduce the meaning 01 an idiom lrom the combined meaning 01 the words it contains. The idiom is simply understood by those in the know.‘ Native speakers customarily use idioms, and they may be suitable lor yoUl

written work. Here are some examples of idioms in English:

That dress cost me a pretty penny.

His comments onlyadded fuel 10 the fire.

The baIl is in your court.

1 discuss some Spanish idioms in Chapter 4

C빼

Slang, on the other hand, is very informal, non-standard language that’s generally spoken rather than written. Slang is considered unconventional street language. lt’s often off-color; in some instances, it’s plain rude and offensive. Slang has no place in formal writing. You should never use it in Spanish compositions, letters, term papers, or any written material viewed by a teacher, boss, or other person of authority. Here are some examples of mild English slang:

1 want to veg out today.

She’s so “IÏred because she drank too much coffee.

He makes megabucks.

Steer Clear of False Assumptions In order to write well in Spanish, you must avoid some common incorrect assump­tions English speakers make:

‘", Don't assume that every English word has an equivalent Spanish cognate that you can form simply by adding 셔0.1’ve heard many intelligent, professional English speakers try to express that everything is just fine by exclaiming iNo problemo! Even if you gentIy try to correct them with “ No hay problema", they persist in using the incorrect phrase. Don’t allow yourself to fall into this trap. If you’re unsure of a word, consult your bilingual dictionary. In most instances, adding a final -0 won’t create a Spanish word, but it will make your work appear sloppy.

‘", Be careful with the gender of nouns. Just because a Spanish noun ends in -0

doesn’t mean it’s masculine: la mano (the han이‘ And Spanish nouns ending in -a aren’t necessarily feminine: el mapa (the map). If you’re unsure about nouns ending in other letters, Iook them up. You want your writing to Iook polished; your bilinguaI dictionary will help you achieve that goal. (For more on gender, see Chapter 3.)

"" Don’t assume that all Spanish words that look like English words have the same meaning in both languages. For instance, you’ 11 wind up with egg on your face if you try to express that a man is embarazado. Although it appears, from your knowledge of English, that you’re saying he’s embarrassed, in actuality you use embarazada only for females - and to describe them as being pregnant, no less! Watch out for these “false friends" that can trick you into writing something you don’t mean

Watch Out for Subiectfjιrb Aøreement If you want to produce quality writing, take all the time you need to ensure that your verbs agree with the subjects you use. For instance, be aware that collective nouns, such as la familia (the fami(끼 and el grupo (the group) , require sing비ar verb forms. If necessary, use the verb charts in Appendix A or consult Spanish Verbs For Dummies, by Cecie Kraynak (Wiley). If you use a trusted source, your verb endings will always be correct and you’11 internalize the forms as you’re exposed to them and as you use them more frequen tIy.

’60 Part V: The Part ofTens

.. \\\NG! Watch out for verbs that have spelling and stem changes. Stem changes usually are 흔y ~ indicated in parentheses next to the verbs: mostrar (u앙 - (10 shoω'). Know the verbs 냐ã"); that have irregular forms so that you can write them correctly (for more information \ _)i on verb changes and verb agreement, check out Chapter 4)

Select the Appropriate Verb Tense깨ood

혔핑

A1ways bear in mind that the tense of a verb reflects the time period in which the action is taking place. The key words that are followed by verbs should jump out at you as requiring specific tenses

'" Am, are, is, do, and does usually indicate the present. Am, are, and is may also indicate the present progre잉sive.

'" Did or an English past participle generally indicates the preterit

~ '" Was, were, and used 10 indicate the imperfect.

m ‘/‘ Will indicates the future

The indicative mood, the most commonly used, states a fact and requires the present, past, or future tense. The imperative mood req비res a command. The subjunctive is a mood that shows wishing, wanting, emotion, need, or doubt (among other things) and requires special verb forms. Finally, the infinitive is a mood that shows the verb in its “ to" form , before it’s conjugated: 10 dance, for instance.

Avoid switching tenses and moods unnecessarily in mid-sentence or mid-paragraph because this will make your work seem choppy. If you want your work to flow smoothly, watch the tense and the mood you select. For more on these verb forms , check out various chapters in this book (such as the chapters in Part lV for the past and future)

Correct Dan찌ïnt) Prepositions You’ve probably heard this one before in one of your English classes: Don’t let a preposition dangle at the end of a sentence. Colloquial English usage, however, has become more tolerant of those pesky prepositions that finish off sentences. lt seems far less awkward to say “That’s whatI’m accustomed to" than to give the correct ver­sion: “ It is that to which 1’m accustomed." Face it, very few people speak in this manner - perhaps only the most pedantic grammarian. It just sounds too stuffy and too clumsy.

Spanish, however, is less forgiving. Although English lets you get away with the dan­gling preposition “ to" in the previous example, Spanish does not. You may not end a sentence with a preposition. Here’'s the proper Spanish equivalent of the previous English example: Estoy acostumbado a eso. ~or more on prepositions, head to Chapter 12.)

C빼ter 17: Ten Tips for Writing Well i빼anish 26

Select the Proper Pronoun Belore selecting a pronoun lor a Spanish sentence, you must know the purpose it serves so that you can choose wisely. Spanish leatures many dif!erent types 01 pro­nouns, and they can become very conlusing. Here are some rules and examples (Ior more pronoun inlormation, reler to Chapters 2, 3, 4, 10, 11 , and 12):

v yo is a subject pronoun meaning 1

Yo vengo. (1’.m coming.)

’". me can be a direct object pronoun meaning me

Él me mira. (He 성 looking at me.)

•". me can be an indirect object pronoun meaning to/for me

Él me escribió. (He wrote to me.)

ι .. me can be a reflexive pronoun meaning myself:

Me lavo. (1 wash myself.)

v mi (mis) are possessive pronouns meaning my:

Es mi casa. (This is my house.) lDónde están mis llaves? (Where are my keysη

v mí (note the accent) is a prepositional pronoun meaning me - No es p앓a DlÍ. (That's not for me.) Mí becomes migo alter the preposition con (with):

ιPuedes ir conmigo? (Can you go with meη

V IDío (mía, míos, mías) are possessive pronouns meaning mine

Tu hermana es alta. La mía es baja. (You sister is tall. Mine is short.)

RellJ on the Net and Your Computer

~~폐

lf you need some inlormation when writing in Spanish, you can rely on your computer lor help. Don’t leel bad! You’re not cheating. You can find some wonderlul online bilin­gual dictionaries that are easy to use, have up-to-the-minute translations, and allow you to post queries when the dictionaries aren’t quite specific enough to respond to your questions. Using the Internet as a resource is certainly more timE• ef!ective and pleasant than thumbing through a heavy dictionary that’s balanced on your knees as you type.

You also can find some very inlormative Web sites il you need speci외ized vocabulary lists, help with grammar questions, or inlormation about a specific country. One caveat, however, is that you must verify that the inlormation you receive online is up­to-date and correct. Know the Web site belore you trust its contents

Computer spelling checks, grammar checks, and lnternet translation programs - in any language - are notoriously unreliable. Your computer may miss a mistake or point one out where none exists because it doesn’t take parts 01 speech into account Here’s a real-lile example that 1 recently read on a student’s paper

~ 6 2 Part V: The Part of Tens

Ella canta quiere un ruiseñor. (She si탱s like a nightingale.)

Quiere is a lorm 01 the verb querer (10 ωishj，ωantjlike). What’s needed in this sen­tence, however, is the adverb como (like)

Ella canta como un ruiseñor.

Another student, writing a 5panish paper about music, mentioned Bill Haley. His translator program gave him this: Cuenta Haley. Cuenta, indeed, is the translation lor bill- the bill you get at the restaurant at the end 01 your meal! 50 much lor word-by­word translations. (5top laughing so loud! lt was an honest mistake!) The moral 01 the story? Be extremely cautious when you lise your computer.

Proofread Your Work

4핏

1 can’t say this enough: Proolread your work! And after you finish checking your writ-ing, give your work to a second pair of eyes: a friend, a classmate, a relative - anyone who’s available! It’s hard lor one person to catch every mistake; it’s even harder for that person to recognize every mistake. You’ve probably read the paper so many times that the errors have become unnoticeable. Different eyes will read your work in a diflerent way than you did, and a new reader will notice things that you missed.

To produce really exceptional work, you must give your writing a once-over belore submitting it. Proolreading takes so little time but makes all the difference in the world with your finished product

Ten Important Verb Distinctions o @

。 ‘” 0 o ( <‘ o ‘•‘ ιr

ln This Chapter

Avoiding verb mixups and selecting the proper verb

Understanding diflerent verb connotations

@ ‘” ‘, ‘e ” @

’ ‘9 。 ιι

111 ave you used a thesaurus lately? A thesaurus is a wonderful tool that helps you write ’ 111 and speak without having to constantIy repeat words. When your vocabulary 、ranes ，your prose tends to flow instead 01 dragging along. In some instances, if you’re lucky, you’ 11 find a word that has the exact meaning you’re looking lor. But more olten than not, the words you must choose Irom are very close in meaning to the word you want to replace, but don’t communicate the precise idea you want to get across. You make your selection by trying to preserve, as much as possible, the thought or idea you want to express

Just like in English, you can describe actions or situations in Spanish by using different verbs, depending on the exact meaning you want to convey. When you’re learning a foreign language, picking up a good bilingual dictionary and reading the examples that show the subtIe nuances in meaning will ensure that you select the verbs best suited to your needs In this chapter, 1 present 20 verbs in Spanish but only 10 English meanings. These verbs are olten misused because they have the same English meanings but diflerent English connota­tions. But not to worry. I explain how you can determine which to use in any given situation

Ser (/ersus Estar The verbs ser and estar always cause considerable conlusion, because both verbs mean to be. You use each 01 these verbs diflerently, however.

You use ser to express the lollowing‘

‘'" An inherent characteristic or quality (one that probably won ’t change any time soon)

Mi abuela es vieja. (My grandmother is old.)

’'" The identity 01 the subject:

Mi padre es abogado. (My father is a lawyer.)

v The date, time, or place of an event

Es jueves. (It 's Thursday.)

Son las once. (It 's eleven o'c/ock.)

lDónde es el concierto? (Where is the concertη

264. Part 11: The Part ofTens

‘'" Origin and nationality

Ella es de Cuba. (She is from Cuba.)

Ella es cubana. (She is Cuban.)

... Ownership

Es mi perro. (It "s my dog.)

... Material

Es de oro. (lt's made of gold.)

... An impersonal idea:

Es fácil escribir en español. (lt "s easy to write in Spanish.)

On the other hand, you use estar to express

... HeatIh

lCómo estás? Estoy bien. (How are you? 1’'m fine.)

J;' Location, situation, or position:

El diccionario está en la mesa. (끼le dictionary is on the 띠ble.)

‘."r Temporary conditions or states:

Ella eslá ocupada. (She “ busy.)

... The present progressive tense (see Chapter 6)

El niño está durmiendo. (The child is sleeping.)

Sαber fJersus Conocel‘ Both saber and conocer mean to knoω Saber expresses knowing how to do some thing or knowing a fac l. Conocer expresses knowing in the sense of being acquainted with a person, place, thing, or idea. Note the differences in the following examples:

Yo 양 hablar español. (I know how 10 speak Spanish.)

Ella sabe mi nombre. (She knows my name.)

Sabemos el poema. (We know the poem [by heart].)

Yo conozco al señor l.ópez. (1 knoω Mr. López.)

lConoces este libro? (Do you know [Are you acquainted with] this bookη

Conocemos el poema. (We know [are acquainted with] the poem.)

Tomar fJersus LlefJar Determining the correct usage for tomar and llevar can be a bit tricky. 80th verbs mean ω take. You use tomar when the subject picks up something in his or her hands in order to physically carry it to another location. You use llevar when the subject is taking or leading a person(thing somewhere, is leading a person(thing to a place, or is carrying or transporting an item.

“ Chapter 18: Ten I聊

In most instances, if you can substitute the word “ lead" or “carry" for “ take," you should use the verb llevar. If you can’t substitute one of those words, you sho비d usetomar.

Here are some examples to help clarify:

Tomo tu lápiz. (1’'m taking your pencil.)

Tomó el niño de la mano. (He took the child by the hand.)

Uevo a mi hermano a la playa. σ’'m takir땅 my brother to the beach.)

Uevaron su coche 외 garaje. (They took their car to the garage.)

You can compare the two verbs at work in this example sentence:

Tomé mi Iibro y 10 llevé a la escuela. (1 took my book and 1 brought it to school.)

Deber f/ersus Tener gue You use both deber and tener que to express what a subject musl or has to do. You generally use deber to express a moral obligation, whereas tener que expresses what has to be done

Debes pedir permiso 뻐tes de saIir. (You musl ask for permission before going oul.)

Tengo que ir aI dentista porque tengo un dolor de las muelas. (1 have to go 10 Ihe denlist because 1 have a loolhache.)

Pretjuntar f/ersus Pedir

젠j

Preguntar aud pedir both mean 10 ask. You use preguntar to show that the subject is asking a question or inquiring about someone or something. You use pedir to show that the subject is asking for or requesting something in particular:

Quiero preguntarle si quiere acompañarme. (1 ωant 10 ask him if he wants 10 go with me.)

lVan a pedirles permiso? (Are you going 10 ask Ihem permissionη

Yo le pregunté por qué me pidió tu direcCÍón. (1 asked him why he asked me for your address.)

The word porqué doesn’t exist in Spanish. It’5 either lPor qué ... ? (two separate words that together mean ωhy? - or porque, one word that means because)

Jutjar ν'ersus Tocar Jugar and tocar both mean 10 play. You use jugar (generally followed by the preposi­tion a; see Chapter 12) when the subject is engaging in a sport or game. You use tocar when the subject is playing a musical instrument

?66 PartV:The PartofTens

Ell08 jugaban a 108 u혀pes mientras yo tocaba el piano. (They were playir핑 cards while 1 was playir땅 the piano.)

Gastar (/ersus Pasar If you’re into spending, gastar and pasar are the verbs you need to discuss your pas-sions. Those 01 us who love to spend money use gastar, while people who spend time engaging in an activity should use pasar:

Pasé dos semanas en México. (1 spent two weeks in Mexico.)

Gasté mucho dinero 허lí. (1 spent a lot of money there.)

Deiar (/ersus Salir Dejar expre8ses that the subject has lelt something behind, whereas salir expresses that the subject has lelt a place:

Voy a dejar mis gafas en casa. (1 am going to leave my glasses home.)

Ella no puede salir 8in ell08. (She can 't leave ωithout them.)

Vol(/er (/ersus De(/ol(/er Volver，ωe) and devolver(ue) both have the same meaning - to return - and you con jugate them in the same way. Use volver when the subject is physically returning to a place. Use devolver when the subject is returning an item to its owner:

Siempre le devuelvo a ella 80s llaves cuando vuelve a c잃a. (1 always return her keys to her when she returns home.)

Poder (/ersus Saber

“

Poder and saber can be a tricky pair 01 verbs. 80th verbs mean can, but here’show they differ: Poder shows that the subject has the ability to perform an action, and saber shows that the subject actually knows how to perlorm the action

lf you can substitute the words “ knows how to" lor “can," you should use saber, Otherwise, use poder. Here are some examples:

Yo puedo cocinar. (f can cook.)

Hereyou’re saying that you have the ability to cook, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that you know how to cook.

Yo 양 cocinar. (1 can cook.)

Nowyou’re saying that, yes, you know how to cook!

M뼈

W”• UM

바샤 n”

il

lu

--•

nul n”r Aun

The 5th Waψe Rich Tennant

1:If"'i'f"" 'i!“

“Joe’S pest.. cont..rol'? Can Yρv 'Pvt.. me on ho1d asain'? 1 V'!as re잉ly enjoyins t..hat.. sM'P'PY

-rendit..ion of ‘l.a Cvcaiacha!'"

1n thÎs part ... I케F ave you lorgotten a verb conjugation and you don’t ’ 111 have the patience to scan the Table 01 Contents and

then search lor the proper table in the book? Have you lor­gotten a word and now you don’t leellike leafing through the book to find the page you need? lf so, you’ve come to the right part. Appendix A contains verb charts that help you quickly find the conjugations lor all the verbs you need in many Spanish tenses and moods. lf you know the word you’re looking lor but can’t recall it in Spanish, just consult the English-to-Spanish dictionary in Appendix B And if 1’ve used a word you don’t recognize, or if you’ve simply lorgotten the meaning 01 a Spanish word, you can turn to Appendix C, the Spanish-to-English dictionary.

“ o ‘)‘’

Ret)utar ιrbs

AppendixA

Verb Charts “。‘’‘” sα 。 ι ’“ <\ι J

11 he three lamilies 01 Spanish verbs are those that end in -ar, 서er， and -ir. Regular verbs 111 within those categories lollow the same rules for conjugation, no matter the tense (pres­

ent, past, future) or mood (imperative, subjunctive) ‘ The regular verbs 1 Iist in this section drop their respective infinitive ending (녕r， -er, or -ir) and add the endings 1 have in bold

#tfr flerbs trabajar (to U10r서

Gerund: trabajando

Commands: iTrabaje Ud.! iTrabajen Uds.! iTrabajemos! iTrabaja t피 iNo trabajes tú! iTrabajad vosotros! iTrabajéis vosotros!

Person Present Preterit Jmperfect Future Subjunctive

yo trabajo trabajé trabajaba trabajaré trabaje

tú trabajas trabajaste trabajabas trabajarás trabajes

él, ella, Ud trabaja trabajó trabajaba trabajará trabaje

nosotros trabajamos trabajamos trabajábamos trabajaremos trabajemos

vosotros trabajáis trabajasteis trabajabais trabajaréis trabajéis

ellos, ellas, Uds trabajan trabajaron trabajaban trabajarán trabajen

-er flerbs comer (to eat)

Gerund: comiendo

Commands: iComa Ud.! iComan Uds.! jComamos! jCome t디! jNo comas t디!jComed vosotros! jNo comáis vosotros!

~ 70 Part VI: Appendixes

Person Present

yo como

tú comes

él, ella, Ud come

nosotros comemos

vosotros comels

ellos, ellas, Uds comen

-Jr ν'erbs abrir (to open)

Gerund: abriendo

Preterít

coml

comiste

coml。

comlmos

comisteis

comleron

Imperfect Future Subjunctíve

comla comeré coma

com l8s comeras comas

comm comera coma

commmos comeremos comamos

COm l8lS comerms comáis

comlan comeran coman

Commands: iAbra Ud.l iAbran Uds.! iAbramos! iAbre t니1 iNo abras túl iAbrid vosotros! No abráis vosotros!

Person Present Preterít Imperfect Future Subjunctíve

yo abro abrí abría abriré abra

tú abres abriste abrías abrirás abras

él, ella, Ud abre abrió abría abrirá abra

nosotros abrimos abrimos abríamos abriremos abramos

vosotros abrís abrísteís abríais abriréis abráís

ellos, ellas, Uds abren abrieron abrían abrirán abran

Stem .. ChanψfUJ Verbs Stem-changing verbs require an internal change in the stem vowel (the vowel before the -ar，-eι or -ir infinitive ending) in the yo, tú, él, (ella, Ud,), and ellos (ell잃， Uds.) forms of certain tenses. ln all other tenses, stem-changing verbs don’t require any change; they follow the examples given in the “Regular Verbs" section according to their infinitive ending

Appe빼 A: 뾰rb Charts 27

#Qr f!erbs pensar (e to ie) (to think)

Present: pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan

Subjunctive: piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, pensξis， piensen

Other verbs like pensar include‘ cerrar (10 close) , comenzar (10 begin), despert없'Se (10 wake up) , empezar (to begin), and sentarse (10 sitdown).

mostrar (0 to ue) (to show)

Present: muestro, muestras, muestra, mostramos, mostráîs, muestran

Subjunctivε muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, mostrεis ， muestren

Other verbs like mostrar include: acordarse de (10 remember) , almorzar (10 eal lunch) , acostarse (10 go to bed), contar (10 lell), costar (to cost) , encontrar (to find), probar (10 proue, to Ir끼， and recordar (10 remember)

jU9ar (u to ue) (to plmJ [a sport or 9ame]) Present: juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan

Preterit: jugué, jugaste, jugó, jugamos, jugasteis, jugaron

Subjunctive: jue및e， jue@es, jue엎~， ju앨emos ， j앵야is ， jue@en

~er f!erbs t{uerer (e to ie) (to wish, want)

Present: quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren

Subjunctive: quiera, quieras, quiera, Queramos, queráis. quieran

Other verbs like querer include defender (10 defend, to forbi이， descender (10 descend), entender (to undersland, to he띠)， and perder (10 lose)

1I01ller (0 to ue) (to return)

Present: vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volvéis, ‘ruelven

Subjunctive: vuelva, vuelvas, vuelve, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan

Other verbs like volver include: devolver (10 return) , envolver (to wrap) , lIover (10 rain) , morder (10 bite), mover (to moue) , and poder Cω be able 1，α can)

~72 PartV때pendixes

-ir flerbs pedir (e to iJ (to measure)

Gerund: pidiendo

Present: pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden

Preterit: pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis, pidieron

Subjunctive: pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan

Other verbs Iike pedir include: impedir (10 prevenl), medir (10 measure), repetir (10 repe따)， and servir (10 serve).

sentir (e to ieliJ (to (ee() Gerund: sintiendo

Present: siento sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sienten

Preterit: sentí, sentiste, sÌntió, sentimos, sentisteis, sintieron

Subjunctive: sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan

Other verbs Iike sentir include: advertir (10 ωar.π 10 nOlify), consentir (10 consenl) , mentir (10 lie) , preferir (10 prefer), and referir (10 refer).

dormir (0 to uelu) (to s(eep) Gerund: durmiendo

Present: duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen

Preterit: dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron

Subjunctive: duerma, duermas, duerma, dormamos, dormáis, duerman

Another verb Iike dormir is morir (10 die).

-uir flerbs (except -lJuir) construir (add '1) (to construct, buifd)

Gerund: construyendo

Present: construyo, construyes, construye, construimos, construís, construyen

Preterit: construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construisteis, con­struyeron

Subjunctive: construya, construyas, construya, construyamos, construyáis. con­struyan

Other verbs like construir include: concluir (10 conclude) , contribuir (10 contribule) , destruir (10 destroy) , incIuir (10 include) , and sustituir (10 subslilue).

Appendix A: Verb Charts 27,

~eer f!erbs creer (add '1-) (to belielle)

Preterit: creí, creíste, creyó, creímos. creísteis, creyeron

Other verbs like creer include: leer (10 reaφ， poseer (10 possess), and proveer (10 provide)

~iar f!erbs lJuiar (i to υ (to lJuide)

Present: guío, guías, guía, guiamos, guiáis, guían

Subjunctive: guíe, guíes, guíe, guiemos, guiéis, guíen

Other verbs like guiar include: confiar + en (10 confide in) , enviar (10 sen이， esquiar (10 ski), and variar (10 vary)

-uar f!erbs continuar (u to ú) (to continue)

Present: continúo, continúas, contin디a， continuamos, continuáis, continúan

Subjunctive: continúe, continúes, continúe, continuemos, continuéis, continúen

Another verb like continuar is actuar Cω act).

Spetlint) ... Chant)e Verbs Some verbs require a spelling change in certain tenses to preserve proper pronuncia­tion. In aIl the tenses 1 don’t list in this section, verbs with speIling changes don’t require the changes; they foIlow the examples given in the “ Regular Verbs" section according to their infinitive ending

~car f!erbs buscar (c to l{u) (to look (or)

Preterit: busqué, buscaste, buscó, buscamos, buscasteis, buscaron

Subjunctive: busque, busques, busque, busquemos, busquéis, busquen

Other verbs like buscar include: acercar (10 bring near), aplicar (10 apply) , criticar (10 crilicize) , educar Cω educale) , explicar (10 explain) , identificar (10 idenlify) , pescar (10 fish) , practicar (10 praclice) , sacar (10 lake oul) , and siguificar (10 mean).

~7 4. PartV때

-t}.ar flerbs ((elJar (lJ to lJuJ (to arricleJ

Preterit: !le밍lé， !legaste, !legó, !legamos, !legasteis, !legaron

Subjunctive: llegue, llegues, !le밍le， !leguemos, lle밍léis ， lleguen

Other verbs like lIegar include: apagar (10 eXlinguish) , castigar (10 punish) , and pagar (10 pay)

-zar flerbs (anzar (z to cJ (to throutJ

Preterit: lancé, lanzaste, lanzó, lanzamos , lanzasteis, lanzaron

Subjunctive: lance, lances, lance, lancemos, lancéis, lancen

Other verbs like lanzar include: avanzar (10 advance), gozar (10 e매oy) ， memorizar (10 memorize), organizar (10 organize) , and u디lizar (10 use) ‘

Consonant + -cer or -cir flerbs

e;ercer (c to zJ (to exerciseJ

Present: ejerzo, ejerces, ejerce, ejercemos, ejercéis, ejercen

Subjunctive: ejerza, ejerzas, ejerza, ejerzamos, ejerzáis, ejerzan

Other verbs like ejercer include: convencer (10 convince) and vencer (10 conqueη

esparcir (c to z J (to spread outJ Present: esparzo, esparces, esparce, esparcimos, esparcéis, esparcen

Subjunctive: esparza, esparzas, esparza, esparzarnos, esparzáis. esparzan

Vowef + ~cer or -cir flerbs

conocer (c to zcJ (to knoutJ

Present: conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen

Subjunctive: conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan

Other verbs like conocer include: crecer (10 grow), desobedecer (10 disobey) , desaparacer (10 disappear) , eslablecer (10 eslablish), obedecer (10 obe.끼， ofrecer (10 offeη ， and 뼈recer (10 seem).

Appendi뼈 Verb Charts 2 75 traducir (c to zc) (to transl，αte)

Present: traduzco, traduces, traduce, traducimos, traduc강is ， traducen

Subjunctive: traduzca, traduzcas, traduzca, traduzcamos, traduzcáis, traduzcan

Other verbs like traducir include: conducir (10 drive) , deducir (10 deduce) , inducir (10 induce) , and traducir (10 π-anslale)

#t}er or #t}ir f/erbs esc0ger (9 to iJ (to choose)

Present: escojo, escoges, escoge, escogimos, escogís. escogen

Subjunctive: escoja, escojas, escoja, escojamos, escojáis, escojan

Other verbs like escoger include: coger (10 lake, 10 pick up) , proteger (10 prolect), and recoger (10 pick up).

diri9ir (9 to iJ (to directJ Present: dirijo, diriges, dirige, dirigimos, dirigís, dirigen

Subjunctive: dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis, dirijan

Another verb like dirigir is exigir (10 deman이‘

#uir f/erbs distin9uir (9u to 9) (to distin9uish)

Present: distingo, distingues. distingue, distinguimos, distinguís, distinguen

Subjunctive: distinga, distingas, distinga, distingamos, distingáis, distingan

lrre9utar ιrbs Irregular verbs may undergo changes in some or all tenses and moods and for some or all subjects. You must memorize the irregular forms because they follow no spe cific rules. For all the tenses 1 don’t list in this section, the irregular verb follows the examples given in the “ Regular Verbs" section according to its infinitive ending

dar (to 9i(/e) Present: doy, das, da, damos, dáis, dan

Preterit: di, diste, dió, dimos, disteis, dieron

Subjunctive: dé, des, dé, demos, dεis ， den

276 PartV때

decir (tIJ St% telf) Gerund: diciendo

Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: di

Present: digo, dic앙， dice, decimos, decís, dicen

Preterit: dije, dijiste, d피o， d헤mos， d헤isteis， dijeron

Future: diré, dirás, dirá, diremos, diréis, dirán

Subjunctive: diga, digas, diga, di짱IIDOS， dig'싫5， digan

estar (tIJ be) Present: estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están

Preterit: estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron

Subjunctive: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén

hacer (tIJ mak.옥 dIJ) Affirmative Familiar Sing비ar Command: haz

Present: hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen

Preterit: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron

Future: haré, hæ킹s， hará, haremos, haréis, h앙án Subjunctive: haga, hagas, haga, hagænos, hagáis, hagan

ir (tIJ9ß) Gerund: yendo

Affirmative Familiar Command: ve

Present: vOy,vas, va, VaEnOS, vais,van

Preterit: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron

Subjunctive: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan

IJír (tIJ heal이 Gerund: oyendo

Affirmative lnformal Sing비ar Command: oye

Affirmative lnformal Plural Command: oíd

Present: oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen

Preterit: oí, oíste, oyó, oîmos, oísteis, oyeron

Subjunctive: oiga, oigas, oiga, oigænos, oigáis, oigan

poder (0 to ue) (to be abfe t，ι can) Gerund: pudiendo

A매pp야e밍n때l띠d띠Ïl…x써‘

Present: puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podεis ， pueden

Preterit: pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron

Future: podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán

Subjunctive: pueda, puedas, pueda, podamos, podáis, puedan

poner (to putJ Past Participle: puesto

Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: pon

Present: pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponξIS， ponen

Preterit: puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron

Future: pondI녕， pondrás, pond떠， pondremos, pondréis, pondr연n Subjunctive: ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongáis, pongan

t{uerer (to want, wish) Present: quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, querεis ， quieren

Preterit: quise, quisiste, quiso, q띠simos， quisisteis, quisieron

Future: querré, querrás, quer띠， querremos, quer뼈is， querrán

Subjunctive: quiera, quieras, quiera, queramos, queráis, quieran

saber (to know) Present: sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben

Preterit: supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron

Future:sabré， sab떠s， sabrá, sabremos‘ sabréis, sabrán

Subjunctive: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

safir (to 1)0 out, fealle) Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: SaI

Present: salgo, sales, sale, saIimos, salís, salen

Future: 잃ldré， saIdrás, saIdrá, saIdremos, 앓ldréis， saIdrán

Subjunctive: saIga, saIgas, saIga, saIgamos, saIgáis, 앓19an

ser (to be) Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: sé

Present:soy, eres, es, somos, sois, SOn

Preterit: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron

Imperfect: era, eras, era, 따ëlID.os， erais， eran

Subjunctive: sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean

278 Part VI: Appendixes

tener (tv harle) Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: ten

Present: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen

Preterit: tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron

Future: tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendréis, tendrán

Subjunctive: tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan

traer (tv brh’9) Present: traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen

Preterit: traje, trajiste, trajo, 뼈imos， trajisteis trajeron

Subjunctive: traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigáis, traigan

lIenir (tv cvme) Gerund: viniendo

Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: ven

Present: vengo, vienes, 피ene， venimos, venís, vienen

Preterit: vine, 찌niste， vino, vinimos, vinisteis, VÍnieron

Future: vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendréis, vend떠n Subjunctive: venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, veng，회s， vengan

lIer (tv see) Present: veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven

Preterit: VÎ, viste, vio, vîmos, visteis, vieron

Imperfect: veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían

Subjunctive: vea, veas, vea, veamos, veáis, vean

Appendix B

English .. to .. Spanish Dictionary ι) ç ‘ \υiνC ν v ’‘ lα 、 )‘ iυ00 ‘iι 。、 u ‘ ν

, he English-to-Spanish Dictionary includes words that you need to complete the English-111 to-Spanish exercises contained in this book. Where gender isn’t obvious, (m.) or (f.) indi­

cate masculine or feminine , respectively. 1 show feminine forms of adjectives by a bolded (a). lrregular plurals are shown in parenthesis. A bolded (se) at the end 01 a verb indicates that the verb may or may not be used reflexively. Stem changes (ie, ue, and so on) appear in parentheses after verbs that require them. (For lurther information on the tenses that require stem changes, see Appendix A.)

abolish, 10: abolir

accompany, 1α acompañar

act, 10: actuar

advice: consejo

Africa: Africa

afler: después

aflernoon (PM): tarde

aflerwards: después

all: todo (a) 에

almost: casi

answer: respuesta

April: abril

around: a1rededor de

arriue, tσ lIegar

as: tan

ask, 10: pedir (i), preguntar

August: agosto

autumn: oloño

bad: mal (0, 에

bag:saco

bank:banco

be able 10, 10: poder (ue)

be, to: ser, estar

beach: playa

beauliful: bello (a)

because: porque

best: mejor

beller: m에or

bill: billele m.

boal: barco

book: libro

box: caja

bracelel: pulsera

bring, 10: traer

brolher: hermano

bull: toro

? 8 0 Part VI: Appendixes

bus: autobús m.

bul:pero

call, 10: llamar, telefouear

calmly: caImamente

candy: dulces m. pl.

caη race: un auto de carreras

calhedral: catedraI m.

celebrale, 10: celebrar

chicken: pollo

choose, to‘ escoger

Chrislmas: Navidad f.

church: iglesia

c/ass: clase f.

c/imb, 10: subir

color: color m.

come, 10: venir

conscientiously: conscienzudamente

correcl, 10: corregir (i)

crUlse: crucero

cure, 10: curar

dale: fecha

day: díam.

December: diciembre

de!icious: delicioso (a)

deserve, /0: merecer

dinner: cena

disease: enfermedad f.

do, lO ‘ hacer

doclor: doctor m.

document: documenlo

dollar: dólar m.

downtown: centro

dress oneself, 10: vestirse (i)

drive, 10: condncir

driver: chófer m.

dry oneself, 10: secarse

early: temprano

earn, 10: ganar

eal breakfasl, 10: desayunarse

eat, to: comer

educale, 10: educar

eighl: ocho

e땅hleen‘ dieciocho (diez y och이

eighlh: octavo 때

eighty‘ ochenta

eleven: once

end, 10: pouer fin a

every.‘ cada

everybody: todo el mundo

fall asleep‘ dormirse (ue)

family: familia

far (from): 1떼os 여e)

fasl: räpido (a)

f능bruary: febrero

feed, 10: alimentar

fifteen: quince

fifth: qninto (a)

fifty: cincuenta

film: película

find, 10: encontrar (ue)

firefighler: bombero

first: primero (a)

five: cinco

floωer: flor f.

fluenlly: fluidamente

follow, 10: seguir (i)

for: por, para

forgive, 10: perdonar

forty: cuarenta

four: cuatro

fourteen: catorce

tαIrIh: cuarto (i예

감iday: viernes ID.

friend: amigo (i에

fun, ω have: divertirse (íe)

fulure: fnturo

game:Juego

gel, 10: conseguir (i)

gel up, 10: levantarse

gift: regalo

give, 10: dar, presentar

Appe빼

go, 10: ir

go oul, 10: salir

gold: oro

good: buen (0, a)

governmenl: gobierno

governor: gobernador m.

grade: nota

he: él

help (10): ayuda (ayudar)

her: su셉

here: aquí

"α su(히

home: casa

home/ess: los sin techo

homework: tarea

honesty: honestidad f.

honeymoon: luna de IDiel

house: casa

hundred: cien(t이

l.' yo

immediately: inmediatamente

important: importante

impulsively: impulsivamente

m:'en

m η-onl of.- enfrente de

incident: incidente ID.

incredible: increíble

282 Part VI: Appendixes

influenlial: influyente

insist, (0: insistir en

inspire: iospirar

instructions: instrucciones f. pl.

invite, 10: invitar

January: enero

job: puesto

July: julio

June:junio

kiss, 10: besar

know, 10: conocer, saber

law: ley f.

learn, 10‘ aprender

leas t, al: por 10 menos

leave, 10: saIir de

less.‘ menos

letter: carta

lie, 10‘ mentir (ie)

lislen (10), 10: escuchar

little: poco

lose, 10‘ perder (i망

101, αmucho

lottery: lotería

luck: suerte f.

luckχ 10 be ‘ tener suerte

magazme:re끼sta

mail: correo

mall: centro comercial

marathon: maratón m.

March: marzo

masses: masas

May:mayo

me:me,mí

meal.‘ comida

meet, 10: encontrar (u에

memorize, 10: aprender de memoria

merchanl: comerciante m./f.

merry: feliz (felices)

midn엄'hl: medianoche ε

million: millón m.

mistake: error m., falta

Monday: lunes m.

money: dinero

more:más

mornmg μM):mañana

movies: cine m.

much: mucho (Ii’

my:mi힘

necessary: necesario 베

neither ‘ nor: ni ... ni

neωs: noticias

mne:nueve

nineleen: diecinueve (diez y nueve)

ninely: noventa

ninth: noveno 에

noon: mediodía m.

November: noviembre

Oclober: octubre

of.- de

of course: por supu영to

office: oficina

Olympic: Olímpico

one: un ‘이， una

open, 10: abrlr

opporlunity: oportnnidad f.

olher.‘ otro ~에

our: nuestro~에@

park‘ parquem.

participale(in), 10‘ participar (eu)

pay, 10: pagar

peace: paz f.

person: persona

pilol, 10 ‘ pilotar

please, 10: gustar

police officer: policía m.

poor: pobre

popcorn: palomilas de maíz

prepare (oneself), 10: preparar(s에

presenl: regalo

presidenl: presideute m.

pul, 10: poner

Appendix B: Eng때-to·Spanish Dictionarv 2gj pul (on), 10: poner(se)

quesllOn: pregunta

quickly: rápidamente

react, to: reaccionar

receive, to: recibir

reception: recepción f.

record, 10: grabar

regrel, 10: sentir (ìe)

remain, 10: quedarse

repeal, 10 ‘ repetir (ì)

research: investigación f.

respectful.ψ respetnosamente

responsible: responsable

restaurant‘ restaurante m.

return, to: regresar, volver (ue), devolver (ue)

run, to: correr

safari: safarl m.

sai!, 10: navegar

salesperson: dependiente m.jf.

Salurday: sábado

say, 10: decir

school ‘ escuela

scientific: científico ~예

second: segundo (3’ sell, 10: vender

Seplember: septiembre

serve, 10: servir (ì)

284 PartV때

seven: siele

seventeen: diecisiete (diez y siet밍

seventh: séptimo (a)

seventy: setenta

she: ella

shelter, to: abrigar

shower, to: ducharse

sister: hermana

SlX: selS

sÌxteen: dieciséis (diez y sei잉

sÌxth: sexto ~밍

sixty: sesenta

soft drÌnk: refresco

some: algunos ~떠밍m엉)

soon: pronto

SpaÌn: España

SpanÌsh: español m.

speak, to: hablar

spring: primavera

steak ‘ bistec ID.

stranger: desconocido 에

street: calle f.

study, to: estudiar

summer. ‘rerano

sunbathe, to: tomar 50l

Sunday: domingo

surf, to: hacer el surf

sweater: suéter ID.

take, to: tomar

take a cruise, to: hacer un crucero

take a πψ" 10: hacer un viaje

taxi 잉xim

tell, to‘ decir

ten: diez

tenth: décimo (a)

theater: teatro

theÌr: su(빙

there ÌS, are: hay

they: ellos, ellas

thÌrd: tercer (a)

thÌrteen: trece

thÌrty: treinta

thousand: mil m.

three σes

through: por

Thursday: jueves m.

tÌcket: billete m.

lime: hora, tiempo

to‘ a

train: tren ID.

ηip: viaje m.

truth: verdad f.

Tuesday: martes m.

tωelve: doce

Iwenty: veinte

tι0: dos

unc/e: tío

u깨usl: injusto Ú에

until: hasta

us: nosotros

very: muy

vocabulary: vocabulario

volleyball: voleibol, volibol m.

wake up, 10: despertarse (ìe)

walk, 10: audar

wanl, 10: querer (ìe)

war: guerra

watch, to: mirar

ωe: nosotros

wedding: boda

Wednesday: miércoles ID.

well: bien

what: lqué?, ιcu삶?

Appendix B: English-to-Spanish Dictionary 28: where α0): ldónde? (;,adónde?)

ωhile: mientras

ωhy: lPor qué?

ωide: aucho Ú에

win, 10: gauru

winter: invierno

wilh: con

withoul: sin

wool: lana

word: paIabra

ι ork, 10: trabajar

ωorld: mundo

worlh, 10 be: vaIer

ωrite， to: escribir

you: tú, Ud. , vosotros, Uds.

your: tu(잉， su(상， vuesσo(a)(s)

zero: cero

sax!p빼

Appendix C

Spanish .. to .. English Dictionary ’‘@ @ 9 ‘’‘ ι ‘’ ω

(，;lι(l 。

11 he Spanish-to-English Dictionary includes words that you need to complete the Spanish­III to-English exercises contained in this book. Where gender isn't obvious, 1 include (m.)

or (f.) to indicate masculine or feminine, respectively. 1 show feminine adjectives and nouns bya bolded (a). Irregular pluraIs are shown in parentheses. A bolded 흉) at the end of a verb indicates that the verb may or may not be used reflexively. Stem changes (ie, ue, and so on) are shown in parentheses after verbs that require them. (For further information on the tenses that require stem changes, see Appendix A.)

a las órdenes: al Ihe disposition

a menudo: often

a veces: sometimes

abeja: bee

abogado C에: lawyer

abrazarse: 10 hug each olhel

abrigo: coal

abril: April

abrocharse: 10 faslen

absurdo 때: absurd Ihal

abuelo 떼: grandfalher (grandmolher)

aburrido C에: boring

aburrlr: to bore

aburrirse: 10 become bored

acabar de: 10 have jusl

aconsejar: 10 advise

acordar (u앙: 10 agree

acostar(u밍: 10 pul 10 bed

acostarse (ue): 10 go 10 bed

actuar: 10 act

adiós: good-bye

afeitarse: 10 shave

afortunado C예: forlunale

afnera: oulside

agosto: Augusl

agua: waler

ahora: now

따l0ra mismo: right now

ahorrar: 10 save

aI fin: finally

almacenes ID. pl.: department stores

alcalde m.jf.: mayor

alegrarse (de): 10 be glad, 10 be happy

alegre: happy

alegremente: happily

?88 PartV때pendixes

a1emán 때em뻐a): German

며gún (a1gun에:some

려lá: Ihere

어morzar (ue): 10 eallunch

aImuerzo: lunch

a1to C비: lall

amable: nice

amar: 10 love

amarillo (a): yelloω

añadir: 10 add

andar: 10 walk

ano:year

antelación f.: beforehand, in advance

antes (d에: before

apag강: 10 turn off

aparecer: to appear

aplaudir: 10 applaud

aplicar(se): 10 apply (oneselO

aprender: 10 learn

aprender de memoria: to memorize

apresurarse: 10 huηy

aquel: Ihal

aquél: Ihal one

aquella: Ihal

aquélla: Ihal one

aquell잃: Ihose

aquéllas: Ihose ones

aquellos: Ihose

aquε1I0s: Ihose ones

aquí: here

aretes m. pl.: earrir땅S

arreglar: 10 lidy

asegurarse de: 10 make sure

앓esor 떼: consultant

asistír: 10 attend

asombrado 에: aSlonished, surprised. amazed

aspiradora: vacuum cleaner

asustado (a): afraid

atentamente: sincerely yours

atractívo (a): al，πuctive

atroz (atroce헤: atrocious

aumento: raise

avergouzado (a): embarrassed, ashamed

avergonzarse de: 10 be ashamed of

ayer: yeslerday

ayudar: 10 help

azul: blue

bailar: 10 dance

bajado C예: 10ω

bajo φ: shorl, beloω

baloncesto: baskelball

bañar: 10 balhe (someone)

bañarse: 10 balhe oneself

bañera: bathtub

baño: bathroom

banquero (a): banker

barco: boat

basta: enough

bastante: quite, rather, enough

basura: garbage

bate m.: bat

batir: to hit

beber: to drink

bebida: drink

be잉ar: to kiss

biblioteca: library

billete m.: ticket, bill

bolsillo: pocket

bouito ‘떠: pretty

botella: bott!e

brevemente: briefly

brillar: to shine

broma:joke

bronceador m.: suntan lotion

broncearse: 10 tan

bueuo 에: good, nice

burlarse 여망: to make fun of

caballito balancín: rocking horse

caber: to fit

caer: to fall

Appendix C: Spanish-to-English Dictionary 281

caja: box

cajero (i머: cashier

callarse: to be silent

calle f.: street

cama: bed

camarero 에: ωaiter(waiπ'ess)

camarote m.: cabin (stateroom))

cambiar: to change

camisa: shirt

camiseta: tee shirl

campo: countryside, ηeld

canCÍón f.: song

cansado 셋: tired

cansarse: 10 become tired

cantar: 10 sing

cariño: affection

carro:car

carta: letter

cartel m.: sign

cartera: wallet

cartero (i에: postal worker

casarse: to get married

cascada: waterfall

casi: almost

cebolla: onion

cena: dinner

cepillarse: to brush (hair, teeth)

?90 PartV때

cerca:near

cero:zero

cerrado (i히: c/osed

cerrar 뼈: to c/ose

cerveza:beer

césped m.: lawn

champán m.: champagne

chaqueta: jacket

cheque m.: check

chiste m.: joke

chófer m.: driver

cielo: sky

ClenCla: SClenCe

cierto (i머: certain, sure

cirujano (a): surgeon

cita: appointment, date

ciudad f.: city

claro: clear

coche m.: car

cochecito: baby carriage

cocinar: to cook

cocinero (i에: cook

coger: to catch

colgar ωe): to har핑 up

collar m.: necklace

colocar: to place (something)

colocarse: to place oneself; to get ajob

comedor m.: dinir핑 room

comenzar (ìe): to begin

comer: to eat

comida: meal, food

cómo:how

compañero (a): friend

compartir: to share

completamente: completely

comportamiento: behavior

comprar: to buy

concesión f.: dealership

concienzudo (i빙: conscientíous

concluir: to conclude

confianza:confidence

conocer: to knoω (to be acquainted with)

conseguir (ì): to get, obtain

consejo: advice

consentir (ìe): to consent

construir: to build

contar (u에: to tell

contento (i에: happy

contestar: 10 ansωer

continuar: to continue

contrihuir: to contribute

convencer: to convince

conveniente: fittir핑

con피ene: it is advisable that

copiar: 10 copy

corregir (ì): 10 correcl

correo: mail

correr: to run

corrida de toros: bunη'ghl

cortar: to cut

cort싫 (cortesa): courleous

corlesía: courtesy

cosa: Ihing

costar (ue): 10 cosl

creer: 10 disbelieve

crucero: CrUlSe

cuál(e하: which, whal

cuándo: when

cu따lto(-a， -，상: how much, many

cuarto: room

cuarto Ú에: fourlh, quarler

cubrir: to cover

cuenta: account

cuenta bancaria: bank Qccount

cuerpo: body

cuidado: care

cumpleaños m.: birlhday

curiosoú히: curious

dar: 10 give

dar un paseo: 10 lake a walk

dato: dala

A때p매p뼈e밍태n때빼1띠di>…x‘대C:Sp뻐al뻐n빼l

d따eb뼈ue떼naga뼈na: ω띠삐il띠1li탱'iy

de nuevo: again

de repente: suddenly

de retraso: lale (in arriving)

de vez en cuando: from time to time

deber: 10 have 10

débil: weak

decidir: 10 decide

décimo ω: lenlh

decir: 10 lell. say

dedo: finger

defender: 10 defend

dejar: 10 leave, allow

delante 여망: in front of

delgado (a): Ihin

de!icioso: delicious

demasiado: ralheκ 100, 100 much

demostrar: to demonstrate

dentro (d잉: inside (of)

deporte m.: sporl

deportivo Ú에: sporty

derecha: righl

derramar: 10 spill

desafortunadamente: unforlunalely

desayunarse: 10 have breakfasl

descansar: to rest

desconocido ‘에: strange,

~92 Paπ VI:Appe빼es

describir: to describe

descubrir: to discover

descuidado (a): untidy

desde: from, since

desear: to desire, to ωish， to want

desfile m.: parade

despacio: slow’ despedir(영 @: to say goodbye

despertar(s밍 (ìe): to wake up

después: after

destruir: to destroy

desvestirse @: to get undressed

devolver (ue): to return

díam.: day

diciembre: December

diente m.: tooth

difícil: dl“Ïcult

dinero: money

discutir: to argue

distinguir: to distinguish

distribuir: to distribute

divertido (a): fun

divertirse (ì망: to have fun

doce: twelve

doler(u망: to hurt

dolor m.: pain

domingo: Sunday

dónde: ωhere

dormir (u망: to sleep

dormirse ωe): to fall asleep

dos: two

ducharse: to take a shower

duda: doubt

dudar: to doubt

dudosoC빙: doubtful

dulce m.: sweet

durante: during

edificio: building

eficiente: efficient

egoísta: se /fish

ejercerse: to exercise

el: the

él: he

elegante: elegant

elegir @: to elect

ella: she

ellas: they

ellos: they

empezar (ìe): to begin, start

emp배ar: to push

en: m, on, at

en seguida: immediately

en vez de: instead of

encantado 때: delighted

encantador ~에: enchanting

encender (ì망: to light

encontrar (ue): to meet, find

encontræ징e (ue): to be located, meet

encuesta: survey

enemigo (a): enemy

enero: January

enfadado (a): displeased

enfadar: to anger, irritate

enfadarse (con): ω getangry, annoyed

enfermo ~에: sick

en‘rente 어e): in front (of)

engañar: (0 deceive

engañarse: 10 be mistaken

enojado (a): angry

enojarse: to become angry

enseñar: to teach, show

entender (ìe): ω understand

entonces: then

enσe: between

entrenador (a): trainer

entrevista: interuiew

enviar: 10 send

envolver (u에: to ωrap up

equip쩨e m.: baggage

equivo떠rse: to make a mistake, to be mistaken

A매p매p뼈e밍맨m때II띠d비l“il…x‘대cε:S야pal때n빼1

esa: that

ésa: that one

esas: those

ésas: those ones

escaparate m.: store window

escena: scene

escoger: to choose

esconder: to hide (something)

esconder(se): to hide (onesel.η

escribir: 10 wrÎte

ese: that

ése: that one

esencial: essential

esos: those

‘~sos: those ones

español (a): Spanish

esparcir: to spread out

especialmente: especially

espectáculo: show

esperar: 10 hope, to wait for

esposo (a): spouse

esquiar: to ski

esta: this

ésta: this one

estadio: stadium

estallar: to break out

estar: to be

?94 PartV때

estas: those

εst잃: those ones

este: this

éste: this one

estómago: stomach

estos: those

éstos: those ones

estrecho ~에: narrow

estnpendo ~에: stupendous

evidente: evident

exacto ~에: exact

excelente: excellent

exigir: to require, to demand

e자>edir φ: to send

explicación f.: explanation

explicar: to explain

extraer: to extract

extranjero ~셰: foreign

extraño 찌: strange

fácil: easy

familia: family

famoso ~에: famous

fastidiado 때: bothered

favor de: please

fe f.: faith

febrero: F능bruary

felicidad f.: happiness

feliz (felices): happy

feo (a): ugly

feroz (feroces): ferocious

ferozmente: ferociously

fiarse en: to trust

fiel: loyal

fiesta: party

퍼arse ‘e미: to notice

finalmente: finally

firmar: to s땅n

fisico (a): physical

flaco (a): thin

folleto: brochure

fortaleza: fort

fotografiar: to photograph

fraqueza: frankness

frecuentemente: frequently

frío ~에: cold

furioso 에: furious

gabinete m.: cabinet

ganar: to ear，π wm

ganga: bargain

gato: cat

generoso (a): generous

genial: pleasant

gerente m.jf.: manager

globo: balloon

gordo fj에: fal

망'aJlde: big

gris:grey

gritar: 10 scream

guantera: glove comparlment

guapo fj에: prelty, good-looking

밍lía m.jf.: guide

밍lÍar: 10 guide

guisantes m. pI.: peas

gustar: 10 like

habituar: to accustom someone 10

habladorfj밍: lalkalive

hablar: 10 speak, lalk

hace + time: ago

hacer: 10 make, 10 do

hacerse: to become

hambre f.: hunger

hay: Ihere is, are

helado: ice cream

helar (ìe): 10 freeze

herencia: inheritance

hija: daughler

hijo: son

h덴os: children

hora: hour

horrible: horrible

hospedar: 10 house

A때p매p야e밍때빼n때빼l띠diJ짜 Sp뼈삐a하떼삐n띠l끼is왜h패-E타En때떼l맨9

hoy: loday

hoy día: nowadays

idioma m.: language

imperativo fj셰: lmperatwe

impermeable ID.: raincoat

importante: imporlanl

imposible: impossible

improbable: improbable

impuesto: lax

incluir: to include

increíble: incredible

indispensable: indispensable

infeliz (ìnfelices): unhappy

Ìngeniero: engineer

ingl싫 (ìn힘es에:El핑lish

ingresar: 10 deposil

injusto (a): unfair

inodoro: without a smell

insistir: 10 insist

inteligente: intell땅ent

interesante: inleresling

invierno: winter

i r: 10 go

irónico 에: lrDmC

irritado fj셰: irrilaled

irse: 10 go away

isla: island

~96 PartV때

jamás:never

jardín m.: garden, backyard

jarrõn ID.: vase

jefe m.: boss

Joven:young

jueves m.: Thursday

juez m.: judge

jugar (u망: 10 play

jugar (u앙 a las damas: 10 play checkers

jugo:juice

juguete m.: loy

julio: July

junio:June

justo (a): fair

la: Ihe; 10 him, her, you, il

ladrar: 10 bark

lago: lake

lamentable: regreltable

lamentar: 10 regrel

largo (i에: ωide

las: Ihe, Ihem

lástima: pity

lavar: 10 wash

lavarse: 10 wash oneself

le: 10 him, him, 10 her

leaJ: loyal

leer: to read

lejos: far

lentamente: sloωly

les: 10 Ihem

levantar: 10 raise (somelhing)

levantarse: 10 gel up

ley f.: law

libra: pound

libre: free

ligero ~예: lighl

limpiar: 10 clean

lisonjeado (i에: flattered

listo (a): ready

llamar: 10 call

llamarse: 10 be called, 10 call oneself

llave f.: key

llegar: 10 arrive

llevar: 10 lake, wear

llorar: 10 cry

llover (u밍: to raÌn

10: him, il

lodo: mud

los: Ihe, Ihem

luego: Ihen

lujoso (i에: /uxurious

lunes m.: Monday

madera: wood

maguífico (a): magnificenl

maleta: suitcase

m aIo (i에: bad

mañana: tomorrow, morning

mandar: to command, to order. to send

mantel m.: tablecloth

mantequilla: butter

maquillarse: to put on makeup

máquina: machine

marm.:sea

maravilloso (i에: marvelous

marcharse: to go away

maridos m. pl.: married couple

martes m.: Tuesday

marzo: March

mas: more

más tarde: later

masticar: to chew

materialista: materialistic

mayo:May

me:me, tome

mediodía m.: noon

medir (ì): ω measure

mejor: better

menos: less

mensajero (i셰: messenger

mentir: to lie

merecer: to deserue, merit

Appe빼

mes m.: month

mesa: table

metro: subωay

mezcIar: to mα

mi(잉:my

mientras: while

miércoles m.: μ상dnesday

mil m.: one thousand

millón m.: one million

minuto: minute

mío(a)~잉: mme

mirar: to look at

mismo (a): same

moderno (i에: modern

moda: style

mojado (a): ωet

montaña: mountain

moreno (a): dark꺼aired， dark haired

morir (u망: to die

mostaza: mustcωd

mostrar (u히: 10 show

mucho 때: much, many

muebles m. pl.: furnilure

mujer f.: woman

muñeca: wrist

muñeco de nieve: snowman

muy: very

198 PartV때

nacer: to be born

nada: nothing

nadar: to swim

nadie: nobodχ noone

naipe m.: card (playing)

nataCÎón f.: swimmir핑

natural: natural

necesario 때: necessary

necesitar: to need

negar (i밍: to deny

negπo (j밍: black

nevar (i앙: 10 snow

ni ... Di: neither . .. nor

ningún (nin밍180， ningun에: none. notany

80: no, not

noche f.: evening

nos: US, 10 US, ourselves

nosotros: we, US

noticias: news

noveno (a’: nineth

noviembre: November

novio 베: boyfriend (girlfriend)

nube f.: c/oud

nuera: daughter-in-law

nuestro (a)(s): OUr, ours

nuevo (j에:new

nunca: never

o:or

obedecer: to obey

obvio (a): obvious

octavo (a): eighth

octnbre: October

ocnpado (a): b따y

ofrecer: to offer, give

oír: to hear

여허á que ... : if only

oJo: eye

oler: to smell

olvidar: to forget

olvidarse (de): to forget

optimista: optimistic

ordenar: 10 order

ordinario (j에: ordinary

orguUoso (j에: proud

oro:gold

os: you, to you, yourselves

otoño: autumn

otro (a): otheζ another

paciencia: patience

pagar en efectivo: to pay in cash

pais m.: country (nation)

P혀aro: bird

palabra: word

palomitas de maíz: popcorn

panadero (a): baker

pantalla: screen

papel m.: papeζ role

para: for

parar: 10 slOp (somelhi맹)

pararse: 10 slop oneself

pardo (a): broωn

parecer: (0 seem

partido: malch

partir: 10 leave

P잃ado~에: lasl

P잃ar: 10 spend (time)

pase m.: showing

pasearse: 10 go for a walk

pastel m.: cake

pedir (ì): 10 ask for

peinarse: to comb one's hai1’

pelar: 10 peel

película: film

peligroso ~에:dm핑erous

pelo: hair

pensar (ì에: 10 Ihink

peor: ωorse

pequeño (a): small

perder (ì밍: 10 lose

perezoso ~예: lazy

perfeccionar: 10 perfecl

A매p매p야e밍n때빼1띠dil짜 Sp뻐a매n빼1

perfecto ~떠: perl겉cl

perla: pearl

permitir: 10 permil

pero: bul

perro:dog

pescado: fish

pesim.ista: pessimistic

peso: weighl

pierna: leg

piscina: swimming pool

piso: floor

planchar: 10 iron

plato: plale

playa: beach

pobre:poor

poco 헤: little

poder (ue): 10 be able 10, can

pollo: chicken

polvo: dusl

poner: 10 pul

ponerse: 10 pul (somelhing on) 10 become, 10 place oneself

popular: popular

por: for, pel

por consiguiente: consequently

porqué: why

por supuesto: of couκ'Se

porción f.: portion

00 Part VI: Appendixes

porque: because

posible: possible

precio: price

preferible: preferable

preferir Qe): ω prefer

preocuparse (d망: 10 worry (about)

prestar: 10 borroω

prestar atención: 10 pay attenlion

primavera: spring

primero ç떠: firsl

primo (a): cousin

probable: probable

probar (ue): 10 try (on)

producir: 10 produce

producto lácteo: dairy producI

profundamente: deeply

prohibir: 10 forbid

prometer: to promise

pronto: soon

pronunciar: (0 pronounce

propietario: proprielor

próximo (a): nexl

proyecto: projecl

puerto: porl

puesto:job

quedar(se): 10 remain

queja내영e 여e): 10 complain

quemadura: burn

queso: cheese

quién~떼: ωho， whom

quitar(se): 10 remove, 10 lake off

rato: while

receta: recipe

reclamar: 10 demand

refresco: sofl drink

refriarse: 10 calch a cold

regalo: gifl

l녕gimen m ,: diel

regla: rule

regresar: to return

reino: kingdom

reír: 10 laugh

relámpagos: lighlening

reunirse: to meet

romper: 10 break

rótulo: sign

ruido: noise

ruta: road, route

sábado: Saturday

saco: bag

sagaz (sagace헤: astute, wise

salir: 10 go oul

saltar: 10 jump

saludable: healthy

secar(se): 10 dry (onese/f)

seda: silk

seguir φ: to follow

selva: raÎnforesl

sentir (i망: to be sorry, to regret

ser: to be

siempre: always

50l ID.: sun

sonar (u망: to nng

sorprendido (a): surprised

suelo: ground

suerte f.: luck

sugerir (ie): to suggest

taI vez: perhaps

tambiεn: also, [00

tampoco: neitheνáot . .. either

tempestad f.: storm

temprano: early

tener (ie): to have

timbre m.: bell

tintoreria: dry cleaner

torpe: c/umsy

trab헤ador 에: hard-working

traducir: to translate

traer: to bring

traje m. de baño: bathing suit

tratar de: to try to

tronar ωe): to thunder

/ U , J W

뻐

·m n u ”

때

때

王n ” 4 L ” ·m g u

n u I

R S F b ·m 빼

매

n ”

trozo: piece

truenos: thunder

uva: grape

、raciar: to empty

valer: to be worth

venir: to come

venta: sale

ver: to see

vestir 00: to c/othe

viernes ID.: 감'iday

Vlspera: eve

volver (ue): to return

voz f.: voice

vuestro (a)(s): your, yours

ya: already

zan따loria: carrot

sax!p빼

Index “ @ ζ， 。 c‘ ” 잉 000 0 ‘ o 000 0 Q O@O ‘’ $ 0 ‘’ o

CIÞ A CIÞ

a personal, 167-168, 198, 252 preposition

answering questions, 91-92 overview, 197-198 verbs requiring, 200-201

abbreviations used in bilingual dictionaries, 33-34 used in book, 2 01 usted(es), 62

about (de) contractions, 42 overview, 198

absolute superlatives, 142 abstract nouns, 29 adjectives

versus adverbs, 138 agreement 01

exceptions , 129-131 gender, 128-132, 251-252 plurals, 131-133, 251-252

compansons absolute superlatives, 142 01 equality, 139 01 inequality, 140 irregular comparatives , 140-142 superlatives, 140-141

defined, 30-31 demonstrative

examples, 31 , 39 overview, 45-46 positioning 01, 133

descriptive, 133-134 expressing leelings and emotions, 119-120 indefinite, 31 interrogative

examples, 31 overview, 83-84

numbers as, 31 overview, 30-31 , 127

positioning 01 lollowing nouns, 133, 252 preceding nouns, 133-134

possessive examples, 31 , 182 overview, 54-55 positioning 01, 133 using definite article in place 01, 40

shortened lorms 01, 134-135 adverbial phrases, 136 adverbs

versus adjectives, 138 comparisons

absolute superlatives, 142 01 equality, 139 01 inequality, 140 irregular comparatives, 140-142 superlatives, 140

defined, 31 expressing doubt or uncertainty, 120 lorming

adverbial phrases, 136 overview, 135-136 simple, 136-138

interrogative, 8• 86 over찌ew， 31 , 127 positioning 01, 138-139 reinlorcing location with, 46 use with definite articles, 41 use with 10, 43 use with por, 199

affirmative commands lormal

irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spellingjstem-changing verbs , 148-149

inlormal plural, 156-161 singular, 151-155

pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 Answer Keys , overview 01, 2

04 Intermediate Spa빼

answering questions affirmatively, 88 negatively, 88-90 providing information, 91-92

-arverbs charts

irregular, 275-276 regular, 269 spelling/stem-changing, 271

future tense, 241 gerunds, 95-96 imperative mood/command form

irregular, 150 regular, 146-147, 151-152, 156 spelling/stem-changing, 148-149, 153-154,

157-159 imperfect past tense, 226-227 presenttense

irregular, 73-74 regular, 65-66 spelling/stem-changing, 69-70

preterit past tense irregular, 218-220 regular, 211-212 spelling/stem-changing, 213

reflexive, 182 subjunctive

irregular, 111 regular, 106 spelling/stem-changing, 109-111

articles definite

after ser, 56 clashing vowel sounds, 51 contractions with, 42, 167, 197-198, 252 defining, 39 identifying, 40 neuter 10, 42 omission 01, 41 usage 01, 40-41

indefinite identilying, 42-43 omission 01, 43-44 with unqualified prolession, 252-253

overview, 39

ask (pedir) chart, 272 imperative mood/command form

formal , 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 153

versus preguntar, 265 preterit past tense, 215

ask (preguntar) versus pedir, 265 with por, 199

~ 8 CII

be (estar) chart, 276 expressing feelings and emotions, 119-120 imperative mood/command form , 150 present progressive tense, 99, 264 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219 versus ser, 263-264

be (ser) chart, 277 definite articles and, 56 versus estar, 263-264 imperative mood/command form

informal plural, 159 inlormal singular, 154

imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 111 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220

bilingual dictionaries English-to-Spanish, 279-285 Spanish-to-English, 287-301 utilizing, 33-34, 261 , 263

bring (traeη chart, 278 gerund, 96 imperative mood/command form

lormal, 148 inlormal plural, 157 inlormal singular, 152

present subjunctive, 107 present tense, 74 preterit past tense, 219

by (en), 198

eCe can (poder). See also saber

chart, 277 luture tense, 243 gerund, 97 imperlect past tense, 256 prepositions and, 203-204 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 266

--car verbs chart, 273 present subjunctive, 108-109 preterit past tense, 213

cardinal numbers, 9-14, 31 -cerverbs

chart, 274-275 presenttense, 68 subjunctive, 108

check writing, 12-13 cientofcien (1 00), 11 , 134 -cirverbs

chart, 274-275 presenttense, 68 subjunctive, 108

collective nouns, 28 come (venir)

chart, 278 gerund, 97 imperative moodfcommand lorm

formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154

with por, 199 presenttense, 74, 107 preterit past tense, 217

command form lormal

irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling-change verbs, 148-149 stem-changing verbs, 149

informal plural, 156-161 singular, 151-155

overview, 145-146 pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192

common nouns defined, 28 expressing possession with, 54

cómo (how, what), 91 comparisons

absolute superlatives, 142 01 equality, 139 01 inequality, 140 irregular comparatives, 140-142 superlatives, 140-141

computer usage, 252, 255, 261-262 con (with)

adverbial phrases, 136 answering questions, 92 overview, 195-196 pronouns and, 29, 261 verbs requiring, 203

concrete nouns, 29 conjugations, 65

future tense expressing with ir + a , 240

l때ex 30

expressing predictionfwonder, 244-245 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs, 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242

imperfect past tense irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229

present progressive tense with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99

presenttense expressions, 76-78 to imply future, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs, 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs, 68-72 subject pronouns, 61-64

preterit past tense versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 overview, 211

: 06 Intermediate Spanis뼈r Dummi

preterit past tense (continued) regular verbs , 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221

selecting tense, 260 conocer (to know)

chart, 274 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 264

consonants + -cerjcirverbs, 68, 108, 274 adjectives that end in, 130-132

contractions, 42, 167, 197-198, 252 conventions, 2 cuánto(a)(s) (how much , many) , 91

IIIÞ J) IIIÞ

dangling prepositions, 195, 260 dar (to give)

chart, 275 expressions with, 76-77 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 219-220 subjunctive, 111

dates days, 16-17 months, 17-18 ordinal versus cardinal numbers , 14 writing, 18-20

days, 16-17 de (01, lrom, about)

answering questions, 91-92 contractions, 42 expressing possession with, 54 overview, 198 use with millón, 11 verbs requiring, 202

deber (to must [have to D prepositions and, 203 versus tener que, 265

decimals, 11-12 decir (to say, tell)

chart, 276 expressions with, 78 luture tense, 243-244 gerund, 96

imperative moodjcommand lorm, 148, 154, 159

indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 217 subjunctive, 107

delinite articles alter ser, 56 clashing vowel sounds, 51 contractions with, 42, 167, 197-198, 252 delining, 39 identilying, 40 neuter 10, 42 omission of, 41 usage 01, 40-41

dejar (to leave) expressions with, 78 prepositions and, 202-203 versus salir, 266

demonstrative adjectives delined , 31 , 39 overvie'ι'， 45-46

positioning 01, 133 demonstrative pronouns , 29, 46-47 descriptive adjectives, 133-134 devolver (to return)

chart, 271 versus volver, 266

dictionaries, bilingual English-to-Spanish, 279-285 Spanish-to-English, 287-301 utilizing, 33-34, 261 , 263

diphthongs, 175 direct object nouns

delined, 182 example, 28 versus indirect object nouns, 253-254 personal a, 198, 252 superlatives , 140 transitive verbs and, 30

direct object pronouns. See also rellexive pronouns

delined, 29 double object pronouns, 17• 175 versus indirect object pronouns, 170-172,

253-254, 261 overview, 165-167 personala, 167-168 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171

do (hacer) chart, 276 expressions with, 77-78 imperative mood(command lorm,

148, 154, 159 prepositions and, 203-204 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 217 with que, 65

dónde (where), 91 double object pronouns, 174-175, 188 doubt , 117-118, 120

-E--eer verbs, 273 é1 (he)

contractions, 55 versus eIla, 63 when to omit, 64

eIla (her) versus él, 63 when to omit, 64

eIlos(eIlas (they), 63 emotions,1I7-120 en (in, by, on)

answering questions, 91 overview, 198 verbs requiring, 202-203

English-to-Spanish dictionary, 279-285 -erverbs

charts irregular, 276-278 regular, 269-270 spelling(stem-changing, 271

future tense irregular, 243-244 regular, 241-242

gerunds, 95-97 imperative mood(command lorm

lormal, 146-150 inlormal plural, 156-159 inlormal singular, 151-155

imperlect past tense, 226-227 present tense

irregular, 73-74 regular, 65-66 spelling(stem-changing, 68-71

preterit past tense irregular, 216-220 regular, 211-212 spelling(stem-changing, 213-215

rellexive, 181-183 stem-changing verbs, 271 subjunctive

irregular, 107, 111 regular, 106 spelling(stem-changing, 107-111

estar (to be) chart, 276

Index 30

expressing leelings and emotions, 119-120 imperative mood(command lorm, 150 present progressive tense, 99, 264 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219 versus ser, 263-264 versus tener, 255-256

exclamation marks(points, 146, 258 expressions

idiomatic delined, 27 examples 01, 2, 76-78 with tener, 255-256 translation 01, 252

impersonal with hay, 86 with ser, 264 using subjunctive alter, 114-116 weather, 70

with irregular verbs, 76-78

.F. leelings ,1I9-120 lor (para, poη， 84 ， 199, 253 lormal commands

irregular verbs, 148, 150, 275-278 pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling(stem-changing verbs, 148-149

lormal subject pronouns, 62-63 lrom (de)

answering questions, 91-92 contractions, 42 。verview， 198

08 h빼

future tense expressing with ir + a , 240 expressing predictionjwonder, 244-245 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs, 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242

-e o -garverbs

chart, 274 preterit past tense, 213

gastar (to spend), 266 gender 。f adjectives, 128-129, 251-252 agreement, 28, 127 definite articles

contractions with, 42 defining, 39 identifying, 40 neuter 10, 42 omission 01, 41 usage 01, 40-41

demonstrative adjectives, 45-46 demonstrative pronouns, 46-47 indelinite articles

identifying, 42-43 omission 01, 43-44 overview, 39

nouns lalse assumptions, 259 plural , 52-53 sing비ar， 48-52

numbers, 14, 48 possession

adjectives, 54-55 using de, 54

possessive pronouns, 55-56 -gerjgir verbs

chart, 275 present subjunctive, 108 presenttense, 68

gerunds attaching pronouns

double object, 174-175 object, 172-173

overview, 95

present progressive tense overview, 98-99 using estar, 99 using other verbs, 99-100

regular verbs, 96 stem-changingjirregular verbs, 96-97

glve 여ar)

chart, 275 expressions with, 7• 77 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 219-220 subjunctive, 111

go (ir) with a, 239-240 chart, 276 luture tense, 241 gerund, 97 imperative moodjcommand form,

150, 154, 159 imperfect past tense, 227 with por, 199 prepositions and, 201 present progressive tense, 99-100 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220 reflexive, 186 subjunctive, 111

go out Ü잃lir)

chart, 277 versus dejar, 266 future tense, 243 imperative moodjcommand form

lormal, 148 inlormal plural, 159 inlormal singular, 154

prepositions and, 203 present progressive tense, 99-100 present subjunctive, 107 present tense, 74

-guirverbs chart, 275 present subjunctive, 108 presenttense, 68 밍lSIar (to like, please)

misusing, 255 overview, 176-177

-H-hacer (to make, do)

chart, 276 expressions with, 77-78 imperative moodjcommand form , 148, 154, 159 prepositions and, 203-204 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 217 with que, 65

hasta (until), 198 have (tener)

chart, 278 expressions with, 77-78 idioms with, 255-256 imperative moodjcommand form

formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154

personal a, 168 present tense, 74 preterit past tense, 219, 221 versus ser and estar, 255-256

have to (deber) prepositions and, 203 versus tener que, 265

have to (tener que) , 74, 265 he (él)

contractions, 55 versus ella, 63 when to omit, 64

hear (oír) chart, 276 with decir, 78 future tense, 214, 242 gerund, 96 imperative moodjcommand form

formal, 148 informal plural, 157 informal singular, 152

prepositions and, 203 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74

her (ella) versus ε1， 63

when to omit, 64 how (cómo), 91 how much, many (cuánto[a][s]), 91

-iar verbs, 273 icons, in book, 4-5 idiomatic expressionsjphrases

defined, 27 examples of, 2, 76-78 with tener, 255-256 translation of, 252

imperative mood formal

irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling-change verbs, 148-149 stem-changing verbs, 149

informal plural, 156-161 singular, 151-155

overview, 145-146

Index 30

pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192 imperfect past tense. See also preterit past

tense irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229

imperfect subjunctive, 105 impersonal expressions

with hay, 86 with ser, 264 using subjunctive after, 114-116 weather, 70

in (en) answering questions, 91 overview, 198

incorrect assumptions, 259 indefinite articles

identifying, 42-43 omission of, 43-44 overview, 39 with unqualified profession, 252-253

indîcative mood. See also future tense; past tenses;presenttense

defined, 105, 260 expressing wishing, emotion, need, doubt,

117-118 împersonal expressions, 116 with I외 vez and quizás, 120

1 0 Intermediate Spanish For Dummies

indirect object nouns defined, 182 versus direct object nouns, 253-254 example, 28 verbs requiring use 01, 255

indirect object pronouns. See also reflexive pronouns

defined, 29 versus direct object pronouns, 170-172,

253-254, 261 double object pronouns, 17• 175 overview, 165, 168-170 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171-172, 176-177

infinitive mood consecutive verbs, 65 defined, 30, 260 with gustar, 177, 255 with ir + a, 240 negative words belore, 89 with ni ... ni construction, 89 with pensar, 78 prepositions and, 200-204 pronoun placement, 172, 174-175, 190 used as nouns, 41 , 95-96

informal commands plural, 156-161 pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 singular, 151-155

inlormal subject pronouns, 62-63 inquiries. See questions Internet resources, 261 interrogative adjectives, 31 , 83-84 interrogative adverbs, 84-85 interrogative pronouns, 29, 85-86 intonation, 82 intransitive verbs, 30 inversion, 83-84 inverted exclamation marks/points, 146, 258 inverted question marks, 82, 258 ir (to go)

with a, 239-240 chart, 276 luture tense, 241 gerund, 97 imperative mood/command lorm, 150, 154, 159 imperlect past tense, 227 with por, 199 prepositions and, 201

present progressive tense, 99-100 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220 reflexive, 186 subjunctive, 111

-ir verbs charts

irregular, 276-278 regular, 270 spelIing/stem-changing, 272

future tense irregular, 243-244 regular, 241-242

gerunds, 95-97 imperative mood/command lorm

lormal, 146-150 inlormal pluraI, 156-159 inlormal singular, 151-155

imperfect past tense, 226-227 presenttense

irregular, 73-74 regular, 65-67 spelIing/stem-changing, 68-72

preterit past tense irregular, 216-217 regular, 211-212 spelIing/stem-changing, 213-216

reflexive, 181-183 subjunctive

irregular, 107, 111 regular, 106 spelIing/stem-changing, 107-110

irregular command forms charts, 275-278 lormal, 147-151 inlormaI

plural, 157, 159 singular, 152-155

irregular gerunds, 97 irregular verbs

charts, 275-278 expressions with, 76-78 luturetense, 243-244 gerunds, 96-97 imperative mood/command lorm

lormal, 148, 150 inlormal pluraI, 157, 159 inlormal singular, 152-155

imperfect past tense, 227

present subjunctive, 107, 111 presenttense, 73-78 preterit past tense, 216-220

.J. jamás (never), 88-90 jugar (to play)

chart, 271 imperative moodfcommand form

formal , 149 informal plural, 158 informal singμlar， 154

present subjunctive, 110 presenttense, 69 preterit past tense, 213 versus tocar, 265-266

.1\. know (conocer)

chart, 274 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 264

know (saber) chart, 277 versus conocer, 264 future tense, 243 imperative mood/command form , 150 imperfect past tense, 256 present subjunctive, 111 preterit past tense, 218, 221

.L-leave (dejar). See also saIir

expressions with, 78 prepositions and, 202-203 versus saIir, 266

1e/1es, 174 like (gustar), 176-177, 255 llevar (to take), 264-265 10

neuter article, 42 use in Spain, 166-167 when placed with 1e/les, 174

-M • make (haceη

chart, 276 expressions with, 77-78

Index 31

imperative mood/command form, 148, 154, 159 prepositions and, 203-204 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 217 with que, 65

maybe (quizás, taI vez), 120 months, 17-18 moods. See also tenses

imperative/command form formal , 146-150 informal, 151-161 overview, 145-146 pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192

indicative defined, 105, 260 expressing wishing, emotion, need, doubt,

117-118 impersonal expressions, 116 with taI vez and quizás, 120

infinitive consecutive verbs, 65 defined, 30, 260 with 밍lstar， 177, 255 with ir + a , 240 negative words before, 89 with ni ... ni construction, 89 with pensar, 78 prepositions and, 200-204 pronoun placement, 172, 174-175, 190 used as nouns , 41 , 95-96

selecting, 260 subjunctive

imperfect, 105 past, 105 pluperfect, 105 present, 105-111 , 113-121 , 256

must (deber) prepositions and, 203 versus tener que, 265

’ 12 Intermediate Spanish For Dummies

'11 N ct

nada (nothing), 88-90 nadie (no one, nobody), 88-90 need, 117-118 negative commands

charts, 275-278 lormal

irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling/stem-changing verbs, 148-149

informal plural, 156-161 singulaζ 151-155

pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 negative words, 88-90 neither (ni), 88-89 neuter words, 42 never (iamás, nunca), 88-90 ninguno (no, none, not any), 88-90 ni ... ni (neither ... nor), 88-89 nO, 88-90 no one, nobody (nadie), 88-90 none (ninguuo), 88-90 nol' (ni), 88-89 nosolros/as (we), 62-64 not any (uin앙uno) ， 88-90

nothing (nada), 88-90 nOuns

abstract, 29 adjective positioning

lollowing nouns, 133, 251-252 preceding nouns, 133-134

collective, 28 common

defined, 28 expressing possession with, 54

concrete, 29 direct object

defined, 182 example, 28 versus indirect object nouns, 253-254 personala, 198, 252 superlatives, 140 transitive verbs and, 30

gender lalse assumptions , 259 plural, 52-53 singular, 48-52

indirect object defined , 182 versus direct object nouns, 253-254 example, 28 verbs requiring use 01, 255

infinitives used as, 41 , 95-96 overview, 28-29 proper

defined, 28 expressing possession with, 54 personal a , 167-168

numbers as adjectives, 31 cardinal, 9-14, 31 cientojcien, 11 , 134 gender 01, 14, 48 ordinal, 9, 13-16, 31 overview, 9

nuuca (never), 89

.0. object pronouns

direct defined, 29 double object pronouns, 174-175 versus indirect object pronouns, 170-172,

253-254, 261 overview, 165-167 personal a , 167-168 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171

double, 174-175, 188 indirect

defined, 29 versus direct object pronouns, 170-172,

253-254, 261 double object pronouns, 174-175 overview, 165, 168-170 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171-172, 176-177

01 (de) contractions, 42 expressing possessiou with, 54 overview, 198

oÍr (to hear) chart, 276 with decir, 78 luturetense, 214, 242

gerund, 96 imperative moodjcommand lorm

formal, 148 informal plural, 157 informal singular, 152

prepositions and, 203 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74

on (en), 198 one hundred (cientojcien) , 11 , 134 ordinal numbers , 9, 13-16, 31

.p. para (Ior)

versus por, 199, 253 with qué, 84

parts 01 speech adjectives, 30-31 adverbs, 31 nouns, 28-29 overview, 27 pronouns, 29 utilizing bilingual dictionaries, 33-34 verbs, 30

pasar (to spend), 266 passive voice, 185 past subjunctive, 105 pasttenses

imperfect irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229

preterit versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 over、riew， 211

regular verbs , 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221

pedir (to ask) chart, 272 imperative moodjcommand lorm

lormal, 149 inlormal plural, 158 informal singular, 153

versus preguntar, 265 preterit past tense, 215

pensar (to thin에 chart, 271 imperlect past tense, 256 with infinitives, 78

perhaps (quizás, tal vez), 120 personala, 167-168, 198, 252 phrases

adverbial, 136 idiomatic

defined, 27 examples of, 2, 76-78 with tener, 255-256 translation 01, 252

prepositional, 195 placement

of adjectives following nouns, 133, 252 preceding nouns, 133-134

01 direct object pronouns, 83, 172-173 01 indirect object pronouns, 83, 172-173 of pronouns

imperative moodjcommand form , 173, 175, 192

infinitive mood, 172, 174-175, 190 reflexive, 190-192

play (jugar) chart, 271 imperative moodfcommand form

formal , 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 154

present subjunctive, 11 0 presenttense, 69 preterit past tense, 213 versustocar, 265-266

play αocar) versusjugar, 265-266 present subjunctive, 109 preterit past tense, 213

please (por favor) , 146 pluperlect subjunctive, 105 plural adjectives, 131-133, 251-252 plural commands

lormal irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147

Index 31

spellingjstem-changing verbs , 148-149

14 Int맨errr빼a하t앤e Sp뼈a히떼n빼I

plural commands (continued)

inlormal irregular verbs, 157-161 regular verbs, 156 spellingjstem-changing verbs, 157-159

plural nouns adjective agreement, 251-252 gender 01, 52-53

poder (to be able to, can) chart, 277 luture tense, 243 gerund, 97 imperlect past tense, 256 prepositions and, 203-204 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 266

poner (to put) luture tense, 243 imperative moodjcommand lorm

lormal, 148 inlormal plural, 159 inlormal singular, 154

prepositions and, 201 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 218 reflexive, 187 subjunctive, 107

por (Ior), 199, 253 por favor (please), 146 porquξ (why), 92 positioning

01 adjectives lollowing nouns, 133, 252 preceding nouns, 133-134

01 direct object pronouns, 83, 172-173 01 indirect object pronouns, 83, 172-173 of pronouns

imperative moodjcommand lorm, 173, 175, 192

infinitive mood, 172, 174-175, 190 reflexive, 190-192

possessive adjectives examples, 31 , 182 overview, 54-55 positioning 01, 133 using delinite article in place 01, 40

possessive pronouns, 29, 54-56 prediction, 244-245

pre밍mtar (to ask) versus pedir, 265 with por, 199

prepositional phrases, 195 prepositional pronouns

defined, 29 examples, 177, 261 overview, 205-206

prepositions a

answering questions, 91 overview, 197-198 verbs requiring, 200-201

con adverbial phrases, 136 answering questions, 92 overview, 195-196 pronouns and, 29, 261 verbs requiring, 203

dangling, 195, 260 de

answering questions, 91 contractions, 42 expressing possession with, 54 overview, 198 use with millón, 11 verbs requiring, 202

en answering questions, 91 overview, 198 verbs requiring, 202-203

hasta, 198 infinitives and, 200-204 negatives preceded by, 89 overview, 195-196 para

versus por, 199, 253 with qué, 84

por, 199, 253 with pronouns, 205-206 questions containing, 91-92 verbs requiring no preposition, 203-205

present progressive tense with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99

present subjunctive mood ignoring, 256 irregular verbs, 107, 111

oVerVle"‘ι 105 regular verbs, 106 spelling-change verbs, 10훈111

stem-changing verbs, 109-111 utilizing

after adjectives that express leelings or emotions , 119-120

alter impersonal expressions, 114-116 to express wishing, emotion, need, doubt,

117-118 overview, 113-114 in relative clauses, 120-121

present tense. See also present progressive tense; present subjunctive mood

expressions, 76-78 to imply luture, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs, 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs, 68-72 subject pronouns

él versus ella, 63 ellos versus ellas, 63 nosotros (nosotras), 63-64 omitting, 64 overview, 61-62 tú versus Ud., 62-63 vosotros (vosotras) versus Uds., 63

preterit past tense. See also imperlect past tense

versus imperlect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 overview, 211 regular verbs, 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221

pronouns attaching to gerunds

double object, 174-175 object, 172-173

defined, 29 demonstrative, 29, 46-47 direct object

defined, 29 double object pronouns, 174-175 versus indirect object pronouns, 170-172,

253-254, 261 overview, 165-167

personal a , 167-168 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171

double object, 174-175, 188 indirect object

defined, 29

Index 3 J

versus direct object pronouns, 170-172, 253-254, 261

double object pronouns, 174-175 overview, 165, 168-170 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171-172, 176-177

interrogative, 29,85--86 overview, 29 possessive, 29, 54-56 prepositional

defined, 29 examples, 177, 261 overview, 205-206

reflexive defined, 29, 170 overview, 188-189 placement 01, 190-192 use with verbs, 181-185

reflexive prepositional, 205-206 selecting, 261 subject

defined, 29 él versus ella, 63 ellos versus ellas, 63 nosotros (nosotras), 63-64 omitting, 64 overview, 61-62 tú versus Ud., 62-63 vosotros (vosotras) versus Uds., 63

proolreading, 262 proper nouns

delined, 28 expressing possession with, 54 personala, 167-168

punctuation, 82, 146, 258 put (poneη

luture tense, 243 imperative moodfcommand form

formal , 148 inlormal plural, 159 informal singular, 154

prepositions and, 201 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 218

16 Intermediate Spanis빼r Dummies

put (poner) (continued)

reflexive, 187 subjunctive, 107

·Q· qué (what), 92 querer (to want)

charts, 271 , 277 with decir, 78 future tense, 243 imperfect past tense, 256 preterit past tense, 217, 221

question marks, 82, 258 questions

answering affirmatively, 88 negatively, 88-90 providing information, 91-92

requesting information interrogative adjectives, 83-84 interrogative adverbs, 84-85 interrogative pronouns, 85-86

yes/no intonation, 82 inversion, 83 overview, 81-82 tags, 82

quizás (maybe, perhaps), 120

.RCÞ reflexive prepositional pronouns , 205-206 reflexive pronouns

defined, 29, 170 overview, 188-189 placement of, 190-192 use of me, 261 use with verbs, 181-185

reflexive verbs overview, 181-183 questions with, 83 with special meanings, 186-188 using in special cases, 184-185

regular verbs charts, 269-270 futuretense, 241-242 gerunds, 96 imperative mood/command form

formal , 146-147

informal plural, 156 informal singular, 151-152

imperfect past tense, 226 present subjunctive, 106 presenttense, 65-67 preterit past tense, 211-212

relative clauses, 120-121 return (devolver)

chart, 271 versus volver, 266

return (volver) chart, 271 versus devolver, 266 imperative mood/command form

formal, 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 153

with por, 199 present subjunctive, 109

reverse-gender nouns, 49 run-on sentences, 257

.5-saber (to know, can)

chart, 277 verSU5 conocer, 264 future tense, 243 imperative mood/command form, 150 imperfect past tense, 256 versus poder, 266 present subjunctive, 111 preterit past tense, 218, 221 없lir (to go out, leave)

chart, 277 versus dejar, 266 future tense, 243 imperative mood/command form

formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154

prepositions and, 203 present progressive tense, 99-100 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74

say (decir) chart, 276 expressions with, 78 future tense, 243-244 gerund, 96

imperative moodjcommand form, 148, 154, 159 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 217 subjunctive, 107

seasons, 18 see (veη

chart, 278 imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 107 present tense, 74 preterit past tense, 219-220

sentence fragments , 257 ser (to be)

chart, 277 definite articles and, 56 versus estar, 263-264 imperative moodjcommand form

informa1 p1ura1, 159 informa1 singu1ar, 154

imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 111 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220 versustene~255-256

shortened adjectives, 134 singular commands

forma1 irregu1ar verbs, 148, 150 regu1ar verbs, 146-147 spellingjstem-changing verbs, 148-149

informa1 irregu1ar verbs, 152-155 regu1ar verbs, 151-152

singular nouns adjective agreement, 251-252 gender of, 48-51

slang, 258-259 Spanish-to-English dictionary, 287-301 spelling-change verbs

charts, 273-275 expressions with, 78 imperative moodjcommand form

forma1 , 148-149 informa1 p1ura1, 157-159 informa1 singu1ar，、 153-154

present subjunctive, 108-111 presenttense, 68, 71-72 preterit past tense, 213-214

spend (gaster, p잃ar) ， 266

stem-changing verbs charts, 270-273 expressions with, 78 gerunds, 96-97 imperative moodjcommand form

forma1 , 149 informa1 p1ura1, 158-159 informa1 singu1ar, 153-154

present subjunctive, 109-111 presenttense, 68-72 preterit past tense, 215-216

subject pronouns defined, 29 ε1 versus ella, 63 ellos versus ellas, 63 nosotros (nosotras), 63-64 omitting, 64 overview, 61-62 tú versus Ud., 62-63 vosotros (vosotras) versus Uds., 63

subjectjverb agreement, 259-260 subjunctive mood

imperfect, 105 past, 105 p1uperfect, 105 present

ignoring, 256 irregu1ar verbs, 107, 111 overview, 105 regu1ar verbs, 106 spelling-change verbs, 108-111 stem-changing verbs, 109-111 utilizing, 113-121

super1atives abso1ute, 142 overview, 140-141

-T0 tags , question, 82 take (llevar, tomar), 264-265 tal vez (maybe, perhaps), 120 tell (decir)

chart, 276 expressions with, 78 futuretense, 243-244 gerund, 96

Index 31

imperative moodjcommand form , 148, 154, 159 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 74

~ 18 Intermedi하e Spanish For Dummies

tell (decir) (continued)

preterit past tense, 217 subjunctive, 107

tener (to have) chart, 278 expressions with, 77-78 idioms with, 255-256 imperative moodfcommand form

formal, 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154

personal a , 168 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219, 221 versus ser and estar, 255-256

tener que (to have to) versus deber, 265 defined, 74

tenses future

expressing predictionjwonder, 244-245 expressing with ir + a , 240 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs, 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242

imperfect past irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229

present expressions , 76-78 to imply future, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs, 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs , 68-72 subject pronouns, 61-64

present progressive with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99

preterit past versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs , 216-220 overview, 211 regular verbs, 211-212

spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221

selecting, 260 they (ellosjellas), 63 think (pensar)

chart, 271 imperfect past tense, 256 with infinitives, 78

time, 20-24 tocar (to play, to touch)

versusjngar, 265-266 present subjunctive, 109 preterit past tense, 213

tomar (to take), 264-265 touch (tocar)

present subjunctive, 109 preterit past tense, 213

traer (to bring) chart, 278 gerund, 96 imperative moodjcommand form

formal, 148 informal plural, 157 informal singular, 152

present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219

transitive verbs, 30 translation exercises, overvîew, 2 translations

using computerjlnternet, 261-262 word for word, 252

tú (you), 62-63, 145-146 tu(s), 55

.UCÞ -u야 verbs

chart, 273 present subjunctive, 110 presenttense, 71

-uirverbs charts, 272, 275 present subjunctive, 110 presenttense, 71 preterit past tense, 214

uncertainty, 120 until (hast에， 198

upside-down exclamation marksjpoints, 146, 258

upside-down question marks, 82, 258 usted(es) (you)

abbreviations, 62 versus tújvosotros (vosotras), 62-63, 145-146

e f/-venir (to come)

chart, 278 gerund, 97 imperative moodjcommand form

formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154

with por, 199 presenttense, 74, 107 preterit past tense, 217

ver (to see) chart, 278 imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219-220

verbs. See also moods agreeing with subject, 259-260 defined, 30 distinctions between, 263-268 future tense

expressing with ir + a , 240 expressing predictionjwonder, 244-245 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs , 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242

imperativejcommand form formal , 146-150 inlormal, 151-161 overview, 145-146 pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192

imperfect past tense irregular verbs , 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses 01, 228-229

indicative mood consecutive verbs, 65 defined, 30, 105, 260 expressing wishing, emotion, need, doubt,

117-118

with gustar, 177, 255 impersonal expressions, 116 with ir + a , 240 negative words belore, 89 with ni ... ni construction, 89 with pensar, 78 prepositions and, 200-204

Index 31

pronoun placement, 172, 174-175, 190 with taI vez and quizás, 120

infinitive mood, 41 , 95-96 intransitive, 30 irregular

charts, 275-278 expressions with, 76-78 luture tense, 243-244 gerunds , 96-97 imperative moodjcommand lorm, 148, 150,

152-155, 157, 159 imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 107, 111 presenttense, 73-78 preterit past tense, 216-220

misuse of, 255-256 overview, 30 present progressive tense

with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99

present tense expressions , 76-78 to imply future, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs , 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs, 68-72 subject pronouns, 61-64

preterit past tense versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 overview, 211 regular verbs, 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221

reflexive overview, 181-183 questions with, 83 with special meanings, 186-188 using in special cases, 184-185

20 Intermediate Spanish For Dummie

verbs σ'Ontinued)

regular charts, 269-270 future tense, 241-242 gerunds, 96 imperative moodjcommand form, 146-147,

151-152, 156 imperfect past tense, 226 present subjunctive, 106 presenttense, 65-67 preterit past tense, 211-212

requiring direct object pronouns, 171 requiring indirect object pronouns, 171-172 requiring no preposition, 203-205 requiring prepositions, 200-203 selecting, 260 selecting proper tensejmood, 260 selecting tense, 260 spelling-change

expressions with, 78 imperative moodjcommand form , 148-149,

153-154, 157-159 present subjunctive, 108-111 presenttense, 68, 71-72 preterit past tense, 213-214

stem-changing charts, 270-273 expressions with, 78 gerunds, 96-97 imperative moodjcommand form ,

149, 153-154, 158-159 present subjunctive, 109-111 presenttense, 68-72 preterit past tense, 215-216

subjunctive mood imperfect, 105 past, 105 pluperfect, 105 present, 105-111, 113-121, 256

transitive, 30 volver (to return)

chart, 271 versus devolver, 266 imperative moodjcommand form

formal, 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 153

with por, 199 present subjunctive, 109

vosotrosjas (you), 63, 145-146

.w. want (querer)

charts, 271 , 277 with decir, 78 future tense, 243 imperfect past tense, 256 preterit past tense, 217, 221

we (nosotrosjas), 62-64 what (qu잉， 92

where (dónde), 91 why (por qué), 92 wishing, 117-118 with (con)

adverbiruphrases, 136 answering questions, 92 overview, 195-196 pronouns and, 29, 261 verbs requiring, 203

wonder, 244-245 writing

dates, 18-20 mistakes, 251-256 tips for, 257-262

-y. years, 19-20 yesjno questions

intonation, 82 inversion, 83 overview, 81-82 tags, 82

you (tú), 62-63, 145-146 you (usted[ es D

abbreviations, 62 versus t디jvosotros (vosotras), 62-63, 145-146

you (vosotrosjas), 63, 145-146

.z. -zarverbs

chart, 274 preterit past tense, 213