KINGDOM KINGDOM ANIMALIAANIMALIA

Systematics Systematics is the study of biological is the study of biological diversity and its evolution. Taxonomy, a diversity and its evolution. Taxonomy, a subdivision of systematics, is the science of subdivision of systematics, is the science of biological classification. biological classification.

1.Classification systems1.Classification systems help to clarify help to clarify relationships among organisms; they help relationships among organisms; they help us remember organisms and their traits; us remember organisms and their traits; they enable us to communicate clearly the they enable us to communicate clearly the identity of organisms being studied; they identity of organisms being studied; they improve our predictive powers; and they improve our predictive powers; and they provide stable names. provide stable names.

2.Taxonomic systems2.Taxonomic systems used by biologists are used by biologists are hierarchical, that is, each higher group hierarchical, that is, each higher group contains all the groups below it. contains all the groups below it.

THE IMPORTANCE OFTHE IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION 1. they are an aid to memory. It is impossible to 1. they are an aid to memory. It is impossible to

remember the characteristics of a large number of remember the characteristics of a large number of different things unless we can group them into different things unless we can group them into categories, whose members share many categories, whose members share many characteristics. characteristics.

2.classification systems greatly improve our 2.classification systems greatly improve our predictive powers.predictive powers.

If, for example, we know that females of all known If, for example, we know that females of all known mammalian species have mammary glands with which they mammalian species have mammary glands with which they produce milk for their offspring, we can be quite certain that produce milk for their offspring, we can be quite certain that a newly discovered animal with other typical mammalian a newly discovered animal with other typical mammalian traits, such as hair and a constant, high body temperature, traits, such as hair and a constant, high body temperature, will also have this method of provisioning its offspring, even will also have this method of provisioning its offspring, even if the first individuals we happen to find are males, and if the first individuals we happen to find are males, and hence lack functional mammary glands. hence lack functional mammary glands.

3. classification systems improve our ability to 3. classification systems improve our ability to explain relationships among things. For explain relationships among things. For biologists, this is especially important when we biologists, this is especially important when we attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary pathways that have produced the diversity of pathways that have produced the diversity of organisms living today. organisms living today.

4.taxonomic systems provide relatively stable, 4.taxonomic systems provide relatively stable, unique, and unequivocal names for organisms. unique, and unequivocal names for organisms. If those names are changed, the systems If those names are changed, the systems provide means of tracing the changes.provide means of tracing the changes.

Common names, even if they exist (most Common names, even if they exist (most organisms do not have common names at all), organisms do not have common names at all), are unreliable and often confusing are unreliable and often confusing

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMSCLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMSKey ConceptsKey Concepts

TaxonomyTaxonomy- is the science by which organisms are classified- is the science by which organisms are classified

in heirarchical categories referred to as in heirarchical categories referred to as taxa.taxa.

Seven categories:Seven categories:

1.1. KingdomKingdom

2.2. PhylumPhylum

3.3. ClassClass

4.4. OrderOrder

5.5. FamilyFamily

6.6. GenusGenus

7.7. SpeciesSpecies

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus was the great classifier. He designed the system of binomial was the great classifier. He designed the system of binomial nomenclature where each unique type of organism is given a unique two word name, the nomenclature where each unique type of organism is given a unique two word name, the genus and specific epithet (species). genus and specific epithet (species). 

PHYLUM CHORDATAPHYLUM CHORDATA SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATASUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA

- Urochordates- Urochordates have a notochord that extends from just behind the head to have a notochord that extends from just behind the head to the tail (rather than from head to tail; Urochordata means "tail-cord"). Ex. the tail (rather than from head to tail; Urochordata means "tail-cord"). Ex. Sea squirtsSea squirts

SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATASUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA

- Any of various primitive chordate animals of the subphylum - Any of various primitive chordate animals of the subphylum Cephalochordata, such as the lancelet, that lack a true vertebral. Ex. Cephalochordata, such as the lancelet, that lack a true vertebral. Ex. AmphioxusAmphioxus

SUBPHYLUM HEMICHORDATASUBPHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

- pertaining to a wormlike marine animals with visceral clefts and primitive - pertaining to a wormlike marine animals with visceral clefts and primitive nervous and circulatory systemsnervous and circulatory systems

EX. Acorn wormEX. Acorn worm

UROCHORDATES

CEPHALOCHORDATES

HEMICHORDATES

Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata1. Class Agnatha – primitive jawless fishes1. Class Agnatha – primitive jawless fishes

* S.C. OSTRACODERMI* S.C. OSTRACODERMI

-the ancient bony vertebrate-the ancient bony vertebrate

- entire body is covered with bony - entire body is covered with bony

dermal armor consisting of bony dermal armor consisting of bony

plates and smaller tile-like scalesplates and smaller tile-like scales

- largely live in freshwater, brackish - largely live in freshwater, brackish

water, some are marinewater, some are marine

- ostracoderm is a utilitarian name having - ostracoderm is a utilitarian name having

no taxonomic statusno taxonomic status

SC CYCLOSTOMATASC CYCLOSTOMATA Separated from ostracodermi 400M years Separated from ostracodermi 400M years

agoago No paired fins, no skeletal elements No paired fins, no skeletal elements

homologizable with vertebrates jawshomologizable with vertebrates jaws No dermal armor, no teeth, no bony skeletonNo dermal armor, no teeth, no bony skeleton 2 orders:2 orders:

1.1.Order PetromyzoniformesOrder Petromyzoniformes

2.2.Order MyxiniformesOrder Myxiniformes

Order PetromyzoniformesOrder Petromyzoniformes With buccal funnel composed of horny With buccal funnel composed of horny

denticles that attaches the adult to the host denticles that attaches the adult to the host with the tongue-like cartilaginous rodwith the tongue-like cartilaginous rod

With 7 pairs of gill pouches and slitsWith 7 pairs of gill pouches and slits Largely freshwaterLargely freshwater Ex. lampreysEx. lampreys

Order MyxiniformesOrder Myxiniformes-Shallow buccal funnel lacking denticles-Bottom-feeding scavengers having invertebrate diet-- parasitize slow- moving fishes-Single nostril located just above the funnel-Canal --- olfactory sac --- pharyngeal cavity-Eyes are vestigial- with 6 pairs of gill pouches and slits-Ex. Hagfishes and slime eels

Class Acanthodii Class Acanthodii Early or oldest jawed fishesEarly or oldest jawed fishes Head and body were protected by dermal Head and body were protected by dermal

armor of bony plates and scalesarmor of bony plates and scales Skeleton: bone and cartilages,w/o Skeleton: bone and cartilages,w/o

operculumoperculum Paired 5 fins supported by hollow spinesPaired 5 fins supported by hollow spines

Class PlacodermiClass Placodermi Bizarre armored fishes which became Bizarre armored fishes which became

abundant in fresh water when abundant in fresh water when ostracoderms were disappearingostracoderms were disappearing

With paired fins, swift predatorsWith paired fins, swift predators A heavy dermal shield covered the A heavy dermal shield covered the

head, gill and trunk regionhead, gill and trunk region Ex. Arthrodires (Coccosteus)Ex. Arthrodires (Coccosteus)

Antinarchs (Bothrioplepsis)Antinarchs (Bothrioplepsis)

OSTRACODERMS

Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes1. SC ELASMOBRANCHII1. SC ELASMOBRANCHII O. CLADOSELACHII- paleozoic SharksO. CLADOSELACHII- paleozoic Sharks O. PLEUROCANTHODII - paleozoic SharksO. PLEUROCANTHODII - paleozoic Sharks O. SQUALIFORMESO. SQUALIFORMES O. RAJIFORMES- Ex. Skates, sawfishes and raysO. RAJIFORMES- Ex. Skates, sawfishes and rays

2. SC HOLOCEPHALI2. SC HOLOCEPHALI Lack scales,with fleshy operculum that hides the gills slits, spiracle is Lack scales,with fleshy operculum that hides the gills slits, spiracle is

closedclosed Upper jaw is fused to the braincase, hard bony plates on the jawsUpper jaw is fused to the braincase, hard bony plates on the jaws Chimaeras, ratfishesChimaeras, ratfishes

CHIMAERA, RATFISHES (Chondrichthyes)

ELEPHANT SHARK

CLASS OSTEICHTHYESCLASS OSTEICHTHYES1. 1. S.C. ACTINOTERYGII S.C. ACTINOTERYGII Ray-finned fishesRay-finned fishes Lack internal nares, slender fin raysLack internal nares, slender fin rays Dermal armor and scales were covered with an Dermal armor and scales were covered with an

enameloid- ganoinenameloid- ganoin Ex. Perch, puffer fish, sturgeonEx. Perch, puffer fish, sturgeon ORDERS:ORDERS:

A.A.S.O .CHONDROSTEIS.O .CHONDROSTEI

B.B.S.O. HOLOSTEIS.O. HOLOSTEI

C.C.S.O. TELEOSTEIS.O. TELEOSTEI

SYNCHIROPUS (Actinoterygii)

PUFFER FISH

LEAFY SEA DRAGON

A.A. S.O. CHONDROSTEIS.O. CHONDROSTEI

-oldest known ray-finned fishes-oldest known ray-finned fishes

- embryonic cartilages are not replace by - embryonic cartilages are not replace by bones, with ganoid scalesbones, with ganoid scales

- ex. African bachir, sturgeon, spoonbills- ex. African bachir, sturgeon, spoonbills

B. S.O. HOLOSTEI B. S.O. HOLOSTEI

- fresh water fishes, with ganoid scales- fresh water fishes, with ganoid scales

- plate-like scales in the head lack ganoin- plate-like scales in the head lack ganoin

- endoskeleton is ossified but braincase - endoskeleton is ossified but braincase remain cartilaginos throughout liferemain cartilaginos throughout life

- ex. Spotted gar, bowfin- ex. Spotted gar, bowfin

PADDLEFISH (Chondrostei)

STURGEON FISH (Chondrostei)

ALLIGATOR GAR (Holostei)

BOWFIN (Holostei)

C.S. O . TELEOSTEIC.S. O . TELEOSTEI

- modern fishes- modern fishes

- tail is homocercal- tail is homocercal

- scales no longer heavily - scales no longer heavily

bony,inflexiblebony,inflexible

- thinner dermal bones in the skull- thinner dermal bones in the skull

- pelvic fins are far forward- pelvic fins are far forward

- long, slim fishes lost paired fins- long, slim fishes lost paired fins

- ex. perch, eel, sea horse, puffer fish- ex. perch, eel, sea horse, puffer fish

RYUKIN GOLDFISH (Teleostei)

S.C. SARCOPTERYGIIS.C. SARCOPTERYGII Lobed-finned fishesLobed-finned fishes Have internal nares that open into the Have internal nares that open into the

oropharyngeal cavityoropharyngeal cavity A. S.O. CROSSOPTERYGIIA. S.O. CROSSOPTERYGII

Ancestors of amphibansAncestors of amphibans Proximal skeletal elements of early tetrapods Proximal skeletal elements of early tetrapods

limbslimbs With swimbladders – lungsWith swimbladders – lungs Ex. Lamitera (fresh water)Ex. Lamitera (fresh water)

UGLY FISH (Sarcopterygii)

B. S.O. DIPNOIB. S.O. DIPNOI Referred to as the true lungfishesReferred to as the true lungfishes Use swim bladders for respiration n terms of Use swim bladders for respiration n terms of

drought onlydrought only Streams, swamps (wet seasons), muds (durng Streams, swamps (wet seasons), muds (durng

dry seasons)dry seasons) Metabolism minimizes water loss and reduces Metabolism minimizes water loss and reduces

the need for nutrients and gasesthe need for nutrients and gases Ex. Prototerus (Africa)Ex. Prototerus (Africa)

Lepidoserin( Brazil)Lepidoserin( Brazil)

Neoceratodus (Australia)Neoceratodus (Australia)

LUNGFISH (Dipnoi)

CLASS AMPHIBIACLASS AMPHIBIAA. S.C. LABYRITHODONTIAA. S.C. LABYRITHODONTIA- swamp dwelling, oldest amphibiansswamp dwelling, oldest amphibians- Dentin of their teeth was infolded resembling Dentin of their teeth was infolded resembling

labyrinth when viewed in cross sectionlabyrinth when viewed in cross section- Hindlimbs: 7 digits, forelimbs: 6 digitsHindlimbs: 7 digits, forelimbs: 6 digits- Minute bony scales in the dermis, fish-like tails Minute bony scales in the dermis, fish-like tails

containing fin rayscontaining fin rays- Ex. IchtyostegaEx. Ichtyostega

Icthtyostega

Reconstruction of Ichthyostega, a Late Devonian relative of Densignathus

B.SC. LEPOSPONDYLIB.SC. LEPOSPONDYLI

- small, salamander-like amphibianssmall, salamander-like amphibians

- Lack limbs, with triangular skullsLack limbs, with triangular skulls

- May have arise from crossopterygians and have given May have arise from crossopterygians and have given rise to urodeles and apodansrise to urodeles and apodans

C. S.C. LISSAMPHIBIAC. S.C. LISSAMPHIBIA

- Egglack membrane that allow reptilian embryo to Egglack membrane that allow reptilian embryo to develop in terrestrial habitatdevelop in terrestrial habitat

- Return to water to lay their egg during mating season Return to water to lay their egg during mating season (fish like reproduction)(fish like reproduction)

O. Urodela O. Urodela Tailed amphibiansTailed amphibians Larva: with 3 pairs of external gill and slitsLarva: with 3 pairs of external gill and slits Adult: retain external gills & 2 pairs of gill slitsAdult: retain external gills & 2 pairs of gill slits Attain sexual maturity at 5 yrs.Attain sexual maturity at 5 yrs. Siren,newts and salamanderSiren,newts and salamander

O. Anura O. Anura Tailess amphibians, fused caudal vertebraeTailess amphibians, fused caudal vertebrae Breed only during rainy or shortly afterrainy seasonBreed only during rainy or shortly afterrainy season Ex. frogs and toadsEx. frogs and toads

O. Apoda O. Apoda legless, burrow in swampy placeslegless, burrow in swampy places Ex. CaeciliansEx. Caecilians

Apodans- Caecelians

newt

salamander

frogs

CLASS REPTILIACLASS REPTILIA

Better adapted to terrestrial environmentBetter adapted to terrestrial environment 3 extra embryonic membranes3 extra embryonic membranes 1. amnion 2. chorion 3. allantois1. amnion 2. chorion 3. allantois oviparous,oviparous, Young hatched fully –formed without Young hatched fully –formed without

passing larval stagepassing larval stage Epidermal scales-plaques, shields,scalesEpidermal scales-plaques, shields,scales Ex. Turtle, snakes, dinosaurs, alligatorsEx. Turtle, snakes, dinosaurs, alligators

S.C. ANAPSIDAS.C. ANAPSIDA Absence of bony temporal archAbsence of bony temporal arch Characterized by shell of bony dermal Characterized by shell of bony dermal

plates with fused ribs and vertebraeplates with fused ribs and vertebrae Loss of trunk muscles, no teethLoss of trunk muscles, no teeth Ex. Cotylosaurs and turtlesEx. Cotylosaurs and turtles

S.C. LEPIDOSAURIA –S.C. LEPIDOSAURIA – 2 temporal fossae, diapsid skull2 temporal fossae, diapsid skull

A. O. RHYNCOCEPHALIAA. O. RHYNCOCEPHALIA Lizard-like, life span: 60 yrsLizard-like, life span: 60 yrs Feed on small vertebrates and insectsFeed on small vertebrates and insects Ex. tautarasEx. tautaras

B. O. SQUAMATAB. O. SQUAMATA Scaly reptiles with well-developed appendicular muscles thus Scaly reptiles with well-developed appendicular muscles thus

they can run agilely on their limbs, broadly jumpsthey can run agilely on their limbs, broadly jumps Some have suction discs on their toesSome have suction discs on their toes Thecodont dentitionThecodont dentition With nictitating membranesWith nictitating membranes Ex. Lizards, snakes, iguanaEx. Lizards, snakes, iguana

lizards

Coral snake

SC ARCHOSAURIASC ARCHOSAURIA O. THECODONTIA- teeth in deep sockets, stem O. THECODONTIA- teeth in deep sockets, stem

reptilesreptiles O.PTEROSAURIA – flying reptiles, long tail & O.PTEROSAURIA – flying reptiles, long tail &

neck with pneumatic bonesneck with pneumatic bones O. SAURISCHIA – dinosaurs with reptilian pelvisO. SAURISCHIA – dinosaurs with reptilian pelvis

- swift predatory carnivores- swift predatory carnivores

- bipedal, massive body builts- bipedal, massive body builts

O. ORNITHISCHIA-dinosaurs with avian pelvisO. ORNITHISCHIA-dinosaurs with avian pelvis- herbivorous, no front teeth, with horny - herbivorous, no front teeth, with horny

beaksbeaks

O. CROCODILIA – crocodiles and alligatorsO. CROCODILIA – crocodiles and alligators

crocodile

alligator

S.C. EUROSIDAS.C. EUROSIDA Extinct marine reptilesExtinct marine reptiles Also known as parapsida & synaptosauriaAlso known as parapsida & synaptosauria Single dorsal temporal fossaSingle dorsal temporal fossa Ex.Ichthyosaurs – fish-like, no visible neckEx.Ichthyosaurs – fish-like, no visible neck

S.C. SYNAPSIDAS.C. SYNAPSIDA Ancestors of mammalsAncestors of mammals Single lateral temporal fossaSingle lateral temporal fossa Have parietal foramen:indicate median eyeHave parietal foramen:indicate median eye Ex. Pelycosaurs (heterodont dentition)Ex. Pelycosaurs (heterodont dentition)

CLASS AVESCLASS AVES From bipedal dinosaursFrom bipedal dinosaurs Cxcs: beaks, scaled and clawed hindlimbs, Cxcs: beaks, scaled and clawed hindlimbs,

feathers, combs, wattlesfeathers, combs, wattles Wings – carpometacarpusWings – carpometacarpus Legs – tarsometatarsusLegs – tarsometatarsus Synsacrum- fused trunk vertebrae and pelvic girdleSynsacrum- fused trunk vertebrae and pelvic girdle carina-nor sternal keel fro attachment of massive carina-nor sternal keel fro attachment of massive

flight musclesflight muscles endothermyendothermy

1. S.C. ARCHEONITHES1. S.C. ARCHEONITHES Oldest known birdsOldest known birds Have long reptilian tail, thecodont dentition on both jawsHave long reptilian tail, thecodont dentition on both jaws With reptilian skull than avianWith reptilian skull than avian No beaks, forward nostrilsNo beaks, forward nostrils Braincase had not expanded to accommodate enlarged brainBraincase had not expanded to accommodate enlarged brain

Ex. Ex. Archaeopteryx and ProtoavisArchaeopteryx and Protoavis S.C. NEORNITHES S.C. NEORNITHES

Modern birdsModern birds Carinating, ratitatingCarinating, ratitating

odontognathae

neognathae

CLASS MAMMALIACLASS MAMMALIA

With mammary glandsWith mammary glands Warm-blooded animalsWarm-blooded animals Modified structures:Modified structures: Horns, hooves, claws, hairs, etc.Horns, hooves, claws, hairs, etc. Chorioallantoic placentaChorioallantoic placenta

duckbill

kangaroo

wallaby

opossum

wolf

hedgehogs

solenodons

lemurs

bats

hyenas

armadillo

pangolins

hydraxes