Paradigm/Perspective ILMU KOMUNIKASI

Rachmat K, Ph.D

Sumber kutipan: Buku Teknik Praktis Riset Komunikasi, cet 6, 2012

Colours of book

The trees in the jungle

Papers

Ada Band

PARADIGM/PERSPECTIVE

Group of theories, procedures, and assumptions that are the scientists are believe about how to see the world

Spesification of the type of actions which normally & make senses are conducted by people

View of point in seeing the truth (misalnya, “apa itu komunikasi?)

Source: Wimmer & Dominick (2000), Mulyana (2001)

PENDEKATAN/PERSPEKTIF

P

E conceptual framework affect

R group of assumptions affect the actions

S group of values our perceptions in the situation

P group of ideas

E

K

T

I

F

Source: Rachmat K (2012), Mulyana (2001)

TYPE OF PERSPECTIVES

• OBJECTIVE (POSITIVE/QUANTITATIVE

• SUBJECTIVE (INTERPRETIVE/QUALITATIVE)

- CONSTRUCTIVISM

- CRITICAL

Positivistic/Objektive • Communication is a process of linear tranmission, causal,

source oriented, & mechanistic

• Is influenced by realism thinking (object is already there naturally/originally/ sdh ada apa adanya), rasionalism-deductive

• Is influenced by natural science method:

- a distance between scientist and observed object

- observer must be neutral, there is a “fakta netral”

- manipulating object through experiment in order to know the causality

- result of manipulation is knowledge about certain/absolute laws

Characteristics of Positivistic

• Free of values (kesimpulan apa adanya)

• Fenomenalism (Explicit, gejala belaka, tdk mengenal the Hidden)

• Nominalism (truth is based on regulations/measurements/naming/atribution (theory), not the reality itself.

• Reduksionism (reducing the reality to become the perceivable facts)

• Naturalism & mechanism

Interpretif/Subjektif

• Comm is a process of interactions & transactional and sirkuler

• Comm is viewed as an effort to search an understanding about how and why comm works.

• Comm is viewed as a process to create world of meaning through interactions and how we behave toward the world that we create.

• Human has apriory knowledge that is independent from outside world (Immanuel Kant)

ASPECT OF ONTOLOGY

OBJEKTIF

- there is a reality “real”,

universal, although it may

be probabilistic

- Out there

- there is a particular

standart of measurement,

is generalized, free of

context & time

SUBJEKTIF

- Reality is social

construction

- reality is variously

undertood

- the truth is relative

- is affected by

experiences, contexts &

time

ASPECT EPITEMOLOGY

OBJEKTIF

- the researcher must

make a distance with

the observed object

- No subjective value

jaudgment/personal

bias

SUBJEKTIF

- result of interaction

between researcher &

observed object -

Researcher &

observed object =

unseparatable unity of

reality

ASPECTS AXIOLOGY

OBJECTIVE

- values, ethics, & moral

choices must be at the

outside of process of

research

- the role of researcher is a

disinterested scientist

- the goals: exsplanations,

predictions, & control

toward social realities

SUBJECTIVE

- Values, ethics & moral

choices = unseparatable

- the role of researcher:

passionate participant

- the goal: reconstruction

of social reality in

dialectic manner between

the researcher and

observed social actors

Pendekatan Metodologi Metode Riset Jenis/Tipe Objektif Kuantitatif Survei, Analisis isi, Deskriptif, Eksperimen, sensus eksplanatif,evalt Konstruktivis Kualitatif Observasi, wawancara Deskriptif, eks mendalam, FGD, studi ploratif kasus, ECA Kritis Kualitatif Semiotik, Framing Deskriptif Analisis wacana

Source: Rachmat K (2010)

Asumsi Pertanyaan Kuantitatif Kualitatif

Ontologi Sifat realitas Objektif, tunggal, terpisah

dari penelitinya

Subjektif, banyak,

seperti yg dipahami

setiap orang,

dinamis, produk

konstruksi

Epistemologi Hubungan

peneliti &

realitas

Jauh, terpisah, alat ukur hrs

dijaga keobjektifannya

Dekat,intensif-

partisipasi, berada

dlm referensi

peneliti

Aksiologi Peran nilai Bebas nilai & tidak bias Sarat nilai & bias

Retorika Bahasa Formal, berdasarkan pada

seperangkat definisi

Informal, personal,

Metodologi Proses Rasional, deduktif,

menggeneralisasi, desain

statis, bebas konteks, menguji

teori atau hipotesis

Empiris-rasional, tdk

berstruktur,induktif,

kontekstual, teori

unt menciptakan

pemahaman/teori

baru

TERIMA KASIH

Rachmat K, Ph.D

HAPPY STUDYING