paper review1 biol.807
TRANSCRIPT
1. INTRODUCTION
According to Judd et al. (2002), herbarium (pl. herbaria) is a place where plant collections are
stored, typically as pressed and dried plants mounted to sheets of paper, identified, and provided
with locality and habitat data, so that they can be further studied. These locality and habitat data
provide us with good sources of information about the individual plant as well as any plant
community types to identify key species for conservation prioritization. The plants are also
arranged in such a way that either alphabetically or systematically according to an acceptable
system of classification thereby serving as a reference room in a library. Moreover, herbaria are
good sources of information for researchers, say chemists or pharmacists, who are going to work
on any pyhtochemical analysis about the general knowhow of the particular species of interest.
1.1. ETHNO-ECOLOGY
The field of ethno-ecology focuses on the ways people conceptualize elements of the natural environment
and human activity within it and investigates how these concepts vary culturally as well as reveal
universal aspects of human cognition (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1074051/ethno-
ecology). Ethno-ecological investigations are among the key elements employed, in this respect, for
ecosystem restoration and resilience where herbaria can contribute a lot to applied aspects of ethnobotany
in conservation and management of resources in our surrounding.
1.2. ETHNOBOTANY
According to Cotton (1996), ethnobotany is simply considered to encompass all studies which
concern the mutual relationships between plants and traditional peoples. Moreover, it was
elaborated (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194285/ethnobotany), thatethnobotany
is systematic study of the botanical knowledge of a social group and its use of locally available
plants in foods, medicines, clothing, or religious rituals. Rudimentary drugs derived from plants
used in folk medicines have been found to be beneficial in the treatment of many illnesses, both
physical and mental. The ethnobotany of prehistoric cultures is discovered through examination
of ancient writings, pictures, pottery, and plant remains in jars or maiden heaps (garbage dumps)
excavated at archaeological sites. From this information, the agricultural practices and cultural
development of a people can be determined. Ethnobotanists often live for periods of time in the
society they are studying, to observe all phases of their lives, including mythology, religious
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practices, and language, in order to determine the specific plants used and the methods involved
in their preparation. Travelers’ journals, the field notes of early botanists, and other writings
serve as sources of information about agricultural methods and folk remedies of the past.
Hence, Martin (1995) summarized that where as ethnoecology studies the interactions of local
peoples with the natural environment, ethnobotany is the part that studies the interactions of local
people with plants. Therefore etnobotany tries to get a holistic understanding of local knowledge
on plants.
Richard Evans Schultes (An American Botanist): (born Jan. 12, 1915, Boston, Mass.—died April
10, 2001, Boston), American scientist who, pioneered the field of ethnobotany, the study of
indigenous peoples and their uses of hallucinogenic and medicinal plants. Schultes spent
extensive time among native tribes in South America and collected more than 24,000 plant
specimens from the Amazon region. Although his books on hallucinogenic plants were widely
read by drug experimenters during the 1960s, he dismissed the notion of “mind expansion”
espoused by counterculture figures such as Timothy Leary and maintained that such plants
should be studied for their medicinal value. Schultes had a long association with Harvard
University, where he earned a Ph.D. in biology in 1941 and worked as a curator, lecturer, and
professor from 1954 to 1985. Among Schulte’s numerous awards were the Tyler Prize for
Environmental Achievement in 1987 and the Linnaean Society Gold Medal in 1992.
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/761765/Richard-Evans-Schultes).
Modern Ethnobotany: Beginning in the 20th century, the field of ethnobotany experienced a
shift from the raw compilation of data to a greater methodological and conceptual reorientation.
This is also the beginning of academic ethnobotany. The so-called "father" of this discipline is
Richard Evans Schultes even though he did not actually coin the term "Ethnobotany". Today the
field of ethnobotany requires a variety of skills: botanical training for the identification and
preservation of plant specimens; anthropological training to understand the cultural concepts
around the perception of plants; linguistic training, at least enough to transcribe local terms and
understand native morphology, syntax, and semantics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany).
Hence, the objectives of herbaria even could not be achieved without proper applications of the modern
concepts of ethnobotany.
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The main objective of this review paper is to give an in-depth critics (both strong and weak side criticism)
on the paper entitled; “Linking Ethnobotany, Herbaria and Flora to Conservation: The Case of Four
Angiosperm Families at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia” .It is believed that such engagement in
reading and criticism practice can scale up the knowledge and practice of beginners who engage in their
first hand research endeavor.
Conservation is about maintaining the biosphere, taking action to avoid species decline and extinctions
and permanent change to the environment which requires public and governmental support (Taylor, et al.,
2003). Biological conservation aims at maintaining the diversity of living organisms, their habitats and
the interrelationships between organisms and their environment (Spellerberg et al., 1995). Ethnobotanists
play a catalytic role in suggesting which wild or semi-cultivated species can be incorporated into
agroforestry or agro-ecosystems as well as through proposing alternatives to environmentally destructive
practices (Martin, 1995).
2. OVERVIEW ON HERBARIA OF THE WORLD AND INDEX HERBARIORUM
According to Biorepositories.org (2008), scientists have documented the earth’s plant and fungal diversity
through dried reference specimens maintained in collections known as herbaria for the past three
centuries. Index Herbarium: A Global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff under the above
website reported that there are approximately 3, 400 herbaria in the world today, with approximately
10, 000 associated curators and biodiversity specialists. Hence, collectively, the world herbaria contain
an estimated 350, 000,000 specimens that documented the earth’s vegetation for the past 400 years
(http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp). Therefore, Index Herbariorum is a guide to
the crucial source for biodiversity science and conservation.
It was said that the Index Herbarium (IH) entry for herbarium includes its physical location, web address,
contents representing number and types of specimens, history and names, contact information and areas
of expertise of associated staff. The New York Bbotanical Ggarden, Iinternational Plant Sscience
Centerer (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp) also noted that only those
collections that are permanent scientific repositories are included in IH. Hence new registrants
must demonstrate that their collection is large usually 5,000 specimens minimum, accessible to
scientists , and actively managed where each institution is assigned a permanent unique identifier
in the form of a four to eight letter code, as practiced and dates from the founding of IH in 1935
(h ttp://www.biorepositories.org ).3
3. MAJOR HERBARIA OF THE WORLD
According to http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=en, the
continent Europe is the leading in harboring the largest (9,500,000) specimen collections of
herbarium specimens in France followed by USA, Asia, Australasia and Oceania, Africa and
South America respectively (Table 1 below). In case of African continent, South Africa is the
leading followed by Kenya at the continental level although compared to the other continents
except South America, it is with lesser collections of specimens. The East African Herbarium of
Kenya is the second largest in African continent but the first largest in the Horn of Africa with its
1,000,000 specimen collections (http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/116/83/).
A B C
Fig. 1 Herbarium preparations (Herbarium specimens of various Nepenthes at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France (A), Preparing a plant for mounting (B), A large herbarium may have hundreds of cases filled with specimens (C))
(Source: http://www.encyclopedia.com)
(I) (II)
Fig 2 (I) The Swedish Museum of Natural History (Herbarium building) (II) Herbaria soap and tools for field tour (Source: http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/beskrivn.html.en)
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Table: 1. Herbaria Profile by Continent (See Appendix 9 for more details)
Continent Name
of herbaria
Number
of specimens
Location Source
Europe Musum National d'Histoire Naturelle
9,500,000
France; Paris http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/
transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=en
USA New York
Botanical Garden
7,200,000
USA; The Bronx, New York City, New York
http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/SteereHerbarium.asp
Asia Chinese National Herbarium,
2,470,000
People's Republic of China; Xiangshan, Beijing
http://pe.ibcas.ac.cn/
Australasia
And Oceania
Australian National Herbarium
1,328,000
Australia; Canberra, A. C. T.
http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/herbarium/index.html
Africa South African National Botanical Institute
1,200,000
South Africa; Pretoria, Gauteng Province
http://www.sanbi.org/frames/nationalherbfram.htm
South America Fundacin Miguel Lillo 700, 000
Argentina; Tucum n
http://lillo.org.ar/content/blogcategory/10/36/
3.1. HERBARIA IN EAST AFRICA AND ETHIOPIA
According to http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual-
Herbarium.htm, East Africa is one of the worlds Biodiversity Hotspots with nearly 7,600 plant
species, of which a third are found nowhere else on the planet. It is also one of the most densely
populated places on Earth. The rapid expansion of agriculture and urbanization to service this
rising population places the habitats of East Africa’s plants under threat.
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The Kew website also noted that Preserved plant specimens are a vital resource for
conservationists, forming the foundation of plant research and conservation projects. Specimens
are used to identify, name and classify plants, and to document a population’s spread or decline.
This historical record of plant distribution and vegetation change is fundamental to our
understanding of the implications of climate change and human impact. It informs conservation
priorities, drives land management policies and encourages sustainable use practices
(http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual - Herbarium ).
Hence, the Virtual Herbarium is a web-based collection of digital images of preserved plant
specimens and associated information, which makes data on taxonomy, geographic distribution
and plant biodiversity available to conservationists throughout East Africa. Collaborative
Fieldwork and Vegetation Studies in Ethiopia indicated that Kew is working in collaboration with
herbaria at Addis Ababa University (ETH) and the University of Copenhagen (C), to carry out
and document detailed studies on the woody plants of Ethiopia. Plant specimens are housed in
herbaria and it was stated that a good Flora as the foundation from which other work can come,
whether in the form of local floras and guides for specific areas and/or groups of plants, or
providing the basic information for research into new and economically or intellectually fruitful
fields (Edwards, et al., 2000). The five major herbaria in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania
contain over 3 million plant specimens. Access to this data is severely limited - less than 5% is
available digitally. A virtual herbarium, a web-based collection of digital images of plant
specimens and supporting information, will enable conservationists throughout East Africa to
make use of this data in order to protect the region’s biodiversity from further degradation
(http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual - Herbarium ).
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Table 2: The Eastern African Virtual Herbarium project (Source: http://www.Bioscience.org)
Country Name of Herbaria Location Approx.
Size of SpecimensKenya National Museums of Kenya,
East African HerbariumNairobi, Kenya
1,000,000
Tanzania National Herbarium of Tanzania
University of
Dar es Salaam 125,000
Uganda University of Makerere Herbarium
? ?
Ethiopia Ethiopian
National Herbarium
Addis Ababa University
Ababa
80,000
3.2. HERBARIA IN ETHIOPIA:THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL HERBARIUM
Ethiopia is a land of great ecosystem diversity. The great ecosystem diversity is attributed to the
numerous floristic diversity of the country. However, compared to the available Flora and land
mass of the country, the available herbaria is not sufficient to host all plant species both from
both the vicinity and remote areas. Experiences from other countries around the world are good
indicators of the need to design herbaria expansion projects at least in each higher learning
institutions of the country.
The National Herbarium of Ethiopia (ETH) was founded in 1959 (Friis, 2001 quoted in Ermias
Lulekal et al., 2011). The Ethiopian Flora Project was launched in 1980 and it is currently the
source of information for many researchers, academic as well as nonacademic institutions both in
Ethiopia and abroad (Edberg and Edwards, 1989). The Ethiopian National Herbarium which is
the result of the Ethiopian Flora Project and it is currently harbored approximately 80,000
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specimens representing 450,000 species and the Ethiopian Flora contains approximately 6,000
plant species belonging to 258 families (oral communication with Ensermu Kelbessa). Similarly,
it was reported in recent publication of Volume 8 of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea that from
1980 to 2008, the number of collections in ETH has increased from 16,000 to 80,000 and
duplicates have been deposited in various herbaria elsewhere (Friis, 2009).
4. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PAPER
A study was conducted at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia on four angiosperm families. The study
was targeted with the objective of evaluating the amount of ethnobotanical information captured and
documented in herbarium specimen labels and associated flora volumes. Moreover, the study was
supposed to be important to identify species with more anthropogenic pressure that is based on local
utilization. Hence, it can be used as a tool to identify those species that need further documentation and
subsequent conservation measure. With the above objective, the researcher carried out a research that
evaluated the amount of plant use information in 4717 herbarium specimens of the families Rubiaceae,
Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Burseraceae and relevant flora volumes housed at the National
Herbarium of Ethiopia.
The research indicated that out of the 4717 herbarium specimens assessed representing 293 species
deposited at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia, belonging to Rubiaceae (2505 specimens representing
109 species), Solanaceae (894/69), Cucurbitaceae (743/66), and Burseraceae (575/49) for information
documenting their use. The result of the study indicated that 34.5 %( 101 species) had documented
ethnobotanical uses. About 10 %( 29 species) were found represented each with only a single specimen,
hence hardly possible to detect their conservation status. The researchers’ conclusion is then that the
presence of limited plant use information calls for an effort for future plant collections, label preparations
and flora revisions. Moreover, a prior attention on documentation and conservation has to be given for
locally useful endemic species that are currently in the IUCN Red List as noted by the writer.
5. STRENGTHS IN THE PAPER
The paper showed to the reader a clear picture of the roles of ethnobotany, herbaria and flora in
conservation. It reminds the proper usage of under exploited herbarium specimens as sources of
plant use information for conservation. This may initiate researchers, taxonomists, as well as
herbarium establishers to include plant use information while cataloguing their herbarium
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specimens. This leads to the re-assessment of herbaria that established ahead to check whether
all ethnobotanical aspects or all the plant use information were correctly included during
specimen mounting in their respective specimens collections or not. On that note, the paper
clearly indicated that the practice of incorporating ethnobotanical uses of plants in herbarium
specimens during the past six decades is under increasing trend. However, compared to the total
number of species present in the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, only smaller percentage of them
documented plant use information in case of the Ethiopian National Herbarium.
The author also emphasized the need for systematically designed comprehensive ethnobotanical
studies in the country. He emphasized, for example in his earlier works, the need for immediate
actions so as to effectively document, produce a development plan and utilize useful plants such
as the wild edible ones (Ermias Lulekal et al., 2011). This helps to achieve the objective of
reaching for reports of local use information and compiling for the greater majority of species in
order to detect the use-based pressure against them. That reminded conservationists as well as
policy makers for future projects to dedicate entirely to an ethnobotanical study of plants that is
adjunct to the existing National Herbarium. This helps to house ethnobotanical collections with
detailed plant use information according to the writer. Finally, he emphasized the need for
immediate attention that should be given to developing an ethnobotanical garden for
conservation purposes taking into account the opportunity of having newly established Botanic
Gardens in the country to help attaining the above objectives.
6. SOME SHORTCOMINGS (GAPS) OF THE PAPER
The author failed to incorporate a brief overview of key terms and phrases into his paper so that
any ordinary reader can easily understand the manuscript. Although the author selected the four
Angiosperm families (Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Burseraceae) taking into
account of their wide distribution as a selection criteria, he did not said anything about families
that contained the largest number of species. He did not for example mention anything about
Asteraceae, and those that are economically constituted the largest percentage of food (crop
plants), for example Poaceae and Fabaceae with regard to their wide distribution. He also did
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not mention anything from literature about any herbaria apart from the Ethiopian Herbarium on
the practice of plant use information and utilization from other countries. It is expected that such
comparisons could be the lessons learnt from others on the effective implementation of the
relationship between Ethnobotany, herbaria, flora and conservation.
The author also did not address the role of local peoples while establishing new botanic gardens
to implement community based conservation practices. It is an important practice that since the
local communities are the immediate authorities of both any natural and anthropogenic
environments, they play crucial role in the achievement of any conservation practice that is going
to be designed and implemented.
7. CONCLUSIONS
Although the paper is with slight shortcomings, it’s over all quality is very well as it contained
many things especially about the key functions of ethnobotany and flora in conservation. It
clearly addressed the need to integrate ethnobotany, herbaria, and flora with conservation. It is
hoped that the findings of the author can serve as a gate for interested researchers to work upon it
for more to fill the gaps. Such investigations can answer the question that how do we go beyond
the rhetoric of policy on human needs and sustainable resource use without jeopardizing the
natural resource base or primary goal of a given conservation area as noted by Cunningham
(2001).
8. References10
1. Cotton, C. M. (1996). Ethnobotany; Principles and Applications. John Willey &
Sons. New York, USA.
2. Cunningham, A.B., (2001). APPLIED ETNOBOTANY. People, Wild Plant Use and
Conservation, Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, UK.
3. Ermias Lulekal, Zemede Asfaw, Ensermu Kelbessa, Damme, P.V., (2011). Wild
Edible Plants in Ethiopia: A Review on their Potential to Combat Food
Insecurity, Africa Focus 24(2):71-121.
4. Ermias Lulekal, Zemede Asfaw, Ensermu Kelbessa and Damme, P.V., (2012).
Linking Ethnobotany, Herbaria, and Flora to Conservation: The Case of
Four Angiosperm Families at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia, Journal
of East African Natural History 101(1):xx-xx.
5. Friis, I (2009). The Scientific Study of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea up to the
Beginning of the Ethiopian Flora Project(1980).In: Flora of Ethiopia and
Eritrea, Vol.8, General Part and Index to vol. 1-7, Hedberg, I. and Persson,
E. (edrs), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Upsala, Seweden.
6. Judd, W.S., Cambell, C.S., Kellog, E.A., Stevens, P.F., and Donghue, M.J. (2002).
Plant Systematics; a Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc.,
Sunderland, USA
7. Hedberg, E and Edwards, S. (1989). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(Preface). Vol.3:
Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae, The National Herbarium Addis Ababa
University, Ethiopia and Department of Systematic Botany, Upsala Sewden.
8. Http://www.britanica.com/EBcheked/topic/194285/ethnobotany.
9. Http://www.britanica.com/EBcheked/topic/1074051/ethnoecology .
11
10. Http://www.biorepositories.org
11. Http:www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany.
12. Http://www.britanica.com/EBcheked/topic/761765/Richard-Evans-Schultes .
13. 11. http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual -
Herbarium
14. http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/116/83
15. Http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp : The New York
Botanical Garden, International Plant Science Centre.
16. Martin, G.J. (1995). Ethnobotany. A Methods Manual, Cahpman & Hall, London,
UK.
17. Spellerberg, I.F., and Hardes, S., (1995). Biological Conservation, Cambridge
University Press, Great Britain.
18. Taylor, D.J., Green, N.P.O., Stout, G.W., and Soper, R., (2003). Biological Science,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
9. APPENDICES
12
Appendix: 9.1 HERBARIA IN AFRICA
Name of Herbaria No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
South African National Botanical Institute
1,200,000 PRE South Africa; Pretoria, Gauteng Province
http://www.sanbi.org/frames/nationalherbfram.htm
National Museums of Kenya, East African Herbarium
1,000,000 EA Kenya; Nairobi
http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/116/83/
Bolus Herbarium 373,000 BOL South Africa; Rondebosch, Western Cape Province
http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/bolus/
Albany Museum 200,000 GRA South Africa; Grahamstown, Eastern Cape Province
http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/?request=affiliates/am/
University of Pretoria, H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium
120,000 PRU South Africa; Pretoria, Gauteng province
http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=3526&sub=1&parentid=1592&subid=1613&ipklookid=11
Appendix: 9.2 HERBARIA IN ASIA
Name of Herbaria No of Abbrv. Location Website
13
Specimens
Chinese National Herbarium, (Chinese Academy of Sciences
2,470,000 PE People's Republic of China; Xiangshan, Beijing
http://pe.ibcas.ac.cn/
University of Tokyo
1,700,000 TI Japan; Tokyo http://herb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Central National Herbarium, India 1,500,000 CAL India; Kolkata, West Bengal
http://164.100.52.111/cnh/index.htm
South China Botanical Garden
1,000,000 IBSC People's Republic of China; Guangzhou, Guangdong
http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=600
Hebrew University 700,000 HUJ Israel; Jerusalem http://nnhc.huji.ac.il/hujiCollections/page.htm?id=422
North West Agriculture and Forestry University
550,000 WUK China; Yangling, Shaanxi http://wukvh.plantlib.net http://vh.plantlib.net
Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre 259,000
MH India; Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu http://164.100.52.111/circles/Southern-Circle.htm
National Taiwan University, Herbarium
250,000 TAI Taiwan; Taipei http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw
HERBARIA IN ASIA (continued)
14
Name of Herbaria No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Hokkaido University
200,000 SAP Japan; Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture http://sap.museum.hokudai.ac.jp/
St. Xavier's College, Blatter Herbarium
200,000 BLAT India; Mumbai, Maharashtra http://blatterherbarium.org/drupal/index.php
French Institute of Pondicherry
22,000 HIFP India; Pondicherry, Union Territory of Pondicherry
http://www.ifpindia.org/biodiversityportal/index.php?option=com
Botanical Survey of India, Deccan Regional Centre
11,000 BSID India; Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh http://164.100.52.111/circles/Deccan/Aboutus.shtm
15
Appendix: 9.3 HERBARIA IN AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA
Name of Herbaria No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Australian National Herbarium
1,328,000 CANB Australia; Canberra, A. C. T. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/herbarium/index.html
Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of Victoria
1,200,000 MEL Australia; South Yarra, Melbourne, Victoria
http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/research_and_conservation/herbarium
Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales
1,000,000 NSW Australia; Sydney, New South Wales http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/nsw_herbarium
Queensland Herbarium
730,000 BRI Australia; Brisbane, Queensland http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/plants/queensland_
Northern Territory Herbarium
200,000 DNA Australia; Palmerston, Northern Territory
http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/plants/herbarium/index.html
Western Australian Herbarium
640,000 PERTH Australia; Western Australia http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/our-environment/science-and-research/wa-herbarium.html
Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Herbarium
300,000 HO Australia; Hobart, Tasmania http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1273
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HERBARIA IN AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA (continued)
Name of Herbaria No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
N.C.W. Beadle Herbarium, University of New England
90,000 NE Australia; Armidale, New South Wales
http://www.une.edu.au/herbarium
Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, Allan Herbarium 600,000
CHR New Zealand; Lincoln http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biosystematics/plants/h
New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), National Forestry Herbarium
30,000 NZFRI New Zealand; Rotorua http://www.scionresearch.com/general/facilities-and-collections/national-forestry-herbarium
Museum of New Zealand
230,000
WELT New Zealand; Wellington http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Search.aspx?imagesonly=off&advanced=colCollectionType%3A
Singapore Botanic Gardens
650,000 SING Singapore http://www.sbg.org.sg/research/herbariumlibrary.asp
National Tropical Botanical Garden
50,000 PTBG PTBG http://ntbg.org/programs/research-herbarium.php
Bishop Museum, Herbarium
600,000 BISH USA; Honolulu, Hawaii http://www.bishopmuseum.o
17
Pacificum rg/research/natsci/botany/botany.html
Appendix: 9.4 HERBARIA IN EUROPE
Name of Herbaria No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Mus um National d'Histoire Naturelle
9,500,000 P, PC France; Paris http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=en
Komarov Botanical Institute ( . . )
7,160,000 LE Russia; St. Petersburg http://www.binran.ru/
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
7,000,000 K UK; Kew, England http://www.kew.org/collections/herbcol.html
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de
Genève
6,000,000 G Switzerland; Geneva http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/
British Museum of Natural History
5,200,000 BM UK; London, England http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/collections/departmental-collections/botany-collections/index.html
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
5,000,000 W Austria; Vienna http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/
Swedish Museum of Natural History
4,400,000 S Sweden; Stockholm http://www.nrm.se/
18
National Herbarium of the Netherlands (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland)
4,000,000 L Netherlands; Leiden http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/
Universit Montpellier
4,000,000 MPU France; Montpellier http://www.herbier-mpu.org/papyrus.php
HERBARIA IN EUROPE (Continued)
Name of Herbaria No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Universit Claude Bernard
4,000,000 LYFrance; Lyon
http://spiral.univ-lyon1.fr/herbier/
Joint Herbarium of the University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich
3,500,000 Z+ZT Switzerland, Zurich http://www.zuerich-herbarien.ethz.ch
National Botanic Garden of Belgium
3,500,000 BR Belgium, Me H ise http://www.br.fgov.be/RESEARCH/
COLLECTIONS/HERBARIU
Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem,Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universit t Berlin
3,000,000 B Germany, Berlin http://www.bgbm.org/BGBM/research/colls/herb/default.h
19
Finnish Museum of Natural History (University of Helsinki)
3,000,000 H Finland, Helsinki http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/english/botany/index.htm
Botanische Staatssammlung M nchen
3,000,000 M Germany, Munich http://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/
University of Copenhagen
2,510,000 C Denmark, Copenhagen http://botanik.snm.ku.dk/Samlinger/Herbarier/
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
2,000,000 E UK; Edinburgh, Scotland http://www.rbge.org.uk/science/herbarium
HERBARIA IN EUROPE (Continued)
Name of Herbaria No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt
1,200,000 FR Germany, Frankfurt http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=823
University of Cambridge
1,000,000 CGE UK; Cambridge, England
http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/herbarium/
University of Manchester
1,000,000 MANCH UK; Manchester, England
UK; Manchester, England
Moscow State University ( )
993,000 MW, MWG
Russia; Moscow http://www.herba.msu.ru/
Real Jard n Bot nico
850,000 MA Spain; Madrid http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/jardin/index.php?Ca
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch
800,000 U Netherlands; Utrecht http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/
20
W adys aw Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences
800,000 IB PAN Poland; Krak w
http://www.ib-pan.krakow.p
University of Coimbra
800,000
COI Portugal; Coimbra https://woc.uc.pt/botanica/genericpages/showgenericpage.
Institut Bot nic de Barcelona
700,000
BC Spain; Barcelona http://www.institutbotanic.bcn.es/herbari.html
HERBARIA IN EUROPE (continued)
Name of Herbaria
No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Mus um d'Histoire Naturelle de Grenoble
700,000 GRM France; Grenoble http://www.museum-grenoble.fr/collections/botanique.htm
National Botanic Gardens, Ireland
600,000 DBN Ireland; Dublin http://www.botanicgardens.ie/herb/herb.htm
Wageningen University
600,000 WAG Netherlands; Wageningen http://www.bis.wur.nl/UK/Herbarium/
Institut des Herbiers Universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand
550,000 CLF France; Clermont-Ferrand http://herbiers.univ-bpclermont.fr
National Museum Wales
550,000 NMW UK; Cardiff, Wales http://www.nmgw.ac.uk
Fielding- 500,000 OXF UK; Oxford, England http://
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Druce Herbarium, University of Oxford
herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/herbaria_pages/fielding_dru
Mus um d'Histoire Naturelle d'Aix-en-Provence
420,000 AIX France; Aix-en-Provence http://www.museum-aix-en-provence.org/collections_bota
CABI Bioscience UK Centre
385,000 IMI UK; Surrey, England http://www.cabi.org/
Daubeny Herbarium, University of Oxford
300,000 FHO UK; Oxford, England http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/herbaria_pages/daubeny.htm
Appendix: 9.5 HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA
Name of Herbaria
No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
New York Botanical Garden
7,200,000 NY USA; The Bronx, New York City, New York
http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/SteereHerbarium.asp
Missouri Botanical Garden
5,870,000 MO USA; St. Louis, Missouri http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/herbarium.shtml
Harvard University Herbaria
5,005,000 A, AMES, ECON, FH, GH, NEBC
USA; Cambridge, Massachusetts
http://www.huh.harvard.edu
United States National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution
4,340,000 US USA; Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/colls/collections_overview.htm
Field Museum
2,650,000 F USA; Chicago, Illinois http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/
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botany/coll
University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley
2,200,000 UC/JEPS USA; Berkeley, California http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/
California Academy of Sciences, Herbarium
1,950,000 CAS/DS USA; San Francisco, California
http://research.calacademy.org/botany/collections
HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)
Name of Herbaria
No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
University of Michigan Herbarium
1,700,000 MICH USA; Ann Arbor, Michigan http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu
Academy of Natural Sciences
1,500,000 PH USA; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
http://www.ansp.org/research/biodiv/botany/index.php
Universidad Nacional Aut noma de M xico
1,120,000 MEXU Mexico; Mexico Cityhttp://www.ibiologia.unam.mx/mexu/index.html
Wisconsin State Herbarium, UW-Madison
1,100,000
WIS USA; Madison, Wisconsin http://www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium
University of Texas at Austin
1,006,000
TEX USA; Austin, Texas http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/
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Botanical Research Institute of Texas
1,001,000
BRIT-SMU-VDB
USA; Fort Worth, Texas
http://www.brit.org
Instituto Polit cnico Nacional, Mexico
950,000
ENCB Mexico; Mexico Cityhttp://www.herbario.encb.ipn.mx/polibotanica.htm
Herbier Marie-Victorin, Universit de Montr al
850,000
MT
Canada; Montreal, Quebechttp://www.irbv.umontreal.ca/francais/herbier.htm
HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)
Name of Herbaria
No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
National Herbarium of Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature
838,000 CAN, CANM
Canada; Ottawa, Ontario http://nature.ca/collections/botany_e.cfm
Rocky Mountain Herbarium, University of Wyoming
806,800 RM USA; Laramie, Wyoming http://www.rmh.uwyo.edu/
Herbier Louis-Marie, Universit
770,000 ULF Canada; Quebec City, Quebec http://www.herbier.ulaval.ca/
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Laval
University of North Carolina Herbarium
665,000
NCU USA; Chapel Hill, North Carolina
http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/
University of British Columbia
560,000 UBC Canada; Vancouver, British Columbia
http://www.botany.ubc.ca/herbarium/
The Ohio State University Herbarium, The Ohio State University
500,000 OS USA; Columbus, Ohio http://herbarium.biosci.ohio-state.edu/
HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)
Name of Herbaria
No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History
470,000 FLAS USA; Gainesville, Florida http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herbarium/
Pringle Herbarium, University of Vermont
310,400 UVM
USA; Burlington, Vermont
http://www.uvm.edu/~plantbio/pringle
Instituto de Ecolog a, A.C.
310,000 XAL Mexico; Xalapa, Veracruz http://www.ecologia.edu.mx
UCDavis Center for Plant Diversity
300,000 DAV; DAVH; AHUC
USA; Davis, California http://herbarium.ucdavis.edu/default.html
Herbario Paul 240,000 EAP Honduras; Tegucigalpa http://www.zamorano.edu/
25
C. Standley, Escuela Agr cola Panamericana
herbario/pag_adicionales/inicio.ht
USF Herbarium, University of South Florida
235,000 USF USA; Florida
http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/
Herbario Nacional, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica
215,000 CR Costa Rica; San Jos http://www.museocostarica.go.cr/en_en/historia-natural/bot-nica-11.html?Itemid=100
HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)
Name of Herbaria
No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium, Florida State University
206,000 FSU USA; Tallahassee, Florida
http://www.herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/
E.C. Smith Herbarium, Acadia University
200,000 ACAD Canada; Wolfville, Nova Scotia
http://herbarium.acadiau.ca/index.html
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Appendix: 9. 6 HERBARIA IN SOUTH AMERICAName of Herbaria
No of Specimens
Abbrv. Location Website
Fundaci n Miguel Lillo
700,000 LIL Argentina;
Tucumn
http://lillo.org.ar/content/blogcategory/10/36/
Instituto de Bot nica Darwinion
650,000 SI Argentina; Buenos Aires
http://www.darwin.edu.ar
Museo de La Plata
500,000 LP Buenos Aires http://www.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/abamuse.html
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
500,000
USM Peru; Lima http://museohn.unmsm.edu.pe/divisiones/botanica/botan
Fundaci n Instituto Bot nico de
400,000 VEN Venezuela; Caracas
http://www.fibv.org.ve/jardin/index.php?option=com_co
27
Venezuela
Instituto de Bot nica
370,000 SP Brazil; S o Paulo http://www.ibot.sp.gov.br/herbario/herbario.htm
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural
145,000 SGO Chile; Santiagohttp://www.dibam.cl/historia_natural/contenido.asp?id_contenido=308&id_menu=44&id_submenu=670
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