papaya paw paw papaw family caricaceae genuscarica speciespapaya

PapayaPaw paw

Papaw

Family Caricaceae

GenusCarica

Species papaya

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Papaya Readings(On web page)

• Nishina et al., 2000. – Papaya Production in Hawaii.

– CTAHR, F&N-3.

• Manshardt, 1999. – ‘UH Rainbow’ Papaya. A High-Quality Hybrid with

Genetically Engineered Disease Resistance.

– CTAHR, NPH-1

• Kempler and Kabaluk. 1996. – Babaco (Carica pentagona Heilb.): A possible crop for the

greenhouse.

– HortScience 31:785-788.


- Tall

- Herbaceous

- Short-lived

- Large leaves

- Flower in leaf axils

- Seed propagated


- Up to 10 lb.

- Seed in cavity

- Yellow, orange, pink, or red flesh

- High vitamin A & C, and potassium


Proteolytic enzyme extracted from latex

- Meat tenderizer

- Cosmetics

- Leather industry

- Medicinal uses


Carica• 20 species

• papaya– Lowland cultivated spp– Not found outside

cultivation– Perhaps hybrid form– Only polygamous spp – Most important

commercially


Other Cultivated Carica

• Highland species– Common in upland Valleys of Ecuador

and Colombia– Taste different, less sweet– Soups, stews, sweets, fresh– Genes for breeding (cold/disease

resistance)


Other cultivated Carica

• Hybrid types - Babaco– Most commercially advanced – Seedless - parthenocarpic– Large fruit– Fresh or stewed– Vegetatively propagated


Origin of Papaya

Taken into Asia Taken into Asia tropics in the 1600stropics in the 1600s

In Pacific In Pacific IslandsIslands by 1800by 1800

Domesticated Domesticated somewhere somewhere

between between southern Mexico southern Mexico

and and GuatemalaGuatemala

Cultivated Cultivated papayapapaya

Carica sppCarica spp


Origin of Carica papaya

• Tropical America– Southern Mexico– West Indies

• Other spp: Mexico - Argentina

• Spread via seed– 1600s in Asian tropics– By 1800 common in Pacific


Papaya Production in the World

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1,0

00s m

t

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Three-fold increase since 1965

FAOSTAT database, 1965 - 2000


Papaya Production in thePapaya Production in theWorldWorld

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1,00

0s m

t

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Papaya Production inPapaya Production inAfricaAfrica

0

500

1000

1500

1,00

0s m

t

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Africa

Two-fold+ increase

Papaya Production in AsiaPapaya Production in Asia

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1,0

00s

mt

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Asia

Three-fold increase

Papaya Production in thePapaya Production in theAmericasAmericas

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1,00

0s m

t

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Americas

Five-fold increase3 fold increase


Papaya per Capita Production in the World

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

Per

Cap

ita

Pro

du

ctio

n

(kg/

per

son

)

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

FAOSTAT database, 1965-2000


World Production of Papaya

Region 1,000 mt %

Africa 1,228 21%

Asia 1,727 29%

Americas 2,923 50%

USA 23 < 0.5 %

Total 5,901



World Production of Papaya

Region Country (1,000 mt)

Africa Nigeria (748), Ethiopia (215), Congo(210)

Asia India (700), Indonesia (484)

Americas Brazil (1,476), Mexico (745)



World Yields of Papaya

Region Mt/ ha

Africa 10.2

Asia 11.7

Americas 30.3

USA 32.9



USA Production• Most in HawaiiProduce 23,000 MTMost exported to mainland USA, Canada, and JapanProduction decrease since 1989 due to Papaya ringspot

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1,0

00S

metr

ic t

on

s

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000


Fruiting of the PapayaFruiting of the Papaya

• Fruit hang along trunkFruit hang along trunk• Flower in leaf axils Flower in leaf axils –Most are dioeciousMost are dioecious

– Some are hermaphroditic Some are hermaphroditic or perfect floweredor perfect flowered

– Five classes of flowersFive classes of flowers


Type I or Pistillate Flower

or female flower


Female Papaya Flower


Type II or Pentandria Flower


Type III or Intermediate Flower


Type IV or Hermaphroditic Flower

or bisexual or perfect flower


Hermaphroditic Papaya Flower


Type V or Staminate Flower

or male flower


Male Papaya Flower


Importance of Sex

• Female– Fruit is an enlarged ovary

• Male – Need pollen for pollination

• Flower type influences– Thickness of flesh– Fruit shape


Inheritance of Sex• One locus, three alleles– M1 male

– M2 hermaphrodite or bisexual

– m female

• Homozygous dominant lethal– M1M1, M1M2 and M2M2 lethal

– M1m = male M2m = bisexual

– mm = female


Seedlings segregate for sex

Need to maximize the number of productive plantsHermaphroditic varieties maximize hermaphroditesDioecious type maximize females

• Plant multiple seedlings per space and rogue wrong sex


Herm aphroditic Variety

M 2 M 2Lethal

M 2 mHerm aphrodite

M 2 mHerm aphrodite

m mFem ale

Herm aphrodite x Herm aphroditeM 2 m x M 2 m

- 2/3 hermaphroditic and 1/3 female


Maximize Bearing PlantsHermphroditic variety

• Want hermaphroditic plants

• Rogue out females 1 per space = 67% 2 per space = 89% 3 per space = 96%


Female or Dioecious Types

• Need one male for every 12-15 females – 6-8% males

• Fruit is better if good pollination– Pollination by wind and moths


Dioecious Variety

m mFem ale

M 1 mM ale

Fem ale x M alem m x M 1 m

- 1/2 female and 1/2 male


Maximize Bearing PlantsDioecious variety

• Maximize females

• Rogue out males 1 per space = 50% 2 per space = 75% 3 per space = 87.5% 4 per space = 93.7%


Sex Can Change!

• Too cool, wet, and high N Female Stamens become carpel like

• Too hot, dry, and low N Male Ovaries fail to develop


Climatic Restrictions

• Optimal temperature 22 - 26 C Sex expression shifts Flavor poor if cool Die if less than -1C Die if greater than 44C Long growing season

• Susceptible to wind damage


Cultural Restrictions

• Need direct sunlight– Poor flavor if shaded

• Well drained soils– Sensitive to waterlogging

– Susceptible to Phytophthora

• Sensitive to saline conditions


Diseases of Papaya

• Papaya ringspot virusMost importantLimiting factor in many areas of world

• Mildew• Anthracnose• Root rot, Phytophthora (replant sites)• Nematodes


Papaya Ringspot Virus

• Vectored by aphids– Leaf mottling and

distortion– Reduce growth, yield

• So severe in Florida that plants are grown as annuals



• UH Sunup and UH Rainbow– GMOs (Genetically Modified Organism)

Control via resistant varieties


Insect Pests

• Fruit flies

• Webworms

• White flies

• Thrips

• Mites

• Fruit spotting bugs


Fruit flies

Lay eggs in fruit

Larva feed in fruit

Cause rot

Heat treat to kill in fruit


Papaya VarietiesTwo Major Types

• Hawaiian - Solo typesHermaphroditicSmaller fruit, about 1 lb

• Mexican or “fruta bomba”DioeciousLarger fruit, up to 10 lbs


Hawaiian VarietiesHermaphroditic Solo types

• Common in US markets– Fruit small, firm, sweet– Plant smaller ~ 8’– Sex expression more stable

• Series of inbred seed lines developed in Hawaii– Most widely grown is “Sunrise” variety


Mexican Varieties

• Locally available in many tropical regions

• Much larger fruit

• Flavor generally less intense

• Frequently dioecious

• Not as good for shipping


Establishment

• Propagated by seed Clean off gelatinous coat Dry and plant immediately Warm (80 F), sterile soil Germinate in 2 weeks In 10 weeks ready to transplant


Site Selection

• “Virgin soil” preferred

• Replant sites– High levels of Phytophthera palmivora– “Virgin soil” technique– Fungicide drench in planting hole– Fallow of 3-5 years


Planting

• SpacingSingle row, 8’ x 10’

(435 plants per acre)

Double row, 6’ x 6’ x 12’ (850 plants per acre)

• Multiple seedlings per space to maximize bearing plants

– 3 to 5 plants per hole until flowering


Cropping Cycle

• From planting begin to fruit in 10-12 months– Begins to flower in 4-8 months– Fruit develops in 4-6 months– Possible to grow as annual

• Commercially can fruit for 3-4 years


Production Practices

• No pruning

• High nitrogen to encourage growth

• May thin fruit to one per cluster to avoid crowding


Harvesting and Yields

• Climacteric fruit– Harvest yellow green

– Dark green fruit will not ripen

• Potential yield– 100 tons/ha or 40 tons/acre

• Average yield– 15-25 tons/ha or 6-10 tons/acre


World Yields of Papaya

Region Mt/ ha

Africa 10.2

Asia 11.7

Americas 30.3

USA 32.9



Post Harvest

• Storage– 1-3 weeks @ 7-10C

• Fruit fly infestation treatment– Hot water: 20 minutes @ 120F– Hot air: heat fruit flesh to 117F


International Markets

• Major exporting countries– Mexico to USA and Canada– Brazil to Europe– India to Middle East– Many others


Any Questions about Papaya?Any Questions about Papaya?

papaya paw paw papaw family caricaceae genuscarica speciespapaya

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