panel overview - ieee-pes.org
TRANSCRIPT
Panel Overview
Moderator: An Overview of Energy Storage Applications (10 min)
1)Energy Storage for Microgrid, NC State University, Dr. Ning Lu (15
min)
2)ERCOT Pilot Project for Fast Responding Regulation Service,
ERCOT, Dr. Perez, Henry (15 min)
3)Assessment of Energy Storage for Multiple Grid Applications,
PNNL, Dr. Di Wu (15 min)
4)Managing Energy Storage for Providing Energy and Ancillary
Services , ABB, Dr. Xiaoming Feng (15 min)
5)Energy Storage Integration in Alberta’s Energy Only Market,
AESO, Kevin Dawson (15 min)
• An Overview of Energy Storage Applications
– Energy Storage Applications
– Energy Storage Use Case Development
• Energy Storage Applications in Microgrid Operation
– NSF FREEDM systems center in North Carolina State
– Modeling of Energy Storage Systems
– Modeling of Grid Integration
– Performance Evaluation
– Economic Assessment
• What is the future?
– Next steps
Outline
Developing Business Cases for
Energy Storage Applications
Dr. Ning Lu Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.
North Carolina State University
Chair of the Working Group on the
Economics of Energy Storage
Business Models for Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Performance-based
All Electric ESS
Electric-Thermal ESS
Other ESS
Load Shifting and Peak Shaving
- Sizing (Power and capacity) - Location (central or distributed) - Lifetime(charge/discharge cycles) - Breakeven Cost ($/kw) - Efficiency - Performance
Fast Responding Regulation Service
- Sizing (Power and capacity) - Location (central or distributed) - Lifetime(charge/discharge cycles) - Breakeven Cost ($/kw) - Efficiency - Performance
Targeting
Systems Targeting
Services
Goal:
Criterion Criterion
Energy Storage Options
• Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
• Pumped-hydro power plants (PHP)
• Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
• Super capacitors
• Flywheels
• Batteries
– NaS (sodium-sulfur), Li-ion, lead acid, flow batteries, etc.
– Electric vehicles
• Thermal energy storage devices
– Ice storage, water heaters, air conditioning units, etc.
– Demand response programs using load with thermal storage
capabilities
Electrical charges:
Capacitors
Superconducting
Magnetic ES
Potential Pumped hydro
compress air
Direct Storage Indirect Storage
Yang, et al., Chemical Reviews, 111, 3577, 2011
(via 1-way or 2-way energy conversion)
Kinetic Flywheel
Chemical Batteries
Thermal
Water heaters,
air conditioners
One-directional
energy conversion
Energy Storage Options
Time
Power
Electrical charges:
Capacitors
SEMS
Potential Pumped hydro
compress air
Direct Storage Indirect Storage
Yang, et al., Chemical Reviews, 111, 3577, 2011
(via 1-way or 2-way energy conversion)
Kinetic Flywheel
Chemical Batteries
Thermal
Water heaters,
air conditioners
One-directional
energy conversion
Energy Storage Options
Time
Power
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Building/House
Electricity
Electric-Thermal Storage
Building/House
Electricity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Building/House
Electricity
Electric-Thermal Storage
Building/House
Electricity
Making ice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ICE Melting
Electricity Ice at night Ice cool the building at noon
A Thermal “Battery”
Discharging Charging
Applications
Traditional (Energy Markets) （电能市场应用）
◦ Backup （备用电源）
◦ Peak shaving （削峰）
◦ Energy shifting （负荷调整）
◦ Arbitrage （高卖低买）
Advanced (Ancillary Services) （电力市场辅助服务）
◦ Regulation （负荷调节）
◦ Load following service （负荷跟踪）
◦ Frequency response （频率调节）
◦ Spinning/non-spinning reserves (旋转和离线备用）
◦ Reactive power support (无功补偿)
Applications
Traditional (Energy Markets) （电能市场应用）
◦ Backup （备用电源）
◦ Peak shaving （削峰）
◦ Energy shifting （负荷调整）
◦ Arbitrage （高卖低买）
Advanced (Ancillary Services) （电力市场辅助服务）
◦ Regulation （负荷调节）
◦ Load following service （负荷跟踪）
◦ Frequency response （频率调节）
◦ Spinning/non-spinning reserves (旋转和离线备用）
◦ Reactive power support (无功补偿)
An Example of Peak Load shifting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A normal energy consumption curve of end-use customers
Consumption is low
during the night
Consumption is high
during the daytime
An Example of Peak Load shifting
timing
level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Charge the battery
during the night hours
Discharge the battery to
supply the peak load
Applications
Traditional (Energy Markets) （电能市场应用）
◦ Backup （备用电源）
◦ Peak shaving （削峰）
◦ Energy shifting （负荷调整）
◦ Arbitrage （高卖低买）
Advanced (Ancillary Services) （电力市场辅助服务）
◦ Regulation （负荷调节）
◦ Load following service （负荷跟踪）
◦ Frequency response （频率调节）
◦ Spinning/non-spinning reserves (旋转和离线备用）
◦ Reactive power support (无功补偿)
Intra-hour Applications
Daily Load Profile
An Example of Load Balancing
Balance the mismatches between the load forecast and the actual load
Hour 8 Hour 9
Figure by Craig Taylor and Don DeBerry, presented at 2002 OSIsoft T&D Users Conference
An Example of Load Balancing
Hourly-ahead Load Forecast
Regulation
4-second a signal
Calculated by AGC
Load
following
Time and Service Considerations
1ms 0 1s 1minute 1hr 1day 1 week 1 month
Power System Stability
Frequency regulation
Regulation
Load balance
Energy balance Power balance
Power System Economics
Hedge energy price
Price volatility
Ancillary Services Energy Market
Transmission/distribution congestion
Energy Storage Applications – Time Scales
Regulation Ramping Peak shaving, load leveling
Seconds to Minutes Minutes - One Hour Several Hours - One Day
Different time regimes will require different
storage solutions.
Different services will have different service
requirements and be paid differently.
Courtesy of Imre Gyuk
Energy Services Ancillary Services
Energy Intensive
Applications
For Energy Market
Applications
1 hour Time (hour)
P (kW)
Power Intensive
Applications
(higher price $/MW)
For Ancillary Service
Applications
Economic Considerations
Ancillary service market:
Capacity market
Time resolution: intra-hour
Fast, controllable, measurable
Value Streams
Energy market:
Energy sales and carbon credits
Time resolution > 1 hour
Strategy: buy low and sell high
$$$$$ $$
200MW 1GW
An Example of Revenue Streams
Placement and Size
House/Building Substations Area and Regional Level
Virtual energy storage via
power exchanges
Pumped-hydro
Compressed-air
National level : Fuel storage for years
Community
Batteries
Thermal
Storage
Batteries Batteries
Flywheel
Capacitor
Superconductor
• Wind/solar integration
– Energy shifting: solar and wind
– Smoothing: solar and wind
– Regulation and load following
• Reliability
– Spinning reserves
– Voltage support
• Transmission congestion relief
• Market
– Arbitrage
• Others
– Demand response coordination
– Power quality
– Black start
– Reduce losses
Transmission
• Wind/solar integration
– Energy shifting: solar and wind
– Smoothing: solar and wind
– Regulation and load following
• Reliability
– Spinning reserves
– Voltage support
• Distribution congestion relief
• Market
– Arbitrage
• Others
– Demand response coordination
– Power quality
– Black start
– Reduce losses
Distribution
Placement and Service
Summary of Multiple Values
Enhancing system stability
Reduces peak load
Reduces infrastructure
requirements
Minimizes congestion
Improves base-load capacity
factor
Defers transmission and
distribution investment
Provides VAR support
Can provide black start
capability
Enabling large-scale/utility
renewable energy (RE) integration
Reduce variability
Ramp rate control
Load shifting
Firms RE to improve dispatchability
Enabling DG and EV deployment
Reduces variability
Interacts and supplements vehicle-
based storage
Improves power quality
Provides voltage support
Energy Storage Applications
in Microgrid Operation
Dr. Ning Lu
Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.
North Carolina State University
http://www.freedm.ncsu.edu/
Vision of the NC State FREEDM Microgrid
Plug-and-Play
Today
Centralized Generation
FREEDM
System
Distributed Renewable
Energy Resources
Energy Storage plays a
critical role.
Future
Our Vision of Developing Microgrid
Technologies
• Develop efficient, stable, and reliable Microgrid
Technologies
• Make it scalable and can be seamlessly
integrated into the existing power system
infrastructure
• A hierarchical energy management system
– Manage microgrid resources and load
– Coordinate the operation of the microgrid with the
main grid
DRER: Distributed Renewable Energy Resource DESD: Distributed Energy Storage Device
10 kVA 100 kVA
1 MVA
ESD
User Interface
Distributed Grid Intelligence (DGI)FREEDM
Substation
12kV
120 V
Market &
Economics
69kV
IEM
AC
AC
IFM IFM
IFM
LOAD DRER DESD
IEM
AC
AC
LOAD DRER DESD
IEM
AC
AC
3Φ 480V
RSC
Legacy grid
NC State FREEDM Microgrid Configuration
IEM: Intelligent Energy Management IFM: Intelligent Fault Management
Load Emulator
Main Grid
Solid state
transformer
Household level energy storage
Community level energy storage
Aggregation of Distributed Energy Storage Devices
Considering
Communication
Delays and Errors
uncertainties •Drive patterns
•Hot water consumptions
•Ambient temperature
changes
Electric Vehicles
Water heater
Air conditioner
Controller Controller Controller
Controller
N Lu and M Vanouni, “Passive energy storage using distributed electric loads with thermal storage,” Journal of Modern
Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2013, DOI 10.1007/s40565-013-0033-z.
Cost Methodology
Wide-area Energy Storage Management Systems
Controller
COICOICOI
Hydro 1
Flywheel 2CAIS
O R
egulatio
n Sig
nal
CAISO
Regula
tion S
ignal
BPA Regulation Signal
BPA Regulation Signal
BPA Dynamic Schedule
BPA Dynamic Schedule
ISO
Dyn
amic S
ched
ule
ISO
Dyn
amic S
ched
ule
Balancing
Area 1
Balancing
Area 2
A WAESMS is a centralized control system that operates energy storage
devices located in different places to provide services so that they can be
shared among balancing areas.
Hydro
+
Energy storage
Can be flywheel,
batteries, and
demand response
programs
Can also be a
conventional
generator
Y.V. Makarov, P. Nyeng, B. Yang, J. Ma, J.G. DeSteese, D.J. Hammerstrom, S. Lu, V.V. Viswanathan, and C.H. Miller, Wide-Area
Energy Storage and Management System to Balance Intermittent Resources in the Bonneville Power Administration and
California ISO Control Areas. PNNL-17574. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2008.
N Lu, MR Weimar, YV Makarov, The Wide-area Energy Storage and Management System Phase 2 Final Report,
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19720.pdf
Distributed Energy Storage
MW Level
Electric
Vehicles
Thermal
Storage
kW Level
Traditional
Generation Units
Coal
Natural Gas
Hydro
A Hierarchical Energy Management System
Energy and
Ancillary
Services
N Lu, MR Weimar, YV Makarov, The Wide-area Energy Storage and Management System Phase 2 Final Report,
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19720.pdf
Control Algorithms
Load Balancing Signals
Method A: Load Balancing Signal Separation: fast and slow
Energy Storage
MW Level
Electric Vehicles
Thermal Storage
kW Level
Traditional Regulating Units
Coal
Natural Gas
Hydro
Control Algorithms
Energy Storage
Load Balancing Signals
MW Level
Electric Vehicles
Thermal Storage
kW Level
Traditional Regulating Units
Coal
Natural Gas
Hydro
Method B : Priority Based Dispatch: Always Dispatch ES First
Slow
Fast State of charge well maintained
Modeling flywheel performance:
• State-of-charge
• Mileage
N Lu, MR Weimar, YV Makarov, The Wide-area Energy Storage and Management System Phase 2 Final Report,
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19720.pdf
An Example of Method A : Flywheel for Regulation Services
An Example of Method B: Coordination Between ES and Conventional Regulation Resources
1) Reduced mileage for hydro
2) Even a very slow conventional generator can provide fast regulation if it
works with a fast regulating unit such as flywheels or Li-ion batteries.
Energy Storage: Future Opportunities
Future Opportunities
• From the above results, we concluded that opportunities
for energy storage technologies lie in the following areas:
– Provide multiple services to claim revenues from multiple markets
– Share energy storage among utilities to increase the value and
utilization rates of the energy storage
– Operate energy storage in conjunction with conventional
generators to improve the generators’ efficiency and performance,
reduce the generators’ wear-and-tear, and provide compatible
services that do not require much modification of the existing
operating system
– Aggregate small energy storage resources to shift energy
consumption
• Thermal storage
• Electric vehicles
Panel Overview
Moderator: An Overview of Energy Storage Applications (10 min)
1)Energy Storage for Microgrid, NC State University, Dr. Ning Lu (15
min)
2)ERCOT Pilot Project for Fast Responding Regulation Service,
ERCOT, Dr. Perez, Henry (15 min)
3)Assessment of Energy Storage for Multiple Grid Applications,
PNNL, Dr. Di Wu (15 min)
4)Managing Energy Storage for Providing Energy and Ancillary
Services , ABB, Dr. Xiaoming Feng (15 min)
5)Energy Storage Integration in Alberta’s Energy Only Market,
AESO, Kevin Dawson (15 min)
Papers Referenced
References 1. J Kondoh, N Lu, and DJ Hammerstrom. 2010. “An Evaluation of the Water Heater Load Potential for
Providing Regulation Service,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, issue: 99.
2. Yuri V. Makarov, Shuai Lu, Nader Samaan, Zhenyu Huang, Krishnappa Subbarao, Pavel V.
Etingov, Jian Ma, Ryan P. Hafen, Ruisheng Diao, and Ning Lu. 2010. “Integration of Uncertainty
Information into Power System Operations,” Proc. of the 2011 IEEE PES General Meeting, Detroit,
Michigan, USA.
3. N Lu, YV Makarov, and MR Weimar. 2010. The Wide-area Energy Storage and Management
System Phase 2 Final Report. PNNL-19720. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,
Washington.
4. N Lu, YV Makarov, MR Weimar, F Frank, S. Murthy, J. Arseneaux, C. Loutan, and S Chowdhury.
2010. The Wide-area Energy Storage and Management System (Phase 2): Interim Report (2) –
Flywheel Field Tests. PNNL-19669, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
5. Chunlian Jin, Ning Lu, Shuai Lu, Yuri Makarov, Roger A. Dougal, 2010. “Novel Dispatch Algorithm
for Regulation Service using a Hybrid Energy Storage System” Proc. of the 2011 IEEE PES General
Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
6. Chunlian Jin, Shuai Lu, Ning Lu, Roger A. Dougal. 2010. “Cross-Market Optimization for Hybrid
Energy Storage Systems,” Proc. of the 2011 IEEE PES General Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
7. N Lu, MR Weimar, YV Makarov, and C Loutan. 2010. “An Evaluation of the NaS Battery Storage
Potential for Providing Regulation Service in California.” Proc. of the 2011 IEEE PSCE, Phoenix,
Arizona.
8. N Lu and M Vanouni, “Passive energy storage using distributed electric loads with thermal storage,”
Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2013, DOI 10.1007/s40565-013-0033-z.
References 9. N Lu, MR Weimar, YV Makarov, FJ Rudolph, SN Murthy, J Arseneaux, and C Loutan. 2010. “An
Evaluation of the Flywheel Potential for Providing Regulation Service in California.” In: Proc. of the
2010 IEEE PES General Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
10. S Lu, YV Makarov, Y Zhu, N Lu, K Prakash, C Nirupama, and B Bhujanga. 2010. “Unit Commitment
Considering Generation Flexibility and Environmental Constraints.” In: Proc. of the 2010 IEEE PES
General Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
11. B. Yang, Y. Makarov, J. DeSteese, V. Viswanathan, P. Nyeng, B. McManus and J. Pease, “On the
Use of Energy Storage Technologies for Regulation Services in Electric Power Systems with
Significant Penetration of Wind Energy”, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on the European Electricity Market,
Lisbon, Portugal, May 28-30, 2008.
12. P. Nyeng, B. Yang, J. Ma, Y.V. Makarov, J. H. Pease, D. Hawkins and C. Loutan, “Coordinated
multi-objective control of regulating resources in multi-area power systems with large penetration of
wind power generation”, Proc. 7th Int. Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into
Power Systems, Madrid, Spain, May 26-27, 2008.
13. Y.V. Makarov, B. Yang, J.G. DeSteese, P. Nyeng, C.H. Miller, J. Ma, S. Lu, V.V. Viswanathan,
D.J. Hammerstrom, B. McManus, J. H. Pease, C. Loutan and G. Rosenblum “Wide-Area Energy
Storage and Management System to Balance Intermittent Resources in the Bonneville Power
Administration and California ISO Control Areas,” Proc. 8th Int. Workshop on Large-Scale
Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems, Bremen, Germany, Oct. 14-15, 2009.
14. Y.V. Makarov, P. Nyeng, B. Yang, J. Ma, J.G. DeSteese, D.J. Hammerstrom, S. Lu, V.V.
Viswanathan, and C.H. Miller, Wide-Area Energy Storage and Management System to Balance
Intermittent Resources in the Bonneville Power Administration and California ISO Control Areas.
PNNL-17574. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2008.