paper 1 case studies
TRANSCRIPT
Paper 1 Case Studies:
Topic Case Study RAG
Tectonic Hazards Chile vs Nepal
Weather Hazards Typhoon Haiyan & Somerset Levels (UK)
Ecosystems Avington Park (UK)
Tropical Rainforests Malaysia
Hot Deserts Thar Desert
Coasts Swanage, Lyme Regis & Medmerry.
Rivers River Tees & Banbury
Chile 2010 Vs Nepal 2015
Chile (HIC) Nepal (LIC) Background
27/2/2010 – powerful earthquake struck off the coast of Chile on a
destructive plate margin – 8.8 on the Richter scale.
25/4/2015 – earthquake occurred just below the ground on a destructive plate
margin = very severe shaking – 7.9 on the Richter scale.
Levels of wealthGross Domestic Product (GDP) – a measure of wealth – 38th out of
193 countries – wealthier.
GDP – 109th out of 193 countries – poorer country.
Primary effects (caused
by the ground shaking)
Around 500 killed and 12 000 injured (800 000 affected)
220 000 homes, 4 500 schools, 53 ports & 56 hospitals
destroyed
Port of Talcahuanao & Santiago airport badly damaged
Much of Chile lost power, water supply and communications
(transport)
Cost of earthquake = US$30 billion
9 000 killed and 20 000 injured (8 million affected)
3 million left homeless
Electricity, water supply, sanitation and communications affected
1.4 million needed food, water and shelter
7 000 schools destroyed and hospitals overwhelmed
Cost of earthquake = US$5 billion
Secondary effects
(tsunamis, fires and
landslides resulting
from primary effects)
Landslides damaged 1 500 km of roads – remote rural
communities cut off
Several coastal towns devastated by tsunami waves –
warnings prevented loss of life
Fire at a chemical plant near Santiago
Landslides and avalanches blocked roads and made sending help difficult
Avalanches on Mount Everest killed at least 19 people
A landslide in the Langtang region left 250 people missing
Kali Gandaki River blocked by a landslide causing flooding – people had to be
evacuated
Immediate responses
(search and rescue &
providing medical care,
food, water and
shelter)
Chile had the money to support people:
Emergency services acted quickly
Temporary repairs made to the vital Route 5 road within 24
hours – enabling help to reach those people who needed it
Power and water restored to 90% of homes within 10 days
The country raised US$60 million to build 30 000 emergency
shelters
Little had been done to prepare for an earthquake:
Search and rescue teams had to come from countries such as the UK
Half a million tents needed for the homeless
Financial help from many countries – field hospitals had to be set up to
support overcrowded main hospitals
300 000 people migrated to seek shelter
Long-term responses
(re-building and
reconstruction)
Chile had the money to rebuild:
• Took just a month to start rebuilding housing
• Strong economy meant little foreign help was needed
• Expected to take 4 years to recover fully from damage to
buildings and ports
New building regulations not put into place:
Thousands of homeless people needed to be re-housed & over 7 000 schools
needed to be re-built or repaired
Roads repaired and landslides cleared
Nepal had to seek technical and financial support from other countries
Tourism boosted to increase income – by August 2015 Everest re-opened
for climbers
Typhoon Haiyan 2013
Typhoon Haiyan hits the PhilippinesBackground
November 2013 – Haiyan (a category 5 storm – winds over 252km/hr) hit the Philippines – huge areas of coastline and several towns
were devastated by 275km/hr winds & 15m high waves – one of the strongest storms ever recorded.
Place-specificCity of Tacloban worst affected – 220 000 left homeless – 5 metre high storm surge (strong winds and low atmospheric pressure
cause the sea level to rise forming a destructive storm surge – a wall of water like a tsunami) caused most of the destruction.
Primary effects
(impact of strong
winds, heavy rain &
storm surge)
Around 6300 killed – most drowned by the storm surge
Over 600 000 without a home – 40 000 homes damaged or flattened
Tacloban airport badly damaged
30 000 fishing boats destroyed
Widespread flooding
Power lines and crops destroyed
Secondary effects
(longer-term
impacts resulting
from primary
effects)
14 million people affected, many left homeless and 6 million people lost their source of income
Flooding caused landslides and blocked roads, cutting off help to remote communities
Power supplies cut off in some places for a month
Ferry and airline services disrupted for weeks – slowed down aid efforts
Outbreaks of disease as a result of food and water shortages
Many jobs lost, hospitals damaged and shops and schools destroyed – affecting livelihoods and education
Immediate
responses (search
and rescue &
providing medical
care, food, water
and shelter)
International help arrived quickly with food aid, water and temporary shelters
US helicopters helped with search and rescue
Over 1200 evacuation centres set up to help the homeless
UK government sent aid kits (e.g. cooking equipment and waterproof ground mats)
Field hospitals set up to help the injured
Red Cross delivered basic food aid (e.g. rice and canned food)
Long-term
responses (re-
building and
reconstruction)
Rebuilding of roads, bridges and airport facilities
‘Cash for work’ schemes – people paid to clear debris and rebuild Tacloban
Rice farming and fishing re-established – aid agencies such as Oxfam replaced fishing boats – a vital source of income for
people
Thousands of homes rebuilt away from flood risk areas
More cyclone shelters built for people evacuated from coastal areas
High tides and storm surges from the Bristol Channel stopped rainwater reaching the sea along rivers, which were
also clogged with sediment = the most severe flooding ever known in the Somerset area:
Social impacts:
600 houses flooded
People lived in temporary accommodation for months
Villages cut off = daily life affected (e.g. going to school & shopping)
Many had power supplies cut off
Economic impacts:
Cost of damage = £10million
Farmland under water for 4 weeks
Over 1000 farm animals evacuated
Local roads cut off and railway lines closed
Environmental impacts:
Water contaminated by sewage, oil and other chemicals
Large amounts of debris had to be cleared
Stagnant water = had to be reoxygenated before being pumped back into rivers
Managing the floods to reduce the risk:
Immediate response:
Villagers used boats to go shopping or attend school
Local community groups gave support (e.g. blankets and bottled water)
Longer-term responses:
Local rivers dredged to hold more water
Road levels raised to allow transport to continue and businesses to keep going during future floods
Flood defences for vulnerable communities
River banks raised and pumping stations built
Somerset Levels 2014
UK Ecosystem: Avington Park Lake
Avington Park Lake is in Hampshire.It is in the grounds of a historical house so is
said to be very important to the UK.Lack of maintenance caused it to fill up with silt
and plants began to overgrow.Restoration was carried out in 2014. The aim was to put it back to its natural beauty but encourage the birds who had come to live here when it was overgrown. New habitats have been created and
the lake reshaped.
Food chain: frogs - Perch (fish) - Heron (bird).
Tropical Rainforests: Malaysia
What are the impacts of deforestation in Malaysia?
Economic development: short-term gains = jobs in mining, farming and energy; tax is paid to the government which can be spent on
education, health care and water supply; minerals such as gold are valuable/long-term losses = rising temperatures devastate some types of farming; tourist numbers decrease; plants with medical
uses are lost – they could have generated high profits.
Soil erosion: soil takes thousands of years to form, but once the trees have been removed it can be stripped away in hours by the
wind and rain (no roots to hold the soil in place) – the ecosystem is destroyed and many animal habitats are lost.
Contribution to climate change: less trees = less CO2 absorbed = more CO2 in the atmosphere = greenhouse effect increases = climate change; trees give off moisture, so less trees = less
moisture = drier climate (and less evaporation/transpiration from trees = less cooling = temperatures increase).
Causes of deforestation case study –
Malaysia (South East Asia):
67% covered by rainforest
Rate of deforestation is increasing
faster than any tropical
country
Road building – roads are
constructed to give access to mining
areas, new settlements and energy
projects. Logging requires roads to
bring in machinery and take away the
timber.
Mineral extraction – mining (for tin)
has led to rainforest being cleared –
drilling for oil and gas also requires
forest to be cleared.
Population/settlement growth – poor
people from cities are encouraged to
move into the countryside – between
1956 & 1980 about 15000 hectares of
rainforest was felled for the settlers.
Energy development – in 2011 the Bakun
Dam was finished and started to generate
electricity – the dam’s reservoir flooded
over 700 km2 of forest.
Subsistence farming – areas of rainforest
are cleared by tribal people to grow
enough food for the farmer and family –
small scale and sustainable, although fires
used to clear forest can grow out of
control.
Commercial farming – Malaysia is the
largest exporter of palm oil in the world.
Large areas of land have been converted
to palm oil plantations.
Logging – Malaysia has become the
world’s largest exporter of tropical wood.
Forest habitats have been destroyed by
clear felling – chopping down all trees in
an area to reach valuable trees.
The Thar Desert
Opportunities for development:
The Thar has valuable resources of minerals.
Examples include gypsum (used in making cement) and kaolin (used to whiten paper).
Minerals are exported across the world and used throughout India so money can be generated from their extraction.
The Thar Desert is a rich energy source.
Examples include extensive deposits of coal and oil, the development of wind power and the sunny, cloudless skies offering ideal
conditions for solar power.
This has allowed a coal-powered thermal energy plant to be constructed at Giral, India’s largest wind farm at Jaisalmer and also the
Bhaleri solar plant which provides power for water treatment. The provision of readily available and cheap energy has transformed
the regional economy.
The Thar has recently become a popular tourist destination.
Tens of thousands visit each year, including wealthy Indians and many people from neighbouring Pakistan.
People are attracted by beautiful landscapes, desert safaris on camels and desert festivals. Local people benefit by providing food
and accommodation and acting as guides and rearing camels for the tourists to use.
Most people who live in the Thar are subsistence farmers. Commercial farming has also recently grown.
Subsistence farmers graze animals and grow vegetables and fruit. Commercial farmers grow crops such as wheat and cotton.
Subsistence farmers have to survive in the hot and dry conditions to grow enough food for their families. Commercial farmers use
irrigation to transform the scrubby desert to allow enough crops to be grown to generate an income.
Challenges of development:
Extreme temperatures: working outside in the Thar is very hard – especially for farmers; high levels of evaporation = water shortages; farm
livestock need protecting from the intense sun.
Water shortages: rivers only flow after rainfall and underground water is salty/poor quality – yet water is needed for farming (irrigation)
and the growing population in the Thar.
Accessibility: very limited road network in the Thar – tarmac can melt and strong winds often blow sand over roads; public transport
involves overcrowded buses and many have to rely on camels.
Coasts: Swanage, Lyme Regis, Medmerry Lyme Regis, Dorset (south coast of England)
Why is coastal management needed?Spectacular coastline & famous for fossils = needs protectingLyme Regis is a popular holiday resort = economy depends on the coastline being protectedThe coastline is made up of unstable cliffs = eroding faster than anywhere in EuropeWhat has been done to manage the coastline?Phase 1 = new sea wall (with promenade); cliffs stabilised; beach re-profiled = £1.4 million projectPhase 2 = beach widened and rock armour extended to absorb wave energyPhase 3 = plans not undertaken to the west of Lyme Regis = costs outweighed the benefitsPhase 4 = £20 million spent to build a new sea wall to the east of Lyme Regis/nailing & drainage improvements to stabilise the cliffsWhat effects did the management have?New beaches = more visitors = businesses are thrivingThe new defences have stood up to stormy weatherLyme Regis harbour is better protected = good for boat owners/fishermenIncreased visitor numbers = CONFLICT = local people don’t like the increased levels of traffic and litterCONFLICT = environmentalists don’t like the impact on the natural coastal landscape/animal habitatsNew sea wall = impact on coastal processes = neighbouring coastline affected = CONFLICT with other places further along the coastFewer landslips on the cliffs = less fossils revealed = CONFLICT with scientific researchers.Note: CONFLICT = disagreement between different groups of people caused by the coastal management – e.g. local shop owners like the increasing number of visitors, but local people don’t like the litter they create.
Medmerry: Managed Retreat
(1) Managed retreat (or coastal realignment) = removing coastal defences and
letting the sea flood the land.
(2) Over time the land turns to marshland = protects the land further inland from
flooding and erosion.
(3) + cheap and easy with no maintenance needed; creates habitats for wildlife.
(4) – can cause conflict when choosing areas to flood (e.g. flooding farmland will
affect the livelihood of the farmer); saltwater can have a negative effect on
existing ecosystems.
Overall – managed retreat: a sustainable option that will become more popular as
sea levels continue to rise.
Coastal landforms Example from Swanage
Headland Durlston Head
Bay Swanage Bay
Spit South Haven Point
Lagoon Little Sea
Saltmarsh Brand’s Bay
Sand dunes Shell Bay
Cave The Foreland
Stack and stump Old Harry & Old Harry’s Wife
Wave cut platform At the base of Old Harry
Rivers: The River Tees & Banbury
An example of a flood management scheme from the UK – Banbury (50km north of Oxford in the south of England):
Why was the scheme needed? = Banbury has a history of devastating floods – e.g. 1998 £12.5 million of damage, including the closure of the town’s railway station & 150 homes and businesses affected.
What did the scheme involve? = the main road into the town (A361) was raised to avoid flood waters; a 2.9km embankment was built to create a storage area for excess water; new floodwalls were built to protect properties; a new pumping station was built to remove excess water from the river.
What issues did the scheme create? = SOCIAL (to do with people) – the A361 could stay open during floods (avoids disrupting peoples’ lives); ECONOMIC (to do with money) – cost of the scheme was £18.5 million (could the money have been spent improving the area in other ways?) –although protecting property saved £100 million in avoiding damage; ENVIRONMENTAL (to with the surrounding landscape and ecology) –allowed new hedgerows, ponds and trees to be established as part of the overall plan to build an earth embankment.
Features in the Upper Course of the River Tees: The upper course has hard impermeable
rocks. Here, vertical erosion has formed a V-shaped valley.High Force, the UK's largest waterfall at 21 metres high is located in the upper course. An area of hard rock, called Whin Sill (or Whinstone), is located above a layer of soft rocks (sandstone and shale) and together they create this impressive waterfall.
Features in the Middle Course of the River Tees: As the River Tees starts to erode sideways (lateral erosion), it forms meanders. These can be identified in the middle course near Barnard Castle.
Features in the Lower Course of the River Tees: Near Yarm, the meanders in the lower course are much larger, and oxbow lakes have formed. In this area there are also levees which have formed when the river has flooded.The River Tees has a very large estuary with mudflats and sandbanks which supports wildlife in the area. Sites such as Seal Sands are protected areas.
The River Tees
Topic Case Study RAG
The Urban World Rio de Janeiro
Urban Change in the UK Manchester
Sustainable Urban Development Freiburg
The Development Gap Tourism in Jamaica
NEE Nigeria
The Changing UK Economy Torr Quarry (UK)
Resource Management: Food The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS)
Paper 2 Case Studies:
Rio de Janeiro
How has urban growth created opportunities in Rio?
Social
Access to services – health and education:
Santa Marta favela (slum) = 13km from a hospital = medical staff take
health kits to peoples’ homes = infant mortality has fallen & life
expectancy has increased
Improving access to education = grants for poor families to meet school
costs, getting local people to volunteer to work in schools, opening a
university in Rocinha favela
Access to resources – water supply and energy:
Work done to improve water supply in favelas = 7 new treatment plants &
over 300 km of new pipes = by 2014, 95% had a mains water supply
Electricity supply improved – 60 km of new power lines, new nuclear
generator, new hydro-electric complex = electricity supply up by 30%
Economic
Industrial areas stimulate economic growth:
Economic development = improvements to transport and the favelas
(improving peoples’ quality of life)
Large national/international companies attracted to Rio = growth of the
FORMAL economy (the official economy where people pay tax & have
workers’ rights)
Rio has become Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial centre =
employment opportunities (e.g. construction, steel production,
electronics industry, oil refining and port activities) = higher incomes per
person = growth of service sector (e.g. retail, tourism and finance jobs)
How has urban growth created challenges in Rio?
Managing urban growth – slums/squatter settlements:
Squatter settlements (called favelas in Brazil) are created where people (mainly migrants from the countryside) build their own homes illegally on land they don’t own
– Rocinha is the largest favela in Rio, built on a steep hillside it has a population of over 75 000 – favelas are areas of great social problems:
Construction – poor buildings; on steep slopes = landslides; limited road access
Services – lack of running water, electricity, sewage systems
Unemployment – as high as 20% & employment is poorly paid
Crime – high murder rates, drugs gangs, distrust of the police
Health – crowded, waste disposed on streets, burning rubbish = poor health/disease = low life expectancy
HOWEVER – there are more jobs, schools and better services than the countryside – there is a real community spirit - neighbours help to improve houses – in Rocinha:
90% of houses now brick built
Many houses have fridges and TVs
& new facilities (e.g. bars, shops, radio station, schools and health facilities)
Providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy:
12% of the population don’t have access to running water & 37% is lost through leaky pipes/illegal access
Rio suffers frequent blackouts due to a shortage of electricity – many people in favelas have tapped into the main supply = illegal and dangerous
Providing access to services – health and education:
2013 – only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic
Services for pregnant women/elderly very poor in the West Zone = high infant mortality (21 per 1000 babies don’t live beyond 1 year) and low life expectancy
(45)
Only ½ of children continue their education beyond the age of 14 = many leave school and some get involved in drug trafficking
School enrolment levels are low due to = shortage of schools, lack of money so children work rather than attend school, lack of teachers
Reducing unemployment and crime:
Economic problems in 2015 = unemployment and gaps in wealth (e.g. the income of the poorest 50% of people is only 13% of the total income for Rio)
20% unemployment in the favelas – most jobs are INFORMAL (not official – outside the control of the government – no tax is paid) – e.g. street vendors, maids
and labourers = poorly paid and irregular work & no insurance cover or unemployment benefit
Schemes such as the Schools of Tomorrow programme aim to give young people practical skills to reduce unemployment in the favelas
Robbery and violent crime are a major problem – powerful gangs control drug trade: 2013 – Pacifying Police Units set up to reclaim favelas from drug dealers –
lower crime rate and increased property values are the positive results
Managing environmental issues – waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion:
Waste disposal – biggest problem is in the favelas = on steep slopes with few good roads = difficult for waste collection lorries = waste is dumped = pollutes
water = disease and rats (Solution: power plant set up = consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day & generates electricity for 1000 homes)
Air pollution – brown smog often covers Rio due to heavy traffic/congestion creating exhaust fumes & pollution from factory chimneys mixing with mist from
the Atlantic (Solution: improvements aimed at reducing traffic congestion** and improving air quality)
Traffic congestion – Rio is the most congested city in South America = stress, pollution and wasted time for commuters/businesses – this is due to: steep
mountains makes road building difficult in many places; lots of tunnels through mountains; car ownership up by 40%; high crime levels means people prefer to
travel by car (Solution: [** - also improve air quality] expansion of metro system, charging to use roads, using one-way systems to improve traffic flow)
Water pollution – Guanabara Bay highly polluted = impact on fishing and beaches/tourism – the pollution is due to: 55 polluted rivers flowing into the bay;
rivers polluted by open sewers; industrial waste; oil spills (Solution: 12 new sewage works, ships fined for illegally dumping fuel, new sewage pipes in favelas)
Rio de Janeiro – The Favela-Bairro Project – an example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life of the
poor.Often the poorest people are the worst affected by the problems of urban growth – this project was planned to help ¼ million people in 73 favelas:Social improvements = day care centres for children, access to clean water/sanitation & new health, education and leisure facilities.Economic improvements = training to allow people to get better jobs, new cable car system giving access to work & legal help/loans for people to get ownership of their properties.Environmental improvements = streets widened and paved, rubbish collections and brick buildings replacing wooden structures & hillsides secured to stop landslides.
Manchester Pt 1 - OpportunitiesThere are a variety of reasons why Manchester is important in the UK and wider world:
Sport – Manchester is home to 2 internationally important football teams (e.g. Manchester United).
Arts and entertainment – Manchester has venues for international acts (e.g. Manchester Arena) and art galleries
and museums attract people and exhibitions from around the world.
Transport – road links to the region and the rest of the UK – mainline rail link to London.
Education – Universities and music schools attract students from around the world.
Shopping – Manchester has shopping centres which attract customers from across the region/country (e.g.
Trafford Centre).
Media – MediaCityUK – BBC/ITV produce programmes enjoyed across the world (e.g. Coronation Street).
Leisure – Manchester is a major centre for leisure activities (e.g. bars and restaurants) and is a base for people
visiting the Peak District. The International Airport is a link to the world for holidays and business.
Economy – since the industrial revolution Manchester has traded with other places in the UK and around the
world – Trafford Park remains an important location for manufacturing companies. Now most jobs are in the
tertiary sector (service jobs) – Manchester is the North West of England’s financial centre.
Impact (G = on the growth of Manchester; C = on the character of Manchester) + or -
G – Migrants provide a hardworking and motivated workforce – migrants fill the ‘skills gap’ and take
up less desirable jobs. +
G – Pressure on health, education and housing resources – e.g. the costs of educating the migrants’
children must be paid for. -
G – There is an over-dependence of some industries on migrant labour e.g. the construction
industry. -
C – The mainly young migrants help to balance the ageing population. +C – Enrichment of the city’s cultural life - there is an influx of new and/or revitalised providers of
local services – for example, Polish delicatessens. +
C – There is a growth of ethnic retailing and areas associated with ethnic food outlets – for
example,
the ‘curry mile’ in Rusholme, Manchester.+
C – Discrimination against ethnic groups and minorities which may lead to civil unrest and
extremism. -
C – Creation of a multi-ethnic society increases understanding of other cultures. +C – The challenge of integration - segregated areas of similar ethnic groups are created. -
Cultural opportunities
Recreation and entertainment opportunities
Employment opportunities
Transport opportunities
Environmental opportunities
Manchester is becoming more culturally diverse. Some areas have developed distinct cultural identities (e.g. China Town is the home to a wide variety of restaurants providing Asian food and the Chinese New Year parade).
Different parts of central Manchester have developed as areas to spend leisure time (e.g. the Northern Quarter attracts people with a range of bars, restaurants and live music venues).
There are growing numbers of jobs in retail (e.g. Trafford Centre), finance (e.g. banks and accountancy firms) and public administration/health care (e.g. Manchester City Council & Salford Royal Hospital).
Metrolink is at the centre of an integrated transport system – it will be the largest tram system in the UK: currently carries 20million people a year = links together other transport networks – e.g. the trams connect Manchester Airport, Piccadilly train station and Piccadilly bus station – provides a link to key locations such as Old Trafford/MediaCity.
Urban greening is the process of creating and maintaining green space in cities like Manchester –it creates cleaner air, wildlife habitats and open spaces for the public to enjoy (e.g. walking and running).
The Whitworth Gallery has been renovated and is now home to nationally significant exhibitions. The Royal Exchange Theatre has an international reputation for high quality productions.
Shopping is a growing leisure activity and there have been major retail developments (e.g. the Trafford Centre).
MediaCity at Salford Quays - BBC moved 2500 jobs to Salford and other media companies are now being attracted to the area – 10,000 new jobs will be created.
Improvements to the railway network (e.g. connecting Victoria and Piccadilly railway stations – the Ordsall Chord).
Urban greening is being developed at: Salford Quays – with trees planted to enhance the environment and a publicly accessible waterfront for recreational use; Oxford Road – a major transport route into Manchester -new urban tree planting and green roof installations will help transform the road into a ‘green corridor’.
There are a growing number of museums in Manchester and Salford. These include the National Football Museum and the Imperial War Museum North.
‘Home’ has recently opened in the centre of Manchester and is a centre for cinema and the arts.
New service businesses (e.g. Co-operative financial services) provide jobs, mainly for young professionals.
New park and ride schemes are being set up (e.g. East Lancashire Road park and ride/guided busway; East Didsbury Metrolink Park and Ride).
Other environmental opportunities -improving: open spaces -parks, woodlands, nature reserves, lakes and reservoirs/civic spaces such as St Peter’s Square/transport links -river valleys and canals, pathways, cycle routes, tram routes and railway lines/networks of “urban green” - private gardens and street trees
Manchester Pt 2- Challenges
Inner city Manchester – e.g. Monsall is one of the top 10% most socially deprived areas in the country. There are many challenges: council houses built in the 1930s = damp/poor insulation; poor schools = 23% of adults with no qualifications; poor health services = 58% of residents without good health/higher than average death rates from cancer; 8% unemployment & average weekly income of £270).
Suburban Manchester – e.g. Didsbury is a wealthy area – the highest life expectancy (81 years) and highest levels of car ownership in Manchester. There are fewer challenges: many large detached houses (well maintained); good schools = 12% of adults with no qualifications; good health services = 61% of residents with good health; 3% unemployment& average weekly income of £640).
Urban deprivation in Manchester –industrial decline in the city has led to a
decrease in wealth and many areas (in the inner city) have become deprived (poor access to health care, education and job
opportunities) compared to other areas (in the suburbs).
Waste Disposal
Waste disposal is becoming an issue in Manchester as the
population grows:
CHALLENGE – Greater Manchester produces 1.1 million tonnes of
waste per year. It is also among the worst regions in the UK in
terms of producing food waste. Almost a quarter of waste still goes
to landfill sites (disposal of rubbish by burying it and covering it
with soil). SOLUTION – waste from council waste collections and
household waste recycling centres is managed at 43 facilities across
the region, including:
A Materials Recovery Centre = 95% of waste re-cycled
A Treatment Centre = waste is processed to be used in power
stations
A Composting Plant = food waste turned into compost for use
on farms
Manchester still uses 4 landfill sites, but they are managed to
reduce water pollution and gas emissions
Reasons why Salford Quays needed regeneration:
At its peak, 75,000 people were employed on the docks.
By 1976 the workforce in the area had fallen to 15,000, crime levels had risen and many social
problems existed in the area.
In 1982 the docks closed leading to high levels of unemployment and a derelict urban
environment.
The redevelopment of Salford Quays started in 1985 with a focus on offices and leisure
attractions.
The main features of the project:
Salford Quays is a major contributor to the economy of the whole region – earning £1 billion
over 5 years.
By 2008 there were 1,400 companies at Salford Quays employing 35,000 people. There are a
variety of employers in the media industry including the BBC and ITV.
The University of Salford is opening a new campus for 1,500 students – new courses will
provide skills to help people access job opportunities at Salford Quays.
Public transport has been improved – there are several Metrolink stops.
Sustainable developments – wind turbines and solar panels on high rooftops. Many buildings
have a minimal impact on non-renewable resources. There is a publicly accessible waterfront
for walking and cycling. Tree planting has supported biodiversity, creating a network of green
spaces.
The regeneration also has some negative features:
Certain groups are not catered for (e.g. few facilities for the elderly) & local people can’t afford
the accommodation.
Many local people aren’t qualified to work in the media industry and can’t get a job at Salford
Quays.
Shortage of Homes In Greater Manchester, 227 thousand new homes and 400 thousand new jobs are needed – land is needed for new housing (e.g. on rural land near Boothstown) and industry/warehousing (e.g. on rural land
along the M61 corridor) – ¼ of the land needed is located on the rural-urban fringe. Building on the edge of the city will cause urban sprawl = building on greenfield sites has effects on people and the
environment:+ people have the opportunity to live in the more pleasant
environment found in rural areas (in commuter settlements)+ land is cheaper to build on – costs are lower for developers (e.g.
house builders)- valuable farmland is lost – animals lose habitats and plant life is lost
- green belt land is lost – deforestation can lead to increased flooding
Freiburg Freiburg – features of sustainable living:
Water and energy conservation Waste recycling Creating green space Local people invest in renewable energy (e.g. 400
solar panel installations – Freiburg has become a
centre for solar technology) = use less fossil fuels
Energy for 28 000 homes produced by burning
biogas from waste
Many low-energy buildings – to make Freiburg
100% powered by renewables by 2050 = homes,
offices and factories need to halve energy use
Financial rewards for people who use water
sparingly – buildings with ‘green roofs’ covered in
vegetation to store water for reuse (e.g. in the
district of Vauban)
Rain is retained (flood water is stored in natural
retention basins), reused (homes have wastewater
recycling facilities) and allowed to sink into the
ground (green open spaces filter out pollutants =
groundwater is an important source of drinking
water) – pavements and unpaved tramways allow
water to soak through
= sustainable energy (less pollution – reduction in the
causes of climate change) & protects water supply to meet
the needs of the city
Financial rewards given to people who
compost their kitchen/garden waste –
collected weekly
350 community recycling points
Over 88% of packaging is recycled
People in Freiburg produce less non-recyclable
waste than most Germans = annual waste
disposal reduced by 2/3 in 12 years
= reduces the amount of waste created (resources
aren’t wasted & the environment is protected for
future generations – fewer landfill sites)
When new houses were built in Vauban,
existing trees were protected and green
spaces were left between houses
44 000 trees planted in parks and streets
40% of the city is forested = 56% of forests are
nature conservation areas
Riselfeld District = 78 hectares built on & 240
hectares left as open space
River Dreisam left to flow unmanaged =
creates natural habitats
= natural and free recreational resource; habitat for
wildlife; economic resource (wood used for timber)
Using transport strategies to reduce traffic congestionTraffic congestion = air pollution & negative economic effects (e.g. increased journey times; higher fuel consumption; greater risk of accidents). Freiburg has an integrated
transport system – based on the use of trams = less cars/less congestion/less pollution:
Low tram fares
Concert and sports tickets allow free use of trams
Tram network = 30km and connects to 168km of bus routes
70% of people live within 500m of a tram stop
+ integrated transport system supported by cycle paths and ‘bike and ride’ facilities at train/bus stations & restrictions on car parking spaces
= tram journeys up by 25 000 in one year, whilst car journeys went down by 30 000
Tourism in Jamaica
An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC/NEE
can help to reduce the development gap – JAMAICA:
Beautiful beaches/warm sunny climate/culture
makes Jamaica a popular holiday destination (+ air
links and cruise ship facilities).
2014 – tourism = 24% of Jamaica’s GNI = important
factor in Jamaica’s economic growth.
US$2 billion income from tourism a year = taxes for
the government to spend on infrastructure (new
transport facilities), health and education (BUT –
money created by tourism has had less impact away
from the tourist centres on the island).
Tourism provides 200 000 jobs = people spend their
wages in local shops and on local services =
economy grows (BUT – tourism jobs are seasonal
and poorly paid).
Tourism has created many wealthy Jamaicans who
live in high-quality houses with a high standard of
living (BUT – many Jamaican’s have seen little
impact on the quality of their life.
Culture – Nigeria has a rich culture and is
globally significant in music, cinema (2nd
largest film industry in the world), literature
and sport (football – won the African Cup of
Nations 3 times).
NEE: Nigeria Pt 1Where is Nigeria?
In West Africa; extends from the Gulf of Guinea in the south to the Sahel in the north (nearing the edge of the Sahara Desert); bordered by Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon; capital city = Abuja; important city as a global economic hub = Lagos.
Nigeria is globally important – one of a number of countries
Experiencing rapid economic growth (an NEE), it has the 21st largest economy in the world = expected to have the world’s highest GNI growth rate for 2012-17; it is the world’s 12th largest producer of oil = earns lots of money to make the economy grow.
Nigeria is important regionally (in Africa) – in 2014 it had the highest GNI in Africa and the 3rd largest amount of manufacturing industry; it has the largest population of any African country & the highest farm output in the continent; Nigeria is leading the way in development in Africa.
Social – Nigeria is multi-ethnic – this social and religious diversity is a strength, but also a weakness = regions of Nigeria (e.g. Biafra in the south-east) have tried to break-away leading to conflict & economic inequality between the north and south has led to tension and instability = reduced investment from abroad.
Environment – with decreasing rainfall to the north, the environment has an important impact on people (e.g. in the south = high rainfall & temperature = forest and crops such as cocoa and oil palm/in the north = semi-desert = grazing cattle).
Politics – Nigeria was run by the UK until 1960 when it became independent – since then it has had problems = civil war, dictatorships and corruption – only since 1999 has it had a stable government.
Nigeria – key aspects of the country
NEE: Nigeria Pt 2There are over 40 TNCs operating in Nigeria – there are advantages (+) and disadvantages (-) for
Nigeria:
+ they provide jobs and new skills - workers can be poorly paid
+ they invest in infrastructure and education - working conditions are often poor
+ local companies benefit from more orders - management jobs go to foreign workers brought in by the
TNC
+ money is made from increased exports - profits made by the TNC go abroad to the country the TNC
comes from
An example of a TNC in Nigeria = Shell Oil (a company from the UK and Netherlands) = invested large
amounts of money in extracting oil in Nigeria:
+ Shell pays large amounts of tax to the Nigerian
government
- Shell has caused oil spills and water pollution
+ Shell has created 65 000 jobs in Nigeria - Shell is responsible for toxic fumes going into the air
+ Shell gives 91% of its contracts to Nigerian
companies
- Shell’s work has had negative effects on farming and
fishing
+ Shell has developed energy supplies in Nigeria - Levels of oil related crime have risen
Has aid helped Nigeria?YES NO
Community-based projects delivered directly to
those in need by small charities and NGOs =
successful:
Official aid to the Nigerian government = less
successful:
Nets for Life (an NGO) provides education on
disease prevention and gives mosquito nets to
many households.
Nigeria needs to become less dependent on aid
to allow stronger economic development.
The UK Department for International
Development provides effective health
education in rural areas.
Donating governments can get political
influence in Nigeria & money might be used to
promote the self-interest of the donor (e.g. to
make money from trade).
Aid from the USA helps to educate and protect
people against HIV/AIDS.
Aid is lost through government corruption & the
Nigerian Government can divert the money for
other purposes (e.g. Nigeria’s navy).
Industrial growth - 15000 industrial plants,
10000 of which are illegal and unregulated
Harmful pollutants go into water channels =
harmful to people & ecosystems
Poisonous gases from industrial chimneys =
health problems for people
Urban growth - urban areas in Nigeria have
grown rapidly
Traffic congestion is a major problem = high
levels of air pollution
Waste disposal is a problem – rubbish dumped
on the roadside
Commercial farming (farming for money) &
deforestation
80% of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed
Many species have disappeared =
cheetahs/giraffes & 500 types of plant
Mining & extraction of raw materials -
especially oil extraction
Tin mining = toxic chemicals pollute water
supplies
Oil spills damage ecosystems & cause fires
(sending CO2 into the atmosphere)
The effects of economic development on the quality of life for people in Nigeria:
People have benefited:
Human Development Index – 2001 to 2011 = Nigeria had one of the highest average HDI improvements in the world (which
means that GNI, life expectancy and years in education have gone up).
Births attended by skilled staff – have gone up overall between 1990 and 2013 = from 31% to 38%.
Population with access to safe water – 46% in 1990 – risen to 64% in 2013.
Secondary school attendance – 25% in 1990 – risen to 44% in 2013.
There are also many more mobile phone and internet users in Nigeria.
There are still many problems:
Oil wealth has not been used effectively = the gap between rich and poor has grown wider.
60% of Nigerians still live in poverty.
Many still have limited access to safe water, sanitation and a reliable electricity supply.
The environment has been devastated in many places – polluted air and water.
Activities of militant groups (e.g. Boko Haram) spread fear among Nigerians and potential foreign investors.
The environmental impacts of industry in the UK:
• Factories have a negative visual effect on the landscape.
• Industry can cause air and water pollution.
• Waste products can pollute the ground and water when they are disposed of on landfill sites.
• Transport of raw materials/products is mainly by road = air pollution and environmental damage caused by road construction.
An example of how modern industry can be environmentally sustainable (environmentally friendly) – TORR QUARRY, SOMERSET (UK):
• (The quarry is nationally important because it provides raw materials for the construction industry (e.g. rock chippings for roads))
• The quarry landscape has been restored to create wildlife lakes.
• Local limestone has been used to make the landscape look more natural.
• Grass and trees have been planted to blend the quarry in with the surrounding countryside.
• Noise, dust and vibration levels are checked and controlled – water quality is also monitored.
• Rail transport is used to reduce the quarry’s impact on local roads and villages.
Torr Quarry UK
Outer Hebrides vs Cambridgeshire
A rural area of population growth
– South Cambridgeshire
A rural area of population decline –
The Outer Hebrides
SOCIAL CHANGEECONOMIC
CHANGESOCIAL CHANGE
ECONOMIC
CHANGE80% car ownership
amongst new residents
leads to traffic
congestion. Less people
use public transport so
services close down
(e.g. less bus routes).
People move to live in
rural areas, but still work
in Cambridge – they still
use services in the city so
the local rural economy
doesn’t benefit.
There will be less school
children so schools are
closing down.
Government has to
provide money (subsidies)
to keep essential services
going (e.g. ferries to the
mainland).
People moving in to the
rural areas don’t always
mix with locals so there
is less community spirit.
Houses built on farmland
= less farms = less farming
jobs (although there are
more construction jobs).
Younger people are
moving away = ageing
population (may need a
lot of carers in the future).
Services close down
because there is less
demand (e.g. local pub).
House prices go up –
local younger people
can’t afford them so
they move away =
ageing population.
Lack of affordable housing
& other prices go up (e.g.
petrol) due to increased
demand).
Important services such as
hospitals can only be
found large distances
away (local services
close).
Younger people are
moving away = less
workers for local
businesses.
Indus Basin Irrigation System
Pakistan
Indus Basin irrigation system
Key facts:
- Largest continuous irrigation scheme in the world
- Three large dams and 100+ smaller dams
- Improves food security
- Irrigation has increased crop yields
- Diets have improved as there is a wider range of food produce available
The Indus River flows from Tibet and is fed by tributaries from Pakistan, India, China and Afghanistan into the Arabian Sea.For India and Pakistan, it is an important source of water for their dry agricultural regions.IBIS is a system of three large and some smaller dams that control the flow of the river. Man-made canals have been built between the tributaries to allow water to be transferred between them. A system of ditches and streams then take the much-needed water to farmland (irrigation).Advantages: irrigates land, improves food security, improved diets and range of food that can be grown, allowed fish farming in reservoirs and generated HEP. Fruit crops have increased by 150%.Disadvantages: Some farmers take too much water leaving less for others downstream, evaporation loss is high in summer, population growth will put pressure on the system in future and there are very high water costs.
Map Skills
• Describing distribution (using N,S,E,W, continents, oceans and place names)• Using 4 & 6 figure grid references. • Using a scale bar to measure distances. • Directions on maps• Using OS symbols effectively • Using Contour Lines to describe height
RAG
Graph Skills
• Interpreting a variety of graphs (correlation, trend line and using data in your answer) • Creating pie charts, line graphs, bar charts, proportional circle charts.• Drawing a line of best fit.
Maths Skills
• Calculating mean, media, mode and range of a set of data. • Interpreting different types of data.• Calculating interquartile ranges.
Extended Writing
• Refer to sources in your answer• Follow the PEE structure • Balance your argument • Introduce and conclude your answer. • Include case study information and your own knowledge. • Fully develop all points ‘this means, this leads to, this suggests’
Other • Interpret photos
For a more comprehensive list of skills, please follow this link: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zpf6mnb
Skills Checklist: