part i: housing type of dwelling unit occupancy status main construction materials for walls,...
TRANSCRIPT
GHANA LIVING STANDARDS SURVEY 6 HOUSING AND WATER QUALITY TEST RESULTS
DISSEMINATION OF KEY FINDINGS
DATE: AUGUST 26, 2014
OUTLINE
PART I: HOUSING Type of dwelling unit Occupancy Status Main construction materials for walls, floor and roof Type of lighting Source of water supply Waste disposal Toilet facilitiesPART II: WATER QUALITY TEST Background Methods Water Quality Test Results
PART I
HOUSING
TYPE OF DWELLING
Most households (60.6%) live in compound houses; 68 percent in urban and 51 percent in rural
One out of every 15 households in Accra (GAMA) live in improvised homes
ABOUT 46% OF GHANAIAN HOUSEHOLDS LIVE IN THEIR OWN HOUSES
Three out every five rural households compared to about one-third urban households own their houses
Two out every five urban households live in rented premises compared to one-in-every 10 rural households
About a quarter of all households live in rent-free houses; not much difference among localities
35.2 32.8
62.1
45.9
41.0 39.9
10.7
26.8
23.1 26.8 27.1 27.0 -
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Accra (GAMA) Urban Rural Ghana
Hous
ehol
ds
Locality
Occupancy Status
Owning
Renting
Rent-free
HOUSEHOLD SIZE BY NUMBER OF ROOMS
A fifth of the households are single persons households and one-third occupy single rooms
Those occupying a single room 9.4 percent has a size of 5
Less than two percent of 10 or more member households occupy one or two rooms
Household size by number of rooms (percent)
Household size
Number of rooms
1 2 3 4 5+ Total
1
33.7 9.9
4.9
1.7
3.1
20.3
2
15.9
12.9 7.3
6.8
5.4
12.9
3
16.8
15.3
11.1
11.1
7.8
14.8
4
14.0
17.7
15.2
13.6
9.3
14.8
5 9.4
16.5
17.1
16.1
11.8
12.7
6 5.9
12.4
15.6
13.9
13.1
9.7
7 2.5
8.0
11.7
13.5
10.3
6.2
8 1.2
4.2
6.9
7.4
8.7
3.5
9 0.3
1.8
4.1
5.9
6.3
1.9
10+ 0.4
1.3
6.1
10.0
24.1
3.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Households by locality and main material of walls, floor and roof (percent)
MaterialAccra
(GAMA) Urban Rural Ghana
Outside wall material
Mud/Mud bricks/Earth
0.6 10.4 56.9 31.1
Cement blocks/concrete
91.5 85.3 39.7 65.0
Main floor material
Earth/Mud 0.4 2.3 14.3 7.7
Cement/Concrete 79.7 85.2 79.2 82.6
Main roof material
Wood 7.0 4.8 5.2 5.0
Metal sheet 69.5 79.2 73.9 76.8
Slate/Asbestos 19.8 10.6 2.7 7.1
Outside wall material About two-thirds of
the outer walls of houses are built cement blocks or concrete;
mud, mud bricks and earth also constitute 31.1 percent
Main floor material Four out of every five
households use cement as their flooring material
Main roof material Three-quarters of
households occupy dwelling units roofed with metal sheets
7.1 percent of dwellings are roofed with slates or asbestos.
Households by main source of water supply for drinking and general use by locality (percent
Main source of water supply for drinking (percent)
Accra (GAMA) Urban Rural Ghana
Pipe-borne
26.3 38.6 16.6 28.9
Well 0.5 13.9 55.3 32.3
Natural sources 0.1 1.3 18.6 9.0
Others (sachet, tanker, vendor, spring) 73.2 46.1 9.6 29.8Main source of water supply for general use (percent)
Pipe-borne
70.9 62.3 17.1
42.1
Well 6.7 25.9 58.5 40.4
Natural sources 2.0 4.0 22.1 12.1
Others (sachet, Tanker, Vendor, Spring) 20.3 7.9 2.2 5.3
Main source of water supply for drinking • 32.3 percent of
households in the country have their main source of drinking water from a well
• 28.9 percent from pipe-borne.
• Three out of every 10 households rely on sachet, tanker, etc. for drinking water.
• 73.9 percent of households in rural areas use either a well (55.3%) or natural sources (18.6%)
Main source of water supply for general use • 42.1 percent of
households in the country use pipe-borne water for general use
• 14.5 percent rely on public tap or standpipe
Households by locality and use of basic utilities (percent)
Accra (GAMA) Urban Rural Ghana
Source of lightingElectricity (mains) 93.1 88.6 48.3 70.6Kerosene lamp 1.5 2.5 5.0 3.6Torches(flashlights) 4.0 7.6 45.0 24.3Source of Cooking fuelNone, No Cooking 6.4 5.4 2.2 3.9Wood 0.8 14.3 74.8 41.3Charcoal 38.9 43.6 16.5 31.5Gas 52.7 35.8 5.5 22.3Electricity 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.3Method of rubbish disposalCollected 67.0 29.8 3.8 18.2Burned by household 16.2 13.4 20.7 16.6Public dump 15.9 52.3 52.5 52.4
Dumped indiscriminately 0.8 4.5 23.0 12.8
Method of liquid waste disposalDischarged in open area 42.3 58.3 92.7 73.7Discharged into drains 52.2 36.2 5.4 22.4
Septic tank 2.4 2.3 0.9 1.6
Source of lighting Seven out of every 10
households are connected to the national electricity grid
A quarter of households rely on torch or flashlight for lighting
Source of Cooking fuel About three-quarters of
households depend on wood or charcoal for cooking
Less than a quarter of households use LPG
Method of waste disposal Less than a fifth of
households have their solid waste collected. Half depend on public dumping sites.
About three-quarters of households throw their liquid waste in the open
• Public toilet (WC/KVIP/Pit/Pan etc.) is the widely used toilet facility by households accounting for a little over a third (35.7%)
• One out of every seven households use water closet; 23.3 percent of all urban areas and 2.3 percent in rural areas
• Nearly a fifth (18.8%) of households have no facilities and therefore use the bush, field or beach
• One in 500 households use bucket or pan latrines
Households by type of toilet facility used and locality
Utility
Locality
Urban areas Rural areas
Ghana Accra
(GAMA) Other
Urban All Rural
Coastal Rural
Forest Rural
Savannah All
Type of toilet used household
No facilities (bush/beach/field) 3 9.5 7.4 30.3 12.8 72.6 32.9 18.8
W.C. 34.3 18.2 23.3 5 2.5 0.8 2.3 13.9
Pit latrine 10 17.3 15 22.2 32.7 8.7 24.2 19.1
KVIP 20.7 12.7 15.3 7.6 10.7 3.6 8.2 12.1
Bucket/Pan 0.5 0.2 0.3 -
0.2
- 0.1 0.2
Public toilet (WC,KVIP,Pit,Pan, etc) 31.4 42.1 38.7 34.2 40.8 14.4 32.1 35.7
Other 0.1
- 0.1 0.6 0.3
- 0.2 0.1
All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
PART II
WATER QUALITY TEST RESULTS
BACKGROUND The global indicator for tracking progress towards the MDG
drinking water target is the use of an ‘improved source’ of drinking water,
However, improved sources may be contaminated and provide unsafe water.
Microbiological contamination of drinking water can lead to diarrhoeal diseases including shigellosis and cholera. Other pathogens in drinking water can cause hepatitis, typhoid, and polio myelitis.
Drinking water can also be contaminated with chemicals with harmful effects on human health
The GLSS 6 is the first nationally representative survey in Ghana to include measurement of microbiological and chemical quality of drinking water at the household level
METHODS
Three households were randomly selected among the 15 households per cluster for drinking water test
Respondents were asked to provide “a glass of water which you would give a child to drink”
This was tested on-site for arsenic and E. coli. The water source for one of the three
households was also visited and tested for arsenic and E. coli, without sterilization.
In the case of piped water, the source sample was taken from the tap or other point of collection
Samples for laboratory analysis for arsenic and E. Coli was also collected
WATER QUALITY TEST (ARSENIC) Arsenic is a known human carcinogen, which has been
found in groundwater in parts of Ghana since the 1990s.
The WHO provisional guideline value for arsenic since 1993 is 10 parts per billion (ppb), and the same value has been adopted as a standard by Ghana
Arsenic was measured using the Arsenic Econo-Quick Test Kit (Industrial Test Systems, USA), which yields a semi-quantitative measure of arsenic in drinking water.
Test chemicals are added to a 50 ml water sample, and after 12 minutes results are recorded as 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 or 1000 ppb arsenic.
TEST RESULTS (ARSENIC) Overall, 8.6 percent of the population collected
drinking water from a source with arsenic above the Ghana standard of 10 ppb
At the household level, 6.6 percent of household drinking-water exceeded this standard
People living in rural areas are twice more likely to use drinking water with arsenic levels above 10 ppb than those in urban areas
Less than one percent of source or households samples were above 50 ppb
ARSENIC LEVELS RANGES FROM TWO PERCENT OR LESS, IN ASHANTI AND THE UPPER WEST REGION TO ABOUT 20 PERCENT IN CENTRAL AND VOLTA REGIONS
TEST RESULTS (E.COLI)
The bacteria species Escherichia coli is the most commonly recommended faecal indicator
MANY COUNTRIES INCLUDING GHANA HAVE SET A STANDARD THAT NO E. COLI SHOULD BE FOUND IN A 100 ML SAMPLE OF DRINKING WATER
E. coli was measured by filtering 100 ml of sampled water through a 0.45 micron filter (Millipore Microfil) which was then placed onto Compact Dry EC growth media plates (Nissui, Japan)
TEST RESULTS (E.COLI)
Overall, 43.5 percent of the population had source water with detectable E. Coli
Value increased to 62.1 percent for household samples, reflecting contamination occurring at the household level
Contamination at both the source and the household level was lowest in Greater Accra, Central and Upper West regions
Higher levels of contamination were found in Western, Volta and Eastern regions, where over 25 percent of household drinking water contained very high levels of E. coli
TEST RESULTS (E.COLI)
People in urban areas were more likely to have source water free from E. coli; at the household level, urban dwellers were 2.3 times more likely to have water free from E. Coli
Unprotected wells and springs recorded the highest levels of contamination – only 9.9 and 13.7 percent respectively were free from E. Coli
These two showed very high levels of contamination (46.9 and 55.0 percent, respectively) at the source
HIGHER LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION WAS FOUND IN EASTERN, WESTERN, VOLTA AND NORTHERN REGIONS. ALSO THE FOREST ZONE SHOWED HIGHER LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION
COMBINED RESULTS
More than half (53.5%) of households in the country had drinking water that met both arsenic and E. coli levels
Two out of every five households (41.5%) had drinking-water in the household which met the arsenic standard but contained E. coli
NATIONALLY, 53.5 PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS COLLECT WATER FROM A SOURCE WHICH MEETS THE GHANA STANDARD FOR BOTH ARSENIC AND E. COLI
Tota
l
Wes
tern
Centra
l
Great
er A
ccra
Volta
East
ern
Ashan
ti
Brong
Aha
fo
North
ern
Upper
Eas
t
Upper
Wes
t
Coast
al
Fore
st
Sava
nnah
GAMA
Urban
Rural
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
53.54
64.64
58.15
67.42
52.3 51.8948.68
35.48
45.0141.38
64.0659.91
49.63 48.36
77.94
64.36
42.98
Arsenic <= 10ppb and E. coli < 1 cfu/100ml
Perc
ent
PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WHOSE DRINKING WATER MEETS BOTH ARSENIC AND E. COLI STANDARDS
Unim
prov
ed w
ater
sou
rce
Impr
oved
wat
er so
urce
Pipe
d in
to d
wellin
g
Pipe
d in
to y
ard
or p
lot
Publ
ic ta
p/st
andp
ipe
Bore-
hole
Prot
ecte
d wel
l
Unpro
tect
ed w
ell
Surfa
ce w
ater
Bottle
d/Sa
tche
t wat
er
Other
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
13.0
49.7
66.1
71.5
51.444.0
31.0
3.5 5.5
90.7
41.4
Arsenic <= 10ppb and E. coli < 1 cfu/100ml
Perc
en
t
END OF PRESENTATION