part 1 - introduction to sites b. history and focus of the sites software and its application...
TRANSCRIPT
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PART 1 - INTRODUCTION TO SITESPART 1 - INTRODUCTION TO SITES
B. History and Focus of the SITES B. History and Focus of the SITES Software and its ApplicationSoftware and its Application
SPECIALTY WORKSHOP: SPECIALTY WORKSHOP: SITES TRAINING AND SITES TRAINING AND
INTRODUCTION TO WINDAM INTRODUCTION TO WINDAM
ASDSO Dam Safety 2008ASDSO Dam Safety 2008
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SEMINAR OBJECTIVES
• History of NRCS dam design
• Evolution of the software tools used by USDA
• What is unique about SITES
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Farm Pond Design
• From the late 1930s the experience the agency gained from the design of farm ponds was transferred to the design of small watershed structures in the late 1940s.
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USDA Small Watershed Program
• Public Law 78-534 – Flood Control Act of 1944.
• 1952 Appropriation Act that authorized 62 pilot watershed projects in 36 states
• Public Law 83-566 – Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954.
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Watershed Project Locations
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Watershed Dams Constructed by Year
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Year
Num
ber o
f Dam
s
PL-566Pilot/RC&D
PL-534
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Watershed Dams
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PERM,POOL
TAIL-WATER
TOP DAM
CREST AUX.
PERM. POOL
FBH SDH PSH
CONDUIT
CREST PS
DESIGN FLOW (SDH)
TAIL-WATER
AUX. SPLWY.
EXIT CHANNELINLET CHANNEL
TOP DAM
INLET CHANNEL
EXIT CHANNEL
TAILWATER ELEV
CREST AUX..
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Criteria for Design
• Each of the 6 regions in SCS used their own criteria for design until about 1957 when Eng. Memo 3 was issued.
• Eng. Memo. 27 (Rev) for design of small dams was issued in 1965.
• TR60 replaced Eng. Memo. 27 in 1976.– (Rev. 1985, Amended 1990, Rev. 2005)
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TR-60 Overview
• General (Dam Classification, breach
discharge, utility cables, pipelines, etc.)
• Hydrology
• Sedimentation
• Geologic Investigations
• Earth Embankment and foundations
• Principle spillways
• Auxiliary Spillways
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TR-60 Overview
• General (Dam Classification, breach
discharge, utility cables, pipelines, etc.)
• Hydrology
• Sedimentation
• Geologic Investigations
• Earth Embankment and foundations
• Principle spillways
• Auxiliary Spillways
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Hazard Classification and Risk
• From the late 1950s the criteria allowed greater risk with low hazard structures than it did with high hazard structures.
CLASSES OF DAMSLow Hazard ClassSignificant Hazard ClassHigh Hazard Class
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Hand Flood Routing
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Hydrology
• Spillway discharge and floodwater storage criteria
• Design Hydrographs– Principle Spillway Hydrograph– Stability Design Hydrograph– Freeboard Hydrograph
• Dams in Series
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Auxiliary Spillways
• Convey excess water through, over, or around a dam.
• Usually open channels excavated in natural earth, earthfill, and/or rock.
• Must pass the SDH at safe velocities and meet allowable effective stress.
• Must pass the FBH at water levels < the top of dam and not breach.
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Mainframe Computer Routing
• Mainframe Computer Programs were developed in the 1960s to replace hand routing methods.
• PSIN for Principal Spillway INput and REServoir INput routine RSIN were used through the 70s
• Dams and Dams2 were used concurrently with PSIN and RSIN.
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Design & Analysis of Earth Spillways Team
SITES TIME LINE
1965
2005
1985
DAMS
DAMS2
Interim Version DAMS2 & ManualEmergency Spillway Flow Study Task Group
DAMS2 PC Test Version
21 new Control Words added to Dams21995
1975
SITES 98.1.1 (Windows Version with IDE)
SITES 2000 – Sites in Series
SITES 2005.1.3 October 2007
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PC VERSIONS
• In 1989 the first DOS PC version of Dams2 was released as a test version.
• SITES – Stability & Integrity Technology for Earth Spillways. (Name change 1994)
• In 1998 the first windows version of SITES was released.
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Bulk Length = Bu & Resistance > Attack?
TR – 52 A Guide for Design and Layout ofEarth Emergency Spillways (1973)
Sd
Inlet Channel Exit Channel
11Su 2 ft.
2/Su L 2/Sd
Longitudinal Bulk Length = Bu
Bu = L + 2/Su + 2/Sd
L = Length of level section of spillway in ft.
Su = slope of upstream part in ft./ft.
Sd = slope of downstream part in ft./ft.
Control Section
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1983 -The ESFSTGwas formed1991 - ARS & SCS established DAES Team
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Earth Spillway Flow Study Task
Group (ESFSTG)
• Established in January 1983
• Assignment
- Visit dams with major spillway flows or damage
- Gather spillway performance data\
- Analyze data
- Prepare performance reports
• Group - Civil Engr., Geologist, Hyd. Engr.
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Performance of ESFSTG
• From 1983 to 1991, SCS had spillway flow at over 1450 sites.
• ESFSTG and ARS visited approximately 125 sites.
• 10 spillway performance reports were published.
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Range of Sites• Dam height• Spillway width• Exit channel slope• Exit condition• Spillway materials• Maintenance
• 20 - 140 feet• 20 - 500 feet• 2 - 16 %• Good to vert. Drop• Rock to sand• Excellent to very poor
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Range in Flow Parameters
• Reservoir head above crest
• Maximum velocity• Flow duration• Total discharge /
bottom width (oe/b)
• 0.4 - 8.9 feet
• 5 - 17 ft. / Sec.• 8 - 124 hours• 1 to 91 AF / ft.
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Observed Conditions at the Sites
• Most spillways functioned as intended
• A few spillway crests breached
(4 sites, 1 drained pool)
• Some dams overtopped
(8 sites, 0.3 to 1.5 ft.)
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LABORATORY SPILLWAY MODELLABORATORY SPILLWAY MODEL
•Flow concentration
•Failure vegetal covers
•Surface detachment processes
•Headcut migration.
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Design and Analysis of Earth Spillway Team (DAES)
• Joint ARS/SCS team• Established in July 1991• Purpose - To develop a model to predict breach
potential for earth spillways• Team members
- ARS: Temple and Hanson
- NRCS: Moore and Brevard
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DAES Study Purpose
• Study spillway performance
• Evaluate spillway design criteria
• Revise criteria where necessary
• Incorporated spillway erosion model into DAMS-2 resulting in SITES
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SITES ? ? ?SITES ? ? ?
•Watershed Rainfall-Runoff
• Streamflow routing
• Reservoir Routing Principal spillway rating Auxiliary spillway rating NRCS dam design features
• Earth Spillway Analysis
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SITES
• Able to route 3 Hydrographs at a time.
• Principal spillway – PS
• Auxiliary spillway – SDH
• Freeboard -- FBH
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SITES
• The program will provide the user with a principal spillway rating for a set of standard NRCS risers.
• The rating assumes a free outlet for the principal spillway conduit.
• A standard riser has the dimensions of Dx3D.
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SITES
• The program has the ability to rate a vegetated earth spillway in either critical or subcrital flow.
• Mixed flow is also allowed between vegetated and nonvegetated reaches in the spillway.
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Auxiliary Spillway ProfileAuxiliary Spillway Profile
InletNaturalGround
ConstructedInlet Channel Constructed
Exit Channel
Exit Natural Ground
Tie
Sta
.
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SPILLWAY SURFACE
STATION
EL
EV
AT
ION
, ft
, ft
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STABILITY
• The tractive stress of the vegetated earth spillway is computed from the 6 hour SDH storm.
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INTEGRITY
• This is the design to make sure the spillway does not breach from the FBH storm.
• This requires geologic information from the entrance of the spillway through the valley floor. Valley floor is the lowest point where erosion begins.
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THE END