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2012
SAG
VN
TVM
-EX
TRA
-13 SAGVNTVM
PAPELES DEL LABORATORIO DE ARQUEOLOGÍADE VALENCIA
EXTRA-13
2012
FACULTAT DE GEOGRAFIA I HISTÒRIA
Departament de Prehistòria i d’Arqueologia
WOOD AND CHARCOALEVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY
WO
OD
AN
D C
HA
RC
OA
L
ERNESTINA BADAL – YOLANDA CARRIÓN – MIGUEL MACÍAS – MARÍA NTINOU
(COORDINATORS)
SAGVNTVM-Extra 1, C. Aranegui (ed.), Los Íberos, principes de Occidente. Las estructuras de poder en la sociedad ibérica, Barcelona 1998 (Agotado).
SAGVNTVM-Extra 2, J. Bernabeu, T. Orozco (eds.), II Congrés del Neolític a la Península Ibèrica, València 1999.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 3, C. Mata, G. Pérez Jordà (eds.), Íbers. Agricultors, artesans i ramaders. III Reunió sobre Economia en el mon ibèric, València 2000.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 4, C. Aranegui (ed.), Lixus. Colonia fenicia y ciudad púnico-mauritana. Apuntes sobre la ocupación medieval, València 2001.
SAGVNTVM-Exra 5, E. Badal, J. Bernabeu, B. Martí (eds.), El paisaje en el Neolítico Mediterráneo. Neolithic Landscapes of the Mediterranean, València 2002.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 6, C. Aranegui (ed.), Lixus-2. Ladera Sur. Excavaciones arqueológicas marroco-españolas en la colonia fenicia. Campañas 2000-2003, València 2005.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 7, M. Kbiri Alaoui, Revisando Kuass (Assilah, Marruecos). Taller cerámico y enclave fenicio, púnico y mauritano, València 2007.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 8, C. Aranegui, H. Hassini (eds.), Lixus-3. Área suroeste del sector monumental [Cámaras Montalbán] 2005-2009, València 2010.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 9, C. Mata, G. Pérez Jordà, J. Vives (eds.), De la cuina a la taula. IV Reunió d’Economia en el primer mil·leni a.C., València 2010.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 10, C. Gómez Bellard, E. Díes Cusí, V. Marí. Tres paisajes ibicencos: un estudio arqueológico, València 2011.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 11, E. Badal, Y. Carrión, E. Grau, M. Macías, M. Ntinou (eds.), 5th International Meeting of Charcoal Analysis. The Charcoal as Cultural and Biological Heritage, València 2011.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 12, J. Bernabeu, M.A. Rojo, LL. Molina (coords.), Las Primeras Producciones Cerámicas: el VI Milenio cal AC en la Península Ibérica, València 2011.
SAGVNTVM-Extra 13, E. Badal, Y. Carrión, M. Macías, M. Ntinou (eds.), Wood and charcoal. Evidences for human and natural history, València 2012.
SAGVNTVMPAPELES DEL LABORATORIO DE ARQUEOLOGÍA DE VALENCIA
EXTRA – 13
2012
Wood and charcoalEvidence for human and natural History
Ernestina Badal, Yolanda Carrión, Miguel Macías, María Ntinou(Coordinators)
Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia
Title: Wood and charcoal. Evidence for human and natural HistorySeries: SAGVNTVM Extra
Coordinators:Ernestina Badal Yolanda Carrión Miguel MacíasMaría Ntinou
Information and exchanges:Departament de Prehistòria i d’ArqueologiaFacultat de Geografia i HistòriaBlasco Ibáñez 28 – Valencia 46010 (España)Fax [email protected]
All titles of this series are available from:Sevei de PublicacionsUniversitat de València (PUV)C/ Arts Gràfiques, 13, 46010 Valè[email protected]
Published by: UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIADepartament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia de la Facultad de Geografía i Història.Funded by MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA E INNOVACIÓN.
Book with international referee system
Design and layout by Coordinators.Printed by La Imprenta.
Print I.S.B.N.: 978-84-370-9062-7 Online I.S.B.N: 978-84-370-9061-0
Print Legal deposit:Online Legal deposit:
CONTENTS
List of authors .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ErnEstina Badal, Yolanda Carrión, MiguEl MaCías, María ntinouIntroduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
ErnEstina Badal, ValEntín VillaVErdE, João ZilhãoMiddle Paleolithic wood charcoal from three southern Iberian sites: biogeographic implications .................................. 13
PatriCia diogo MontEiro, lYdia ZaPata, nuno BiChoWood charcoal analyses from the Muge shell middens: results from samples of the 2010/2011excavations at Cabeco da Amoreira (Santarem, Portugal) ................................................................................................. 25
ElEni asoutiRethinking human impact on prehistoric vegetation in Southwest Asia: long-term fuel/timberacquisition strategies at Neolithic Çatalhöyük ................................................................................................................... 33
Maria ntinou, gEorgia stratouliCharcoal analysis at Drakaina Cave, Kephalonia, Ionian islands, Greece. A case study of aspecialized Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic site ................................................................................................................ 43
tiM M. sChroEdtEr, roBErt hofMann, nils MullEr-sChEEssEl, JohannEs MullEr, oliVEr nEllELate Neolithic vegetation around three sites in the Visoko basin, Bosnia, based onarchaeo-anthracology – spatial variation versus selective wood use ................................................................................. 53
alExa dufraissEFirewood and woodland management in their social, economic and ecological dimensions.New perspectives ............................................................................................................................................................... 65
ErnEstina Badal, BErnat Martí oliVEr, ManuEl PérEZ-riPollFrom agricultural to pastoral use: changes in neolithic landscape at Cova de l’Or (Alicante, Spain) .............................. 75
raquEl Piqué, sílVia Vila MorEiras, natàlia alonsoChanges in vegetation and fuel use from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages in the western Catalan plain ........................ 85
Mª oliVa rodríguEZ-ariZaPalaeovegetation and plant-resource management in the district of La Loma (Jaen, Spain) duringrecent Prehistory ................................................................................................................................................................ 97
isaBEl figuEiral, laurEnt faBrE, ChristoPhE tardYCharcoal analysis in the A750-A75 motorway (Clermont l’Herault / Saint Andre de Sangonis- Beziers, southern France): a case-study in Preventive Archaeology ............................................................................... 105
luCiE ChaBal, isaBEl figuEiral, ChristoPhE PEllECuEr, iouri BErMondEvidence of paleogeographic constraints on woodlands on the shores of a coastal lagoonduring Antiquity: charcoal analysis of the Pres-Bas villa and Le Bourbou (Loupian, Herault) ........................................ 115
ErnEstina Badal, Yolanda Carrión MarCo, JEsús f. JordáCharcoal analysis at the San Chuis hill fort (Allande, Asturias, Spain) ............................................................................ 125
María Martín-sEiJo, Yolanda Carrión MarCoShaping wood: woodworking during the Iron Age and Roman period in the northwest of theIberian peninsula ................................................................................................................................................................ 135
Yolanda Carrión MarCo, JaiME ViVEs-fErrándiZ sánChEZ, guillErMo tortaJada CoMEChE,hElEna BonEt rosadoThe role of wood and fire in a ritual context in an iberian oppidum: La Bastida de les Alcusses(Moixent, Valencia, Spain)................................................................................................................................................. 145
sonia dE haro PoZo, aMParo BarraChina Charcoal analysis of a burnt building at the Iron Age site of Los Morrones I, Cortes de Arenoso,Castellón, Spain ................................................................................................................................................................. 153
andrés tEira Brión, María Martín sEiJo, arturo dE loMBEra-hErMida, raMón fáBrEgasValCarCE, xosé PEdro rodríguEZ-álVarEZForest resource management during Roman and Medieval cave occupations in the Northwest of theIberian Peninsula: Cova do Xato and Cova Eirós (Galicia, Spain) ................................................................................... 159
Maria litYnska-ZaJaCForest plant remains from the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age in Poland .............................................................. 167
CharlenE BouChaud, roMain thoMas, MargarEta tEngBErgOptimal use of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) during Antiquity: anatomical identification ofplant remains from Mada’in Salih (Saudi Arabia) ............................................................................................................. 173
giaMPiEro Colaianni, franCEsCo sCElZa, girolaMo fiorEntino, angEla Pontrandolfo, alfonsosantoriEllo, daniEla orriCoThe use of wooden linings in the archaic wells of Fratte (Salerno-Italy) .......................................................................... 187
angEla stEllati, girolaMo fiorEntino, raffaElla Cassano, CustodE silVio fioriElloThe last firewood of a late ancient limekiln in Egnatia (SE Italy) ..................................................................................... 193
ValEntina CaraCuta, girolaMo fiorEntinoWood for fuel in Roman hypocaust baths: new data from the Late-Roman villa of Faragola (SE Italy) .......................... 199
anna Maria grasso, girolaMo fiorEntino, gioVanni straniEriBrick in the wall: an archaeobotanical approach to the analysis of dry stone structures (Puglia – Italy) ......................... 209
MiChEllE ElliottAn anthracological approach to understanding Late Classic period cultural collapse in Mesoamerica’snorthwestern frontier ........................................................................................................................................................ 217
MóniCa ruiZ-alonso, agustín aZkaratE, José luis solaun, lYdia ZaPataExploitation of fuelwood in Gasteiz (Basque Country, northern Iberia) during the Middle Ages(700-1200 AD) ................................................................................................................................................................... 227
CarME CuBEro i CorPasShrubs and trees from medieval l’Esquerda (7th-13th centuries AD) ............................................................................... 237
thoMas ludEMannAirborne laser scanning of historical wood charcoal production sites – A new tool of kiln siteanthracology at the landscape level ................................................................................................................................... 247
gina faraCo BianChini, rita sChEEl-YBErtPlants in a funerary context at the Jabuticabeira-II shellmound (Santa Catarina, Brazil) – easting or ritual offerings? ................................................................................................................................................. 253
WErnEr h. sChoChInformation content of Anthracology ................................................................................................................................. 259
arnE PaYsEnCharcoal research before modern Anthracology ................................................................................................................ 269
EllEn o’Carroll, frasEr J.g. MitChEllCharcoal sample guidelines: new methodological approaches towards the quantification andidentification of charcoal samples retrieved from archaeological sites ............................................................................. 275
María solEdad garCía MartínEZ, alExa dufraissECorrection factors on archaeological wood diameter estimation ....................................................................................... 283
ingElisE stuiJts, lorna o’donnEll, susan lYonsCloud-computing in Anthracology – Experiences with the WODAN online database in Ireland .................................... 291
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LIST OF AUTHORS
natàlia ALONSODpt. de Història. Universitat de Lleida. 25003. Lleida, [email protected]
ElEni ASOUTIDepartment of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool. Brownlow Street, L69 3GS Liverpool, [email protected]
agustín AZKARATEUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Tomás y Valiente s/n. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, [email protected]
ErnEstina BADALDepartment of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, 46010 Valencia, [email protected]
aMParo BARRACHINAServicio de Arqueología de la Diputación de Castellón. Av. Hermanos Bou, 28 12003 Castellón, Spain. [email protected]
iouri BERMONDUMR 5140 Archeologie des Societes Mediterraneennes. DRAC Languedoc-Roussillon. Service Regional de l’Archeologie. 5 rue de la Salle-L’Évêque. CS 49020. 34967 Montpellier cedex 2, [email protected]
nuno BICHOUniversidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. [email protected]
hElEna BONET ROSADOServicio de Investigación Prehistórica, Museo de Prehistoria, Diputación de Valencia, C/Corona 36, 46003, Valencia, Spain. [email protected]
CharlenE BOUCHAUDUMR 7209, Archeozoologie, Archeobotanique. Societes, Pratiques, Environnements (Museum national d’histoire naturelle). 55, rue Buffon 75005 Paris, [email protected]
ValEntina CARACUTALaboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology (L.A.P.). University of Salento-Lecce. Via Birago 64, 73100, Lecce. Italy. Department of Human Science. University of Foggia. Via Arpi, 71100, Foggia. Italy. [email protected]
Yolanda CARRIÓN MARCODepartment of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, 46010 Valencia, [email protected]
raffaElla CASSANODepartment of Antiquity, University of Bari, Italy. [email protected]
luCiE CHABALCBAE UMR 5059 CNRS Univ. Montpellier 2 EPHE. Institut de Botanique. 163 rue A. Broussonnet. 34090 Montpellier, [email protected]
giaMPiEro COLAIANNILaboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology. University of Salento. Via Dalmazio Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, [email protected]
CarME CUBERO I CORPASMuseu Arqueològic de l’Esquerda. 08510 Roda de Ter, [email protected]
sonia DE HARO POZOCl. Enseñanza, 11, 12001 Castellón, Spain. [email protected]
arturo DE LOMBERA-HERMIDAGrupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do NW Iberico (GEPN). Departamento de Historia I. USC. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3) 43007, Tarragona, Spain. Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, Tarragona 43002, [email protected]
PatríCia DIOGO MONTEIRONúcleo de Arqueologia e Paleoecologia da Universidade do Algarve. Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da
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[email protected] Maria GRASSOLaboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, [email protected]
roBErt HOFMANNGraduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, Christian-Albrecht-University (CAU) D-24098 Kiel, Germany.Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology CAU, D-24098 Kiel, [email protected]
JEsús F. JORDÁDpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología. UNED. 28040 Madrid, [email protected]
Maria LITYŃSKA-ZAJĄCInstitute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow Branch, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, [email protected]
thoMas LUDEMANNUniversity of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Dept. of Geobotany. Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, [email protected]
susan LYONSDepartment of Archaeology, University College Cork, Cork, [email protected]
BErnat MARTÍ OLIVERMuseu de Prehistòria de València-SIP. C. de la Corona 32, 46003 València, [email protected]
María MARTÍN-SEIJOGEPN-Grupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do Noroeste Iberico. Dpto. Historia I. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Praza da Universidade s/n. 15782, Santiago de Compostela, [email protected]
frasEr J.G. MITCHELLBotany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, [email protected]
JohannEs MÜLLERGraduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, Christian-Albrecht-University (CAU) D-24098 Kiel, Germany.Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology CAU, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, [email protected]
alExa DUFRAISSECNRS, UMR 7209 “Archeozoologie, archeobotanique”, 55 rue buffon 75005 Paris, [email protected]
MiChEllE ELLIOTTUMR 8096 “Archeologies des Ameriques”, CNRS. Maison Rene Ginouvès. 21, allee de l’Universite. F-92023 Nanterre Cedex, [email protected]
laurEnt FABRE INRAP Mediterranee, 561 Rue Etienne Lenoir, Km Delta, 30900 Nîmes, France Thau agglo, Jardin antique Mediterraneen, Rue des Pioch, 34540 Balaruc les Bains, FranceCBAE, CNRS /Univ. Montpellier 2/EPHE, Montpellier, [email protected]
raMón FÁBREGAS VALCARCEGrupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do NW Iberico (GEPN). Departamento de Historia I. USC. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. [email protected]
gina FARACO BIANCHINIDepartamento de Antropologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta da Boa Vista, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [email protected]
isaBEl FIGUEIRALINRAP Mediterranee, 561 rue Etienne Lenoir, km Delta, 30900 Nîmes, France.CBAE UMR 5059 CNRS Univ. Montpellier 2 EPHE. Institut de Botanique. 163 rue A. Broussonnet. 34090 Montpellier, [email protected]
CustodE silVio FIORIELLODepartment of Antiquity, University of Bari, Italy. [email protected]
girolaMo FIORENTINOLaboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology (L.A.P.). University of Salento-Lecce. Via Birago 64, 73100, Lecce. [email protected]
María solEdad GARCÍA MARTÍNEZDepartamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Tecnicas Historiográficas, Facultad de Letras, Universidad de Murcia. C/ Santo Cristo, 1. 30001-Murcia, Spain.
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xosé PEdro RODRÍGUEZ-ÁLVAREZInstitut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3) 43007, Tarragona, Spain.Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, Tarragona 43002, [email protected]
Mª oliVa RODRÍGUEZ-ARIZAInstituto Universitario de Arqueología Iberica. Universidad de Jaen. Edif. C-6, 23071 Jaen, [email protected]
MóniCa RUIZ-ALONSOGrupo de Investigación Arqueobiología (CCHS, CSIC). Albasanz, 26-28. 28037 Madrid, [email protected]
alfonso SANTORIELLOLaboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), [email protected]
franCEsCo SCELZALaboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), [email protected]
rita SCHEEL-YBERTDepartamento de Antropologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta da Boa Vista, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [email protected]
WErnEr h. SCHOCHLabor für quartäre Hölzer, Unterrütistrasse 17, 8135 Langnau a. A. [email protected]
tiM M. SCHROEDTERGraduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, Christian-Albrecht-University (CAU) D-24098 Kiel, Germany.Institute for Ecosystem Research CAU, D-24098 Kiel, [email protected]
José luis SOLAUNUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Tomás y Valiente s/n. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.. [email protected]
angEla STELLATILaboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce.Department of Antiquity, University of Bari, Italy.
[email protected] MÜLLER-SCHEESSELRoman-Germanic Commission, Plamgartenstr. 10-12, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., [email protected]
oliVEr NELLEInstitute for Ecosystem Research CAU, D-24098 Kiel, [email protected]
Maria NTINOUHellenic Open University, Aggelou Sikelianou 2, GR – 452 21 Ioannina, [email protected]
EllEn OCARROLLBotany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, [email protected]
lorna O’DONNELL14 Rockstown Park, Tooban, Burnfoot, County Donegal, [email protected]
daniEla ORRICOLaboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), [email protected]
arnE PAYSENInstitut für Ökosystemforschung der CAU Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, [email protected]
ChristoPhE PELLECUERUMR 5140 Archeologie des Societes Mediterraneennes. DRAC Languedoc-Roussillon. Service Regional de l’Archeologie. 5 rue de la Salle-L’Évêque. CS 49020. 34967 Montpellier cedex 2, [email protected]
ManuEl PÉREZ-RIPOLLDepartment of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, 46010 Valencia, [email protected]
raquEl PIQUÉDpt. de Prehistòria. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, [email protected]
angEla PONTRANDOLFOLaboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), [email protected]
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Dynamiques des Systèmes Anthropises – 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens cedex, [email protected]
guillErMo TORTAJADA COMECHEServicio de Investigación Prehistórica, Museo de Prehistoria, Diputación de Valencia, C/Corona 36, 46003, Valencia, [email protected]
sílVia VILA MOREIRASDpt. de Història. Universitat de Lleida. 25003 Lleida, [email protected]
ValEntín VILLAVERDEDepartment of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, 46010 Valencia, [email protected]
JaiME VIVES-FERRÁNDIZ SÁNCHEZServicio de Investigación Prehistórica, Museo de Prehistoria, Diputación de Valencia, C/Corona 36, 46003, Valencia, [email protected]
lYdia ZAPATAUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Tomás y Valiente s/n. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, [email protected]
João ZILHÃOICREA Research Professor at the University of Barcelona, [email protected]
gioVanni STRANIERICentre d’histoire et d’archeologie medievales - Universite Lumière Lyon 2, 69365 Lyon, France. [email protected]
gEorgia STRATOULIIZ΄ Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Aristotelous 16, GR – 582 00 Edessa, [email protected]
ingElisE STUIJTSDiscovery Programme, 63 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, [email protected]
ChristoPhE TARDYINRAP Mediterranee, 561 Rue Etienne Lenoir, Km Delta, 30900 Nîmes, [email protected]
andrés TEIRA BRIÓNGrupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do NW Iberico (GEPN). Departamento de Historia I. USC. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. [email protected]
MargarEta TENGBERGUniversity of Paris 1, UMR 7209, Archeozoologie, Archeobotanique. Societes, Pratiques, Environnements (Museum national d’histoire naturelle). 55, rue Buffon 75005 Paris, [email protected]
roMain THOMASUniversite de Picardie Jules Verne. Ecologie et
CharCoal analysis of a burnt building at the iron age site of los Morrones i, Cortes de arenoso,
Castellón, spain
1 Cl Enseñanza, 11, 12001 Castellón, Spain. [email protected] Servicio de Arqueología de la Diputación de Castellón. Av. Hermanos Bou, 28 12003 Castellón, Spain. [email protected]
Summary: In the excavations of the year 2007 at the Iron Age settlement of Los Morrones I (Cortes de Arenoso), three habitation areas affected by fire were documented, providing plenty of charred wood remains. Since these woods might have been part of building structures, they may supply data about their use in construction during that period.
Key words: Iron Age, settlement, building structures, charcoal analysis.
SONIA DE HARO POZO1, AMPARO BARRACHINA2
WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012: 153–158. 153
INTRODUCTION
The farm of Los Morrones I located within the city limits of Cortes de Arenoso to the northeast of the province of Castellón, is a large archaeological area where four settlements have been found, proving the long occupation of this space situated in the high pla-teau of Alto Mijares (Fig. 1).
Habitation in the area started in the second millen-nium and went on to the Romanization. Among all set-tlements, the best preserved was the one dating to the Old Iron Age, called Los Morrones I. Therefore, we decided to initiate a series of interventions with highly Figure 1. Archaeological site Los Morrones I.
sonia de haro pozo, aMparo barraChina
WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012.154
satisfactory results (Barrachina 2004-2005).The results of the first three archaeological cam-
paigns uncovered a group of rooms which might have been part of the same house. All the structures are concentrated on the top of the hill, apparently without extending on the steep slopes.
DATA AND RESULTS
During the 2009 campaign, an entire room was excavated (Room 2 –Fig. 2) and so were parts of the other two (Rooms 1 and 3). In all of the rooms, it was possible to document elements that showed the ef-fect of fire on structures not made in stone. All of the rooms provided abundant remains of charred wood, although in Room 1 they were smaller and scattered. Since those remains were part of building elements, they can put forward data related to the use of timber as building material during that period.
104 samples containing timber remnants were ob-tained from the room structures. More precisely, the samples come from Stratigraphic Units (SU) 1017, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029 and 1032. They were retrieved manually and each item was marked indi-vidually (Buxó and Piqué dirs. 2003).
A reflection optical microscope was used for the anatomical analysis of one or various charcoal frag-ments from each sample. By these means it was pos-sible to observe the microscopic characteristics of the wood elements, which are usually different depending on the species (Jaquiot 1955; Jaquiot 1973; Schwein-gruber 1978; García et al. 1996). Microscopic analysis and comparison with modern charred plants, allowed us to identify three taxa: Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris, Quercus sp. deciduous, Quercus sp. evergreen (Table 1, Fig. 3, 4, 5).
After the botanical identification the data were correlated with the stratigraphic information (strati-graphic units):
UE 1017. 4 samples were collected from Room 1. All of them were identified as Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris.
UE 1025. 64 samples were collected from Room 2. The following results were obtained:
- Quercus sp. deciduous in 64.1% of the samples.- Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris in 31.3% of the
samples.- Quercus sp. deciduous along with Pinus nigra-
Pinus sylvestris in 3% of the samples.Figure 2. Los Morrones I. Room 2.
Table 1. Los Morrones I. Qualitative and quantitative results.
CharCoal analysis of a burnt building at the iron age site of los Morrones i, Cortes de arenoso, Castellón, spain
WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. 155
-Quercus sp. deciduous along with Quercus sp. ev-ergreen in 1.6% of the samples.
UE 1026. One sample collected from Room 3 was identified as Quercus sp. deciduous.
UE 1027. Two more samples, 1A and 1B, were collected from Room 3. Sample 1A was identified as Quercus sp. deciduous and Pinus nigra-Pinus sylves-tris; sample 1B was Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris.
UE 1028. 12 samples were collected from Room 3. Samples 5, 11, 12, 13, 18, 28 and 29 were identified as Quercus sp. deciduous. Samples 26, 27 and 64 were identified as Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris. Both taxa were identified in samples 14 and 44.
UE 1029. All three samples collected from Room 2 were identified as Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris.
UE 1032. 18 samples were collected from Room 3. Samples 63, 65, 66-69, 71, 75B, and 76 were iden-tified as Quercus sp. deciduous. Samples 70, 72, 73, 75A, 75C, 78, 86 and 87 were identified as Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris. Both taxa were identified in sample 74.
Examination of the distribution of the identified taxa in relation to each room (Fig. 6) led us to the fol-lowing observations:
1. The significant presence of Quercus sp. decidu-ous charcoal and Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris, shows that the construction timber was the material mainly used, for elements such as poles, beams, roof, floor-
boards, doors, stairs, furniture, etc., which might have been part of the rooms.
2. Findings in Room 1 differ from the other rooms, since the only taxon represented is Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris.
3. It seems clear that the samples where several taxa were found would be the result of a mixture of charcoal of diverse nature caused by the process of fire and subsequent formation of the archaeological record.
4. The presence of Quercus sp. evergreen, which was identified only in Room 2 is scarce.
Figure 3. Quercus sp. evergreen, transver-sal section, x40.
Figure 4. Quercus sp. deciduous, transver-sal section, x80.
Figure 5. Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris, ra-dial section, x 400.
Figure 6. Los Morrones I. Taxa identified in relation to each room.
sonia de haro pozo, aMparo barraChina
WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012.156
er wooden structures have been documented as well. However, given that these two sites are situated in the termomediterranean bioclimatic level, the timber used is different from that used at Los Morrones I (Grau 1991).
At the settlement of Los Villares (Caudete de las Fuentes, Valencia), located in the mesomediterranean bioclimatic level, a set of structures forming a series of departments lined up throughout perpendicular streets in a complex urban planning was documented. A fire episode which affected most part of the departments, provided, in some areas, charred wood remains that were part of the building materials that made up the structure of those buildings. In this case the woods mainly used were Austrian pine and evergreen oak, although deciduous oak, strawberry tree, leguminous plants and ash tree were also represented (De Haro 2002).
In the province of Castellón a fire level has been documented at the site of La Morranda (Ballestar). Plaster remnants and charred branches have been re-trieved from area 3, some of them not yet completely consumed, woody debris still being visible. There were also documented three big wooden fragments with north-south orientation, in parallel with the wall, which might have been part of the longitudinal beams of the roof (Flors and Marcos 1998). Unfortunately, those charcoal remains have not been analyzed yet and, therefore, we do not know what kind of wood was used in those particular buildings.
CONCLUSIONS
At the archaeological site of Los Morrones I, three rooms affected by fire have been documented, provid-ing charcoal remains of Quercus sp. deciduous, Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris, and evergreen Quercus, which were part of building structures. Quercus sp. decidu-ous and Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris were mainly used as timber as well as evergreen Quercus but to a lesser extent. The woods were extracted from areas near the site: Pinus nigra-Pinus sylvestris from the
DISCUSSION
The settlement of Los Morrones I is situated on top of a hill at about 1146 m above sea level, in the mu-nicipality of Cortes de Arenoso, in the natural region of Alto Mijares. The site is included in the maestra-cense chorological sector, under the influence of the following bioclimatic levels (Roselló 1994; Peris et al. 1996):
- Superior Mesomediterranean. It is located to the south of Cortes de Arenoso. Evergreen oaks are pre-dominant, although the valley bottoms are covered by deciduous oaks.
- Supramediterranean. It is located to the north of Cortes de Arenoso, where extensive Pinus nigra for-ests grow. At the lower levels, they mingle with ever-green oaks.
- Oromediterranean. It is located at the top of Las Cruces peak (1710 m above sea level). Pinus sylves-tris dominates there.
These vegetation types would have already been exploited by the inhabitants of Los Morrones I in the Iron Age. This we can infer from the three taxa identi-fied in this study, since they would have been retrieved precisely from those forests. However, the extension of these formations cannot be determined through this analysis due to the provenance of the samples; these were concentrated samples associated with building structures that provide ethnological data, but not en-vironmental data at a quantitative level (Chabal 1991; Grau 1991). What seems to be evident is that decidu-ous oak, pine and evergreen oak woods were selected for a specific purpose. Their particular use is unknown so far, although they could correspond to poles, beams, roof, buttresses, lintels, stairs, etc., which collapsed on the floor level during fire.
Other archaeological sites dated to the same peri-od, such as Castellet de Bernabé (Llíria, Valencia) and Puntal dels Llops (Olocau, Valencia), have revealed remains from the roof which show a main structure made with beams and tie-beams, and a secondary one made with various reeds and branches. Poles and oth-
CharCoal analysis of a burnt building at the iron age site of los Morrones i, Cortes de arenoso, Castellón, spain
WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. 157
durante el Ibérico Pleno II a través de la antracolo-gía, IV Congreso Nacional de Arqueometría (Valen-cia, 2001), Valencia.
FLORS, E.; MARCOS, C. (1998): Estudi preliminar de les excavacions del jaciment iberic de la Morran-da (Ballestar, Castelló). Quaderns de Prehistòria i Arqueología de Castelló 19. Diputación de Cas-tellón.
GARCÍA, L.; GUINDEO, A.; DE PALACIOS, P. (1996): Madera de coníferas. Anatomía de géneros. Escuela superior de Ingenieros de Montes.
GRAU, E. (1991): El uso de la madera en yacimientos va-lencianos de la Edad del Bronce a la época Visigo-da. Datos etnobotánicos y reconstrucción ecológica según la antracología. Thesis. Universidad de Va-lencia.
JAQUIOT, C. (1955): Atlas d’anatomie des bois des confie-res. Centre technique du bois, Paris.
JAQUIOT, C.; TRENARD, Y.; DIROL, D. (1973): Atlas d’anatomie des bois des Angiospermes. Centre tech-nique du bois, Paris.
PERIS, J.B.; STÜBING, G.; ROSELLÓ, R. (1996): Bos-ques y matorrales de la Comunidad Valenciana. Di-putación de Castellón.
ROSELLÓ, R. (1994): Catálogo florístico y vegetación de la comarca natural del Alto Mijares (Castellón). Di-putación de Castellón.
SCHWEINGRUBER, F.H. (1978): Mikroskopische holza-natomie, Zug.
north of Cortes de Arenoso and Quercus sp. decidu-ous and evergreen Quercus from the hillsides and the valley bottoms to the south. The extension of the ex-cavated areas, including Room 3, it is likely to provide new data that may complement those presented here. we should bear in mind that the present study is only a first approximation of the analysis of carbonized re-mains from the site.
REFERENCES
BARRACHINA, A. (2004-2005): Primeres dades de les prospeccions a l’Alt Millars, termes de Cortes de Arenos i Villahermosa del Río, Castelló. Quaderns de Prehistòria i Arqueologia de Castelló 24, 379-384.
BUXÓ, R.; PIQUÉ, R. (dirs.) (2003): La recogida de las muestras en arqueobotánica: Objetivos y propues-tas metodológicas. Encuentro del Grupo de Trabajo de Arqueobotánica de la Península Ibérica. Barce-lona/Bellaterra, noviembre-diciembre 2000. Museo de arqueología de Cataluña.
CHABAL, L. (1991): L´homme et la végétation méditerra-néenne, des âges des métaux a la periode romaine: recherches anthracologiques théoriques, apliquées principalment a des sites du Bas-Languedoc. The-sis. Montpellier.
DE HARO, S. (2002): El poblado de Los Villares (Caudete de las Fuentes): datos ecológicos y etnobotánicos
2012
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PAPELES DEL LABORATORIO DE ARQUEOLOGÍADE VALENCIA
EXTRA-13
2012
FACULTAT DE GEOGRAFIA I HISTÒRIA
Departament de Prehistòria i d’Arqueologia
WOOD AND CHARCOALEVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY
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RC
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ERNESTINA BADAL – YOLANDA CARRIÓN – MIGUEL MACÍAS – MARÍA NTINOU
(EDITORS)
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SAGVNTVM-Extra 10, C. Gómez Bellard, E. Díes Cusí, V. Marí. Tres paisajes ibicencos: un estudio arqueológico, València 2011.
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