Identification the Effect of Silver Waste as Additive on the Propertiesof Cement Group 10, Petroleum Engineering, UPN Veteran YogyakartaThis paper was prepared for the last test of drilling cement analysis AbstractCement additive in drilling has a very important role, especially in terms of the physical properties of set cement to be able to perform optimally in accordance with the conditions of their formation. Nowadays, it has many kinds of additives were found and used in the drilling process, especially in terms of cementing.Wide variations from the past until now makes the drilling process getting better because it has found a new additive-additive that has better function than the additive-additive previous. This paper discusses the waste of silver, which is used as an additive in cement drilling and affect the physical properties of cement itself. Several experiments were performed include measuring density, rheological, filtration loss , and OSP.The results of this paper are expected to provide recommendations on waste silver as additive in cement.

IntroductionCementing is one of the step in the process of drilling which is very important because the success or failure of a drilling depends on its cementing process. Laboratory research is one of important things to do to determine good or bad quality of cement, so it will be known the composition and physical properties from cement itself which will be adapted to the conditions of formation in order to cement able to work optimally. It is closely related to the additive or additives used in cement suspensions that affect the physical properties of cement itself.In this paper examined some of the physical properties include density, Rheology, filtration loss, and OSP. Cement suspension density is the ratio between the total weight of slurry, mixing water and additive to total volume cement, water and additive mixing. Cement rheological test in the plastic viscosity is often described as part from resistance to flow caused by mechanical friction and the yield point is part from resistance to flow by the attractive forces between particles. Attractive force is due to the charge on the surface of the particles dispersed in a fluid phase. Filtration loss is defined as the event from suspension of cement fluid loss into permeable formations that it passes. Fluids are lost in this formation often referred to as filtrate. To determine the quality from cement used testing the OSP.

Silver WasteSilver is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ag and atomic number 47 which is a transition metal soft, white, shiny, has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity around the metal, has a density of 10.49 g / cm , a melting point of 960 C, boiling point of 1955 C, absorbs oxygen, and atomic radius 1.44.Basically, the content of silver in Indonesia is very rich because there is almost throughout the island. Because of the large waste does not accumulate then silver waste is unavoidable. For that reason in this paper we use silver wastes are located in areas Patalan RT 39 RW 08 Kotagede Yogyakarta as a cement additive in drilling where there are handicraft cottage industries with raw materials derived from silver, with the hope of silver waste if a suitable additive in drilling cement, in addition to raising the value of economics, is also able to reduce the environmental pollution caused by waste from the silver itself.

MetodologiIn this paper the authors use an empirical approach is to use material obtained from the field, where research is a field research (field research), intended to get the primary data, to obtain data that can be justified truth in testing in the laboratory. In addition, this study is also a research library (library research), from the literature in the form of books, papers, articles and etc.. Sources of data, in the form of primary data, it means data directly obtained from sample testing. Samples were tested here is a waste silver as a cement additive and Tiga Roda cement. Testing laboratory data includes four types of experiments, the testing of cement with a mud density balance, viscosity cement with a Fann VG viscometer, filtration loss with a filter press, and OSP with a blaine permeameter. Techniques of data analysis is divided into two, namely the analysis of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis through the formulas and calculations are theoretical terms, whereas qualitative analysis based on chart interpretation of experimental results.

Flowchart of Metodologi

Result and DiscussionCalculation of DensitySampeladditiveDensitas (gr/cc)kesalahan

( gr )teoritispengukuran%

1015.615.31.9

2215.2515.10.96

3514.814.42.7

Calculation of RheologySampeladditivePV (cp)YP (lb/100 ft2)

( gr )

1046108

2230212

3528102

Calculation of Filtration Loss

SampelAdditiveFiltration Loss ( ml )% kesalahan

( gr )TeoritisPengukuran

1033.16323.49

2251.950.13.46

3577.73753.51

Calculation of OSP Density of cement slurry (s)= 3,15 gr/cc Temperature (T)= 82,4 F Time (t)= 33 detik Viscocity() @ 80 F= 0,04467 Cp @ 100 F= 0,04594 Cp @ 82,4 F=interpolation

x0,04467801000,04594

= 15748,03150 (-0,04467) = 2,4-0,04467 = 0,0001524 = 0,044822 cp= 0,045 cp Porosity () @ 20 F= 0,55648 @ 40 F= 0,58223 @ 82,4 F= extrapolation

0,582330,55648204089,6x

=

=

= 0,63 So, the amount of OSP :

OSP=

OSP= = 219, 887 cm2/gr

DiscussionMud balance calibration measurements are necessary in order to obtain density measurements of cement, and the theoretical density with the same value. From density measurements using additives (waste silver) at 0 g, the result of theoretical density are 15.6 ppg, 15.3 ppg density measurements, and earn a percentage error is 1.9%. In the density measurement using additive (silver waste) of 2 g, the result of theoretical density are 15:25 ppg, 15.1 ppg density measurements, and earn a percentage error is 0.96%. Meanwhile, the density measurement using additive (silver waste) of 5 grams, the result of the theoretical density 8.14 ppg, density measurements of 14.4 ppg, and 2.7% gain error percentage. Visible declined curve which indicates that the additive (silver waste) is the extender that serves lower density.Application field of this experiment was to determine the density of the hydrostatic pressure of the cement suspension in the well, where the hydrostatic pressure of the cement is expected to balance the formation pressure. If the density of the cement suspension is too large and unable to resist the formation will cause the formation of rupture and loss circulation. However if the density of the cement is too small than the formation pressure, formation fluid will cause in and get contaminated with cement slurry thus damaging the physical properties of cement suspensions such as cement strength.In the cement suspension rheological testing is intended to determine the value of plastic viscosity and yield point cement and determine the effects of the addition of rheological additives for cement suspensions were made.In this experiment we used 3 samples, sample 1 was done by adding 0 grams of additive (silver waste) into 350 grams of class G cement and total water needed for 161 ml. Sample 2 is done by adding 2 grams of additive (silver waste) into 350 grams of class G cement and total water needed for 161 ml. And sample 3 is done by adding 5 grams of additive (silver waste) into 350 grams of class G cement and water required total of 201 ml. The working principle of rheological testing cement is mixing these three ingredients and tested by Fann VG viscometer to get the plastic viscosity and yield point of the cement.Based on the analysis of additive vs. PV graph shows the curves are irregular, but when viewed on line trendline as the addition of additives resulted in a decrease Plastic Viscosity. While the addition of additive vs. Yield chart point visible deterioration curve, it can be concluded as the addition of additives result in decreased yield point. Based on the analysis of waste additive silver chart included in the dispersant which serves lower viscosity.The nature of fluid flow in the pipe should be set in motion for laminar flow stream of fluid particles move at a somewhat slower rate, orderly, and parallel to the direction of movement flow. This things is done so at time of cementing, the results are good and form a casing solid without gerowongan.Based on the analysis of additive vs. PV graph shows the curves are irregular, but when viewed on line trendline as the addition of additives resulted in a decrease Plastic Viscosity. While the addition of additive vs. Yield chart point visible deterioration curve, it can be concluded as the addition of additives result in decreased yield point. Based on the analysis of waste additive silver chart included in the dispersant which serves lower viscosity.The nature of fluid flow in the pipe should be set in motion for laminar flow stream of fluid particles move at a somewhat slower rate, orderly, and motion parallel to the direction of flow. This is done so at the time of cementing, the results are good and form a solid casing without gerowongan.Applications in the field of cement rheological testing was to determine the value of viscosity, and is also associated with the density so can be known hydrostatic pressure of cement and also affects the cement pump working when entering into the borehole, as well as parameters to determine the flow pattern during the process of cementing. Therefore it can be concluded additive silver waste can be an alternative to reduce the viscosity.Filtration loss in cement suspension is defined as water that is released from the cement when cement in a dynamic state (when the cement supplied) into the formation.In the filtration experiments this loss, first make cement suspension by mixing 350 g of cement slurry with 161 ml of water. In the first experiment the suspension without added cement additive (silver waste), in the second experiment additive added at 2 g and on the third attempt additive is added to 5 g of silver waste. Once the cement is made, then put in a cup that has been installed a screen in the bottom and put it on the device filter press. This tool is used to measure the filtration loss in mud or cement, that is giving a pressure of 100 psi (pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressure and formation pressure) into a cup containing cement for 30 minutes and record the volume of filtrate collected in a measuring cup as a filtration loss of cement. From the experiments carried out for 30 minutes, get on the first filtration loss is 32 ml, in the second experiment obtained filtration rates and a loss of 50.1 ml on the third trial filtration rates obtained loss is 72.8 ml. However, if the determination of the filtration loss calculated theoretically, obtained on the first filtration loss is 33.16 ml, in the second experiment is 51.9 ml and on the third attempt is77.73 ml. Data from three experiments obtained% error are 3.49%, 3.46%, and 3.51. % Error factor due to leaks in the appliance filter press, the lack of accuracy when reading the scale.From the observations of the graph filtration loss vs Additions additive (silver waste) an increase in the graph filtration loss due to the addition of waste silver additive, it can be concluded that the silver waste are categorized extender, which is lower density and Rheology, and increase the filtration loss in cement suspension.Application in the field of this experiment was to determine the number of filtration loss in cement made. Filtration loss can interfere cementing operation, because the liquid phase of the cement will enter into the formation and the resulting suspension of cement shortages of water (flash set) which makes cement can not work optimally. Additionally filtrate of cement into the formation can also cause skin or formation damage. Therefore filtration loss need to be addressed by the addition of additives such as Polymer, CMHEC and Latex.OSP experiments testing aims to determine the type and quality of cement slurryr based cement slurry surface.By using cement slurry weighing 2 grams, after conducting extensive experimental results obtained cement slurry surface of 219.887 cm2/gr the measurement time by 33 seconds, the time needed by toluene vapor to pass through the lower limit to upper limit of blaine permeameter. Time is the average after three times the experiment.The influence of the grain size is the increasingly refined,so the greater the surface area of the cement so that the greater the cation exchange, so the greater of the surface area of the cement so that the greater the cation exchange. Thus, the bonds between the particles is better, so that the cement has great strength. Therefore it can be concluded that the tiga roda cement have good quality and can be used as a replacement for portland cement.Conclusion

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