part b key factors relating to the development and the daily existence of the human being...
TRANSCRIPT
Part B Key factors relating to the development and
the daily existenceof the human being
Seafarers’ health :risk factors consequences
and preventive measures
>
ILO - MLC 2006
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Key factors relating to the development and the daily existenceof the human being
5 five fundamental key factors
- 2 Factors rather related to the body
- 1 intermediate factor
- 2 factors rather related to the "spirit"
Three of these factors, Needs, Relational and Emotionshave a greater functional importance because of their frequent and rapid variability and / or their constant effects on psyche.
It seems that global improvement of development and existence of human beings is conditioned by
Educational, Prevention and Remedy actions acting on these five general and fundamental factors.
Human Being
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Physiology Cognition
Needs Emotion
Body Mind
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Relational
Specific Environment
Key factors in the daily existence of human being
HealthPhysiology
Disease
KnowledgeCognitionIgnorance
SatisfactionNeeds
Deficiencies
PleasuresEmotionSuffering
Body Mind
Key factors in the daily existence of human being
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SocializationRelationalAggression
Specific Environment
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SatisfactionNeeds
Deficiencies
Body
HealthPhysiology
Disease
KnowledgeCognitionIgnorance
Pleasures EmotionSuffering
MindSocializationRelationalAggression
Human Needs
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SafetySafetyPhysiologicalPhysiological
AdequatesalaryFoodRest
Physicalcomfort
AdequatesalaryFoodRest
Physicalcomfort
Jobsecurity
SupervisorypracticesSeniority
rightsPeace in
mind
Jobsecurity
SupervisorypracticesSeniority
rightsPeace in
mind
Grouprelations
SocialinteractionJob statusKnowledge
of goalsEnjoyment
of work
Grouprelations
SocialinteractionJob statusKnowledge
of goalsEnjoyment
of work
ResponsibilitySelf respectCompetence
GrowthReputation
AchievementRecognitionChallenging
work
ResponsibilitySelf respectCompetence
GrowthReputation
AchievementRecognitionChallenging
work
RealisationCreativityNew job
challengeWidest useof aptitudeand abilityPersonalfulfilment
Selfconfidence
RealisationCreativityNew job
challengeWidest useof aptitudeand abilityPersonalfulfilment
Selfconfidence
SocialSocialEsteemEsteem
No real motivatorsNo real motivators Most
permanentmotivators
Most
permanentmotivators
Minimal real
motivators
Minimal real
motivators
Generally
permanentmotivators
Generally
permanentmotivators
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsSelf
fulfilmentSelf
fulfilment
Human needs and desires are endless. Virtually all of us would like to have fancy homes, social status in our community, the ability to eat all we want without getting fat, sex whenever we want it, perpetual health, unconditional love,and the ability to live until we're 200.
Unfulfilled Human Needs and Desires
However, self-control sometimes breaks down - resulting in aggressions ranging from Petty Theft to the Mass Killing. What causes people and societies to turn to aggression?
Looking at history there have been five key factors :
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Most of us will enjoy few of these things. Fortunately, most people are realistic and sane enough
not to turn their frustrations to violence but to deal with.
Neurosis, Desperation, Envy, Greed, and Collectivism.
- Confusion about duties and responsibilities, - Having a meaningless job,- Lack of trust,- Not being listened to,- No time to solve problems or address work issues,- Failure to get credit or recognition for a job well done,- Office policies.
Workplace Violence RisingAmong the factors that cause employee disenchantment :
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What to doto prevent them ?
Autonomy Benefits Career
Development
Climate Communications Company Image
Compensation Creativity Job Satisfaction
Job Training Management Style Performance Evaluations
Productivity Quality Recognition
Sexual Harassment
Supervision Values
Vision Working Relationships
Employee’s Satisfaction Survey Topics
Listen to Employee’s Needs
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Salary
Benefits
Promotion Opportunity
Personal Development
Opportunity for recognition
Supervisor
Co-workers
Work Conditions
40200,0 60
% Satisfied or very satisfied
Employee’s Satisfaction Survey
80
Recent graduates Doctorates in psychology ( 2001 )
Listen to Employee’s Needs
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USA
France
Australia
Canada
Switzerland
Germany
UK
Total Satisfaction Score on 5 points scale
4210,0 3
Employee Satisfaction in an International Company
Employee’s Satisfaction Survey
Listen to Employee’s Needs
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Employees Satisfaction and Performance
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High TaskPerformance
Low TaskPerformance
Low Satisfactionwith task
High Satisfactionwith task
He loves his job. He has the aptitude, the skill,and resources necessary to perform the assigned task,and he performs the taskquite well.
Employees Satisfaction and Performance
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High TaskPerformance
Low TaskPerformance
Low Satisfactionwith task
High Satisfactionwith task
He may lack the aptitude, the skills, or the resources necessary to perform the task ?It does not mean that the employee is not trying. He may be expending a great deal of effort in trying to complete the task and feel that he is doing everything humanly possible and he does not Understand why managementis unhappy with his performance.
Employees Satisfaction and Performance
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High TaskPerformance
Low TaskPerformance
Low Satisfactionwith task
High Satisfactionwith task
This person is really rare ? He is indicating that they would rather be doing another job, but at the same time their personal values are such that they are giving this task their best effort.
Employees Satisfaction and Performance
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High TaskPerformance
Low TaskPerformance
Low Satisfactionwith task
High Satisfactionwith task
High TaskPerformance
Low TaskPerformance
Low Satisfactionwith task
He loves his work but he is not performing as expected. He may find it hard to quit workingon a task knowing that he can always make it better (a perfectionist).Or, he may enjoy what he is doingbut lacks the aptitude, skill, or other resources necessary to do the task quickly.
Employees Satisfaction and Performance
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High Satisfactionwith task
Better career opportunity
Salary
Dislike job
Other
Unknown
Personal reasons
Mutual consent
Return to school
Job abandonment
Retirement
Health
Termination reasons
40,035,020,0 25,010,0 15,00,0 5,0 30,0Percent
Employees Leave the Company
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Doing things,not buying stuff,
has proved to be asuperior pathwayto pleasure in life.
Needs : Satisfaction better than Deficiencies
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Needs : Benefits of Employee’s Satisfaction
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- Reduce your employee turnover & research costs
- Keep and grow existing revenue
- Gain competitive advantage
React directly to employee feedback
- Increase your employee insight
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SatisfactionNeeds
Deficiencies
Body
HealthPhysiology
Disease
KnowledgeCognitionIgnorance
Pleasures EmotionSuffering
MindSocializationRelationalAggression
- A logical or natural association between two or more things relevance of one to another.
- The way in which one person or thing is connected with another.
Relations : The mutual dealings or connections of persons, groups, or nations in social,business, or diplomatic matters.
Relational
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- The process whereby individuals are made aware of the behaviour that others expect of them as regards the norms, values and culture of their society.
Agents of socialization include :Family, School, Friendship groups, Religious institutions and Mass media.
- The process by which culture is learned, also called enculturation.
During socialization individuals internalizea culture's social controls, along with valuesand norms about right and wrong.
Relational : Socialization
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- Act of initiating hostilities or invasion.- Practice or habit of launching attacks.- Hostile or destructive behavior or actions.- Act of initiating hostilities.
- A disposition to behave aggressively a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack. - Violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked.
Hostile action directed at someone or something often in the form of a general physical or vocal disruption.
Relational : Aggression
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You might try : - Exercising - Deep breathing - Talking with a friend about your anger - Telling yourself things like "what's the big deal, who will know or care in a week anyway" in a calm and soothing way - Listening to tapes with relaxation exercises - Painting or Listening to music - Rethinking the situation that made you angry and trying to put it in perspective - Distracting yourself by watching TV or a movie or reading
How to manage the angry feelings that you may still have after taking
a “ time out ".
Relational : Aggression
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Relational : Impulsive Aggression
Flight
Unpleasant experiences
( frustration, pain )
Negative feelings
Fearful thoughts and associations
Object of Eventswith aggressive
meaning( guns, …)
Fight
Angry thoughts and associations
Or
Or
- Try to use encouragement, praise & affection, rather than criticism, anger or frustration.
How to Prevent Aggression ?
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- Avoid putting the person in situations which may produce anxiety, fear, frustration or disorientation.
- Always prepare the person by explaining what is going to happen, or where they are going.
- Try to avoid arguments.
- It can be better to agree with what the person says or does, & then try distraction or humour, or provide friendly help.
- If the person is not causing harm to themselves or others then leave them alone. - Avoid approaching until the person has settled down. - Stay out of reach & try to ensure that the person can’t do any real damage to anything or anyone.
How to Deal with aggression ?
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- Allow ample inter-personal space between you and the person. - Aggressive people need more space because of their heightened perception and increased vigilance. - Maintenance of personal space promotes feelings of security for the person and for others.
- Avoid making the situation worse by touching the person. - React in a calm voice with reassuring words. - Give the person time to settle down.
How to Deal with aggression ?
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- Redirect the person to some other activity to distract them from anxiety. - Avoid punishment after the event. - The person is unlikely to remember what happened and the punishment won’t have a helpful effect.
A- Activating EventTo prevent aggression follow
The Ten Top Tips
B- BehaviourWhat happened as a result of A ?
Verbal / Physical aggression, Weapon used
C- ConsequenceWhat was the consequence of B ?
Assess why the person was aggressive :Are they unwell, in pain ?
Think about appropriate referrals
D- Decide & DebriefWhat changes do you need to make :
Environment, Staffing,… ?Allow time for recovery
Preventing and Managing Aggression
Behaviour will escalade if it’s not managed
STOP : decision point Back off or continue ?
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A- Activating EventTo prevent aggression follow
The Ten Top Tips
B- BehaviourWhat happened as a result of A ?
Verbal / Physical aggression, Weapon used
C- ConsequenceWhat was the consequence of B ?
Assess why the person was aggressive :Are they unwell, in pain ?
Think about appropriate referrals
D- Decide & DebriefWhat changes do you need to make :
Environment, Staffing,… ?Allow time for recovery
Behaviour will escalade if it’s not managed
STOP : decision point. Back off or continue ?
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Aggression : Immediate Management Strategies
- Remove the person from danger- Remove potential weapons- Give the person space ( Stand back )- Communicate in a calm, non-confronting way, avoid asking “ What or Why did you “ Remember communication is : - 55% body language, 38% tone of voice & only 7% words- Encourage the person to talk about how they are feeling- Empathize ( i.e : I can see you are very angry frightened…)- Allow the person time to talk through their issues & establish what the problem is ( try to, put yourself in their shoes )
1- STOP
2 - PLAN & EXPLAIN
3- SMILE
4- GO SLOW
5- GO AWAY
Think about what you are about to doand consider the best way to do it.
Who you are ? What you want to do ? Why ?
The person who takes their cue from you will mirror your relaxed and positive body language
and tone of voice
You have a lot to do and you are in a hurry butthe person isn't. How would you feel if someone
came into your bedroom.
If the person is resistive or aggressive but is not causing harm to themselves or others,
leave them alone. Give them time to settle down and approach later.
Strategy for Preventing Physical Disorder : Ten Top Tips
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6- GIVE THEMSPACE
7- STAND ASIDE
8- DISTRACTTHEM
9- KEEP ITQUIET
10- DON'T ARGUE
Any activity that involves invasion of personal space increases the risk of assault and aggression.
Every time you provide care for a person you are invading their space!
Always provide care from the side not the front of the person where you are an easy target to hit, kick etc.
Talk to the person about things they enjoyed in the past and give them a face washer or something to hold
while you are providing care.
Check noise level and reduce it. Turn off the radio and TV!
They are right and you are wrong! The confused brain tells the person they can't be wrong.
Strategy for Preventing Physical Disorder : Ten Top Tips
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- Establish eye contact and keep your facial expression warm, open & friendly. - Remember that a neutral expression does not convey understanding or empathy.
- Call the person respectfully by name to help establish eye contact.
Aggression : Specific Communication Strategies
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- Adopt a calm approach.
- Keep body language relaxed & non-threatening. - Use positive non-verbal communication.
- Provide frequent reassurance words : “ I’m here to help you ”, “ Everything will be OK ”.
- Use short uncomplicated sentences. - Only use touch to guide and reassure, and only if it has a positive effect.
Aggression : Specific Communication Strategies
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- Introduce yourself even they know you : “ Jack…..It’s me John ”. - Speak slowly and clearly in an adult tone of voice.
- Do not confront and avoid asking the person to explain themselves.
How can you and your team best meetthe physical, environmental and
psychological needs of the peoplein your care?
Aggression : Brainstorm & Debriefing
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Aggression : Brainstorm & Debriefing
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First questions to answer :
- When & where did the activating event occur ?
- What was the person doing immediately before the event occurred ?
- What was happening around the person at the time ?
- Recent changes to environment ( e.g. Crew changes ) ?
- Does the environment provide a safe area for the crew ?
- Does the environment encourage independence, dignity
and mobility ?
- Does the environment accept the crew’s cultural and
lifestyle habits ?...
Aggression : Brainstorm & Debriefing
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Assess environmental factors :
- Perturbation (e.g. Noise level, staff change of shift,
meal time clatter)
- Clutter ( e.g. Furniture, people )
- Bright lights / glare on the floor
- Temperature ( e.g. Too hot / cold )
Assess physical factors :
Aggression : Brainstorm & Debriefing
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MetabolicHyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia, hyponatraemia
InfectionsUrinary tract infection, pneumonia, septicaemia
Neurologic Stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage
TraumaticChronic pain, head trauma, fractures such as hip and rib
SystemicHypoglycaemia, Vitamin B12 deficiency,folate deficiency
Medications Sedatives, antihistamines, alcohol
PoorNations
60% world population<1% world wealth
IndustralisingNations
25% world population9% world weath
RichNations
15% world population90% world wealth
Institutional reformEnvironmental protection
Security & Crime managementHealth & other risk management
Economic stability & Security frameworkControl of dangerous technologyRespect for intellectual propertyCommon approach to taxes, regulations, trade
Access to marketsAccess to knowledgeLong-term relationsSecurity collaboration
Capital, knowledge &managerial transferAccess to labour marketsAssisted independance
Tough-minded economic relationsSecurity issues
Relational : Aggression & Predation
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Assess physical factors:
A researcher and his colleagues have shown that playing violent leads to brain activity pattern that may be characteristic for aggressive thoughts.
Scientists have found biological evidence that stress and aggression feed off of each other, contributing to a "cycle of violence" that can be tragic.
When we are under stress, we are more likely to fly off the handle, and whenwe fly off the handle, that increases our level of stress.
Relational : Aggression - Only Bad News
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SatisfactionNeeds
Deficiencies
Body
HealthPhysiology
Disease
KnowledgeCognitionIgnorance
Pleasures EmotionSuffering
MindSocializationRelationalAggression
- Any strong feeling. In psychology and common use, emotion is the language of a person's mental state of being, normally based in or tied to the person's sub-conscience and feeling. Love, Hate, Courage, Fear, Joy, Sadness,
Feelings about a situation, person, or objects that involves changes in physiological arousal and cognitions.
Mind : Emotion
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How we make Decisions
Emotions Logic
Emotions Logic
What some people think
Mind : Emotion
Emotions Logic
Emotions Logic
What is really true
Female
Male
Female
Male
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- A fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience : - “ He was tingling with pleasure. “ Joy : something or someone that provides pleasure a source of happiness : - “ A joy to behold. “ -“ The pleasure of his company. " -“ The new car is a delight. "
Mind : Emotion - Pleasures
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- An activity that affords enjoyment : - “ He puts duty before pleasure. “ - A sexual gratification : - “ He took his pleasure of her. “
Happiness : pleasure or joy is the emotional state of being happy.
Agony : a state of acute pain, miseryresulting from affliction troubled by painor loss; “Suffering refugees. “ Distress : psychological suffering : - “ The death of his wife caused him great distress. " Miserable : very unhappy, full of misery : - “ He felt depressed and miserable. " - “ Wretched prisoners huddled in stinking cages. "
- Any unwanted condition and the corresponding negative emotion. It is usually associated with pain and unhappiness, but any condition can be suffering if it is unwanted.
Mind : Emotion - Suffering
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SatisfactionNeeds
Deficiencies
Body
HealthPhysiology
Disease
KnowledgeCognitionIgnorance
Pleasures EmotionSuffering
MindSocializationRelationalAggression
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- Cognition is biologically and socially influenced.
Cognition
The conscious process of the mind by which individuals :
- Perceive - Think
- Reason - Understand
- Remember
Cognition : Knowledge
- Cognizance, cognition, - Acquaintance, experience, - Comprehension,- Apprehension,- Recognition,- Appreciation,- Intuition : conscience. - Consciousness : perception, precognition.
- The psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning.
Knowledge can be considered as the distillation of information that has been
collected, classified, organized, integrated, abstracted and value added.
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Process
Content
LearningKnowing
PracticeTheory
Learning Organizational
KnowledgeManagement
OrganizationalLearning
OrganizationalKnowledge
How do we manage learning as a process
How do we manage knowledge as a resource
Cognition : Knowledge
Tacit knowledge
Explicit knowledge
Knowledge Transformation
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Exp
lici
t kn
ow
led
ge
Tac
it k
no
wle
dg
eSocialization tacit to tacit
This involves sharing
experiences with others .
Externalization tacit to explicit
This involves transforming tacit knowledge intoexplicit knowledge.
A process that involvesdialogue with others
Internalizationexplicit to tacit
This is learning by doing,
sharing models and technical know-how.
Combinationexplicit to explicit
This involves processing and combining explicit
knowledge to integrate itwith and update existing
document schema.
Socialization Externalization
CombinationInternalization
Knowledge TransformationTacit knowledge
Exp
lici
t kn
ow
led
ge
Tac
it k
no
wle
dg
e
Explicit knowledge
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Cognition : Ignorance
- The lack of knowledge or education.
- The lack of knowledge in general or in relation to a particular subject - Illiteracy, Illiterateness,…
- The state of being uneducated or uninformed. - Innocence, Nescience, Obliviousness, Unawareness, Unfamiliarity,…
The ignorant person believes he knows what he actually doesn't know.“ Evil actions are the result
of ignorance."Plato
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It’s amazing how easier it is for a Teamto work together
when no one has any idea where they’re going.
Cognition : Ignorance
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Cognition : Ignorance
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SatisfactionNeeds
Deficiencies
Body
HealthPhysiology
Disease
KnowledgeCognitionIgnorance
Pleasures EmotionSuffering
MindSocializationRelationalAggression
Asbestos
Physiology : Health & Disease
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Diseases burden measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years ( DALYS )
39.7
Ischaemic heart disease Unipolar major depression Road traffic accidentsCerebrovascular diseaseChronic pulmonary diseaseLower respiratory infectionsTuberculosisWarDiarrhoeal diseasesHIV
123456789
10
42.4
Lower respiratory infectionsDiarrhoeal diseasesPerinatel conditionsUnipolar major depressionIschaemic heart diseaseCerebrovascular diseaseTuberculosisMeaslesRoad traffic accidentsCongenital abnormalities
123456789
10
%
% of total diseases
Rank%
% of total diseases
Rank
In females and developing countries “unipolar major depression”is projected as becoming the leading causes of disease burden.
Projection 2020Estimated 1990
5.95.75.14.44.23.13.03.02.72.6
8.27.26.73.73.42.82.82.72.52.4
CauseCause
Physiology : Disease
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Dieters, dietinterested groups
Old anti-agingbusiness ventures
Cryonics
Patient advocategroups
Supporters, buyers,
sellers & advocates
of supplements,Vitamins,..
Libertarians
Nanomedicineresearch
Heath enthusiasts& advocates
Sport medicine
Regenerative &stem cell medicine
research
Anti-aging frauds,Fakes & adventures
marketing
Hormone therapies
Related advancedmedical research
Calorierestriction
New anti-agingBusiness ventures
Anti-agingresearch
Transhumanists &other futurists
Anti-agingadvocaty
Mainstream doctors& general practitioners
In search of the Healthy Life Extension 2004
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Spiritual
SocialEmotional
PhysicalMental
Physiology : Equilibrium & Harmony
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Studies suggest red wine could cut cancer and heart disease risk.
Chemicals in red wine can helpprevent and treat gum diseases. Scientists believe the polyphenolscan block production of free radical molecules, high levels of which can damage gum tissue.
Wine 'can help treat gum disease
Effects of Drinking on the Brain
The list includes :
“ interference with learning, social, and other competencies, fatal traffic crashes, injuries, homicide, suicide, and more frequent and less safe sexual activity."
Physiology : Health - Good new & Bad new
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2. Follow a good diet.3. Keep your heart clean and drug-free.
If you want your heart to be healthy for the rest of your life, follow this prescription :
1. Get plenty of exercise.
Physiology : Health
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What do you see ?
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