NURSING RESEARCH

Nursing Research Kerlinger - the systematic, empirical, controlled and critical investigation of a

hypothetical proposition in relation to a natural phenomena/ problem Conducted to affirm or deny a hypothesis

Phenomenon. everyday phenomenon that affects the nurse (eg. bacteria, drugs, physician)

Phenomenon + hypothesis = research problem ∟>(educated guess/scientific/ tentative answer)Without hypothesis there is no research problem, only a problem

Major Characteristics of a Good or Major Research Systematic

o conduct research in a step by step process or procedure Empirical

o objective data should be observable/measurable or readily collected using your senses

Controlled/ manipulated o Methods/tool of controlling is research design

Critical investigation/fact finding investigationo In order to answer the data is by using facts. o Looking for human beings who can give us facts

Purpose of Research in Nursing Profession [DEED] Descriptive

o observe, describe and record o gain richer familiarity regarding the phenomenao 100% known to RN

Exploratory o Explore to those areas that are unknowno Observe moreo 50%-50% (50%known to nurses and 50% unknown to the nurses

Experimental o Active intervention, active manipulationo Want to find out cause & effecto Done something before observing results

Developmentalo To improve the system of care for the your patient. o Develop and improve existing system

Conducting research is for the benefit the pt or patient care/pt focus

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Florence Nightingale Birthplace – Italy Training Ground – Germany Greatest Contribution – environmental Theory, training RNs in

Crimean War School – Saint Thomas School of Nursing

Ethics of a Researcher S – Scientific Objective – conductive research for a good purpose or object for

your pt C – Cooperation and Consent. Do not conduct data/experiment w/o a consent

(legally the patient owns the chart. However the hospital owns the chart) I – Integrity – worked hard on the research E – Equitable – acknowledging works or contribution of others N – Nobility – protect the rights of your subjects

o Right not to be harmed (physical, mental, moral harm) usually done during experimental

research Physical Harm/ Negligence - undeliberate physical harm

Commission – done outside the standard practice of nursing (eg. urinary catheter placed on the nose of the pt)

Omission – from the very start, you did not do something about it.

Moral Harm Assault – mental fear/threat without physical harm Battery – physically you harm the pt

Restraint is never an independent nursing order physical restraint – eg. Jacket chemical restraint – eg. use of psychotropic drug

Moral harm Slander – oral defamation Libel – published or placed in the newspaper

o Right to self-determinationo Right to privacy

Anonymity – identity of subject may not be disclosed. Privacy of the Informant (pt) eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants his name to be written in the newspaper as Mr. X, Mr. Y or Mr. W

Confidentiality – information acquired must be disclosed. Privacy of the information eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants the nurse should only know

T – Truthfulness – put only the data you have collected I – Importance – importance to the nursing profession F – Factual – facts or data I – Ideal (follow the 11 steps of research) C – Courage

Steps in Nursing Research Process Identification/formulation of research

o problem - anything that requires solution thru scientific investigation.o Sources of problem :

C – concepts (Ca, PTB, MI) L – literature, essays, books, journals I – Issues E – experience N – Nursing problems T – theories

o Characteristics of a research problem G – general applicability and use Re – Researchable

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F – Feasible and measurable F – actors of a feasible research :

time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population

I – importance to nursing profession N – novelty/originality

Plagiarism/illegal replication – unauthorized use of another’s literary work without any consent or permission

S – significance to nursingo 2 types of research according to use

basic/pure research only the research benefits the research It is only for your personal necessity Answers your own question

Applied research problem solving Solving the problems of the patient.

o Variable – subject to change Kinds of variable

Independent variableo use this to stimulate a target population

Dependent variable/Effectual variableo results of the effects of the study

Intervening Variableo Comes between dependent and independento Example: orghanism variable, internal factor, sex,

gender, color Extraneous Variable

o External infuences that can be changedo Example: citizenship, educational status

Dichotomous Variableo 2 choices/ 2 resultso Example: Male/ Female

Polychotomous Variableo Multiple choiceso Example: Preferred foods – Chinese, Japanese,

American. . . . . Examples

“A comparative Study in the Income of Filipino NursesEmployed in P.G.H. and N.Y.G.H.”

Independent variable : PGH and NYGH (place of work)Target population : Filipino nursesDependent variable : income

Research:1. Identify the Problem2. Purpose – objective using SMART (Systematic, Measurable, Attainable,

Realistic, Time Bounded)3. Define Terms

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a. Conceptual Definition – dictionary definitionb. Operational Definition – defined in accordance on how the researcher

used the word4. Revision of Terms

Review of related literatureo Purposes :

to have an update regarding your topic to have a basis of theoretical and conceptual framework

o Main sources of literatures Conceptual

Formulated Authors Can be sold Books – general use

Research Researcher Research works only Future research purpose only

Formulation of conceptual and theoretical frameworko Thery – relationship between conceptso Conceptual framework

diagrammatic and structural presentation of the problem hypothesis

o Paradigm actual structural presentation of your conceptual framework

Formulating hypothesiso 5 types of hypothesis

Null/statistical hypothesis shows no relationship or difference between an

independent variable and dependent variable. ID = DV Eg. “There is no difference regarding professional

opportunities of Filipino Nurses working in the Philippines from those working in USA.”

Simple/Operational hypothesis/Alternative hypothesis this shows relationship between a single independent

variable from single dependent variable. Eg. “Filipinos Nurses working in USA has more

professional opportunities than those working in the Philippines.

Complex hypothesis this shows a relationship between two or more

independent variable from two or more dependent variable.

Eg. “Filipino nurses who worked for 5yrs and passed the CGFNS, TORFL, TSE, NCLEX has greater opportunities in NY as compared to those in Manila

Directional hypothesis specifies the direction of the relationship between variables Eg. “Filipino Nurses working in the USA has more

professional opportunities than those working in the Phils.” Non-directional

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only predicts the relationship, but has no specific direction between variables.

Eg. “There is a big difference between a Filipino Nurses working in USA than those working in the Phils.”

Selecting research designo Systematic controlled plan for finding the answer to a problem o Roadmap, blueprint of the studyo Should have a proper resign design o If improper research design, there will be improper collection of datao Purpose : key or tool for proper collection of datao Types

According to Application Basic/ Pure

o For personal knowledge, curiosity Applied

o Based on problem solving approach According to Methods

Experimental o performing active manipulation, observe and record

the result.o Types of Experimental Reseach

control divide grp into 2. Group a – control/comparison grp –

will use the same soap everyday Group b – experimental grp – those

who will use the sample soap randomization

using sample by chance. Choose randomly to avoid

redundancy of result Manipulation

Performing intervention Validation

comparison of the effects Quasi-experimental

false experiment. No control sample.

Non-experimental o No manipulation is done. Only observation,

describe and record down the result.o Types of non-experimental research design

base on time element Retrospective (Ex Post Facto)

Getting actual experience Studies a group of people after its

occurrence, experience or facts. Experience of people in the past

Descriptive Observe, describe & record. Study of current events.

Prospective

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Study of research about future occurrence or future events.

Historical Past that is written, documented,

published and recorded Primary Data

o Observeo 1st hand informationo person himself

Secondary Datao 2nd Hand Information

About the past using records, journals, books.

Study of the dead people thru his written materials, facts

o according to data quantitative

data base on numerical interpretation, datas that are measurable, using your senses, data that are observable.

qualitative subjective data, feelings, perception,

beliefs, culture, attitudeo Survey Research Design

Group Small Face to face Large – not good result

Methods Mailed survey Face to face Telephone survey

o According to Time Orientation Cross Sectional

Applicable to 2 or more identical group

Short term For comparison

Longitudinal 1 group only with initial and follow up survey long term study for developmental study

Selecting your population and sampleso sample

part of population, data is collected. The recipient of the experimental treatment in experimental design

or the individuals to be observed in a non-experimental designo Types of sampling

Probability - equal presentation/ chances in the population. Simple random technique

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o Used a single/identical group.o Fish bowl technique

Stratified random sampling o You will first going to create a sub population from

the whole population before doing randomization.o One population, you divide it.

Cluster random samplingo You will first create a sub area in a population

before doing the randomization. In one population, you make it smaller

Systematic random samplingo choosing a sample every nth name in the

population. o Multiple of 100 nameso Sampling frame – list of names appearing as your

population Non-probability sampling – you are not choosing by chance.

Accidental/ convenience sampling o Base on the accessibility/availability of your

sample.o Kung sino pinakamalapit syo, yun ang kukunin mo.

Purposive/judgmental sampling o base on the common knowledge or popular

knowledge. Snow-ball sampling

o get sampling base on last referral Quota Sampling

o Setting criteria and getting samples fitting the criteria

Conducting pilot studies Collecting data

o types : questionnaires – use of pen and paper method

dichotomous – divided into two. Eg. true orfalse. Yes or no rating scale – poor 1, good 2, better 3, best 4 multiple choice

Interview – use of oral method of collection of data. Use of active listening

Structured – with checklist, formal talk, list of question Unstructured – informal talk, no pattern, anything goes

records – pre existing data observation – use of ocular method using your senses

participant observation non-participant observation Problems :

o Hawthorne’s effects The data you get from your sample is not

accurate. The sample has a problem Solution : double blind research – they

should not be conscious that they are being studied

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o Halo effect The researcher has a problem. He is manipulating the data collection. It is affected by special feelings/treatment

between the researcher and the sample. Analysis of Data

o part of research when the researcher is forming a body of knowledge out of data collected for the purpose of affirming or denying your hypothesis

o Methods Nominal method

get data by means of categories. eg. male, female, income

Ordinal method – base on rank eg. mild, moderate, severe Interval

base on the distance between 2 numerical values eg. BP – 150/100 – 120/80, wt, circumference, ht

ratio – 3:10 children are malnourish Interpretation of Data

o 2 Methods quantitative method – base on numerical or graphical standards qualitative method – use of narrative words

Communicating your conclusion o Explaining the results of your work to the publico Conclusion – final answer to your researcho Recommendation – suggestion to otherso Dissemination of Information

Methods : thesis/book – written form symposia/symposium – oral presentation publish – a lot will be able to read your research

LEADERSHIP

Nursing Leadership style or process whereby a person is called by a nurse leader were influence of

group of people called his followers for the purpose of attaining only one goal/objective.

Principle for Effective Leadership Unity of Command – one group given by one leader Unity of Direction – one group should always have one objective Subordination of your personal to your general interest – patient first policy

o R – rescue your patiento A – alert the fire alarmo C – confine the fire in one areao E – extinguisher applicationo Esprit d’ corp/team spirit - Fault of one is the fault of all

Respondeat Superior/Command responsibility

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o let the master or the superior answer for the negligence of his subordinates in half of his patient who suffer from injury or death.

o you can delegate responsibility but not the accountability

Theories of Nursing Leadership Great-Man theory – born as a leader Trait theory – develop characteristics or born with the characteristics

o 3 traits of a leader P – personality (adaptability, independence, creative/assertive,

advocate) ability to adjust to the need of the pt I – intelligence (proper judgment, proper decision making, proper

communication) A – ability – (influence others, respect others, participate and

cooperate) Proper way to influence is thru health teaching Charismatic theory – becomes a leader because of the charm Situational theory/case to case basis

o a person can be a leader in one situation but only a follower in another situation. (eg. becomes a leader in where he specializes)

Leadership styles Authocratic/Authoritarian/dictatorial/”hard” leader

o unilateral style of leadership. Only the leader here performs the decision making without getting the inputs from his members.

o One sided style of leadership Behavior :A – apathy – insensitive to othersB – Boisterous speechC – consistencyD – DominatingE – Exploitative behaviorF – ferocious behavior, to coerce or compel the group to follow him

o not a good style of leadership but only best style during emergency or intensive crisis

Permissive, ultra-liberal, laissez faire, free-rein o Loose style of nursing leadership. o Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your subordinates if to lenient

in your subordinates, there will be ↓ control and power = ↑ negligence Democratic/participative

o best style of leadership. Mutual style of nursing leadership

5 Power of a Good Leader Legitimate/ Formal/ exclusive Power

o Exercise because you are appointed to a higher position Expert Power

o You acquire extra – ordinary skills, talent or ability Referent Power

o Charisma and charm Reward Power

o + power for the part of the leadero gives rewards, bonus, promotion, compensation

Coercive Powero – power on the part of the leader o reprimand, suspend, terminate

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ABC’s skills, qualities and abilities A – Authority

o basis of the leader to delegate tasks, responsibilities, jobs to be performed by his subordinates

o 2 types of authority Centralized – top to bottom for proper management Decentralized – Bottom, to manage directly

B – Behavioralo S – specialized body of knowledge and skills to do safe careo P – patient centeredo A – accountability – liable for the results of your actionso C – confidentiality – nurse-patient relationship

Exceptions to confidentiality of the contract : P – patient consent, if there is I – inform/report to healthcare team for purpose of

precautionary measures C – Communicable disease

o RA 3573 Law on Notifiable Diseaseo 24 – Polio/ Measleo 1 Week – SAD/ HIV/Tetanus Neonaturom

C – Crimes o Child Abuse 48 hours, Baranggay, NGO

E – ethics

IV THERAPIST: Old RN, Training, 50 Insertion, ANSAP New RN, Training

C – Communication skillo transfer of information with understanding o Communication barriers/communication backlog – eg. Dialect differences,

noise, deaf, high level of anxiety, hallucinating D – Decision making skills

o Steps identify the problem identify person affected gather options/alternative

brainstorming delphitechnique – gathering solutions outside the group

(eg. specialized nurse) choose and implement Evaluation

E – Ethicso Principleso Principle of Autonomy

independent judgment or decision making in all situation the pt himself is the one who should decide for his

own care Consent

respect the decision of the pt explain the risk to the patient/SO waiver - a legal doc when the pt refuse for treatment.

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o Principle of Veracity telling the truth to the patient #1 the patient has the right to know from the PHYSICIAN (not the

nurse)o Principle of Double Effects

if the pt is made to choose between 2 equal danger and he only needs to choose one, choose the one that will produce one good effect and less evil effect.

o Principle of Beneficence doing good to the patient (eg. providing therapeutic

communication, providing privacy)o Principle of Non-Maleficence

do no harm 3 types of Harm

Physical – negligence by commission Mental – assault and battery Moral – slander and libel

o Principle of Justice Prioritize the needs of the patient. To be able to provide nursing care to the patient, provide the

nursing process. Nursing Process characteristics :

A – acceptable universally B - based patients assessment needs C – client focused D – dynamics – base on the ever changing needs of the pt E – equitable care F – familiarity/rapport to the patient G – goal directed towards solving the assess needs of the

patient (SMART)o Principle of Respect/Inviolability of life

Suicide and abortion is violation of this principle F – Face/solve Conflicts

o any clash of ideas resulting to crisiso Methods of resolving conflict

avoidance – by paying attention smoothing – appealing to ones conscience and kindness unilateral action – use of forced fear or threat negotiation – best method in resolving conflict. The head nurse

should offer negotiation between conflicting parties.

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NURSING MANAGEMENT

NURSING MANAGEMENT choosing the right person and giving them the appropriate task for the purpose of

achieving their goal/objective in achieving total care

Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory Elements

o choosing the appropriate person (TAO)o choosing the appropriate teamo choosing the appropriate trainingo choosing the appropriate tools

Human Relations theory the be a good manager, there should be a good interpersonal relationship

between the leader and follower

Douglas Mc Gregor’s Motivational theory Theory X

o Negative workers o negligence, inefficient, ineffective workers

Theory Yo Positive workers o diligent, effective, efficient worker

theory X should be given focus because they are prone to negligence and malpractice.

Max Weber’s Bureaucratic/ authoritarian Theory

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whoever is on the top would perform the management function centralized

Elton Mayto’s Behavioral Theory overtime pay, rest day, day off provide physical needs of the workers Hawthorne’s Effect

o If workers knows they are observed they become more efficient

Henry Fayol’s Principle of Management Unity of Command – one leader, one command Unity of Direction – one group should always have one goal Remuneration of Personnel – patient first policy Esprit de corps – team spirit Command responsibility/Respondeat Superior – let the superior answer the

fault of his subordinates even harm or death Balance between centralization and decentralization Security tenure Delegation of responsibility Proper Compensation of workers

o RA 7305 (Magna Carta Law) – salary grade 50 P13,000/montho Overtime pay – additional of 25%/hro Night Differential – additional of 10%/hro Legal holiday – x 2o Philhealth - Benefit of worker both related and non-related work

(aesthetic, dental and cosmetics are not included)o Maternity leave – 60days leave is NSD, 78days if CS only to first 4

pregnancy only to legitimate spouseo Paternity leave – 7day/1week leave o Senior Citizen’s Act – 20% discount

5 steps in Management Process Planning stage

o looking ahead of time.o Formulating future goals/objectiveo Types of plan

Standard/Operational Plan (NCP) plans for everyday or ordinary activities

Strategic/Contingency Plan plan used during sudden or acute crisis

Long-range/future Plan plans which you can’t evaluated immediately. Usually last months or yrs. Used for chronic pt which requires longer period of care.

o Stages of Planning Process Mission – present reason when established your organization Vision - statement of your future purpose of your future

organization Philosophy – set of values and beliefs of your organization Goal – general statement of your purpose Objectives – more specific statement of your purpose Policies – set of rules and regulations in your organization

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Procedures Budgeting – proper allocation of your resources

o 3 types Personnel

Compensation for salaries of workers

Operational everyday use of equipment and

facilities (gloves, water, electricity) Capital

long term use equipment (MRI, CT Scan, hospital beds, hospital buildings)

Organizingo 4 stages

Organize your team RN Subordinates Duties of the RN Only assessment can perform the nurse Only the nurse can perform HT Only the nurse should explain the procedure to the patient Preparation, administration, treatment of drugs to the

patient The nurse can only perform evaluation The nurse can only do judgment

Delegate Task They can only delegate to subordinates the Routinary task

(standard, unchanging procedure) eg. monitoring of I&O, bathing, ambulating, toileting, shampooing, transporting, feeding, clothing, wiping

Stable patient - predictable outcome (eg. postmortem care with direct supervision of the nurse only)

Supervision – need guidance Staff Schedule/ Staffing

Schedules (How many hours)o Traditional – 8hrs a day/40hrs/wko Ten hour shift/4 days a weeko Baylor plan – it consist of two shifting nurses

traditional – mon-fri 8hrs 2nd shift – 12hr shift during weekends

o Part-time work – fewer working hours per day and may choose the day or work. Less than 8hrs job

o On – call – during shortage of nurses/staff but increase in the number of patients.

Methods of Nursing care Delivery Different Methods

o Primary – 24hrs a day Primary nurse is the only nurse who is

responsible to make a care plan of the patient from the moment of admission till the moment of discharge. (eg. private duty nurse or special nurse)

o Functional Method DOH format/government hospitals

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Assign nurse : Duty/task One nurse, one task Highly recommended during a

period of shortage of nurses and budget

poorest method of delivery because communication is hindered

o Case Method/Case Nursing provide total care within your shift. Used in

ICU department C – Case Method T – total care to the patient O – one is to one ratio

Directing/Delegation stageo a job or a task is done or performed by another perform for youo What you cannot delegate:

you cannot delegate total control of the procedure you can’t delegate discipline of subordinates or staff members. Confidential task Technical task Medical task performing surgical procedure is done by the doc not

the nurse Coordination/Collaboration

o the nurse needs to collaborate to other members of the health care team.o Multi-interdisciplinary approach – to be able to provide holistic approach

to the patient.o Types of Collaboration

Interpersonal/Intradepartmental One patient, one unit. Collaboration between one nurse to another healthcare

team in one unit/department Eg. MI patient - nurse, dietary, specialized in cardio

Interdepartmental 4 units in one hospital. Coordination of the patients care between 2-more

units/departments but still under one same hospital or institution

Eg. patient due for appendectomy is transferred to the OR Inter Agency/Institutional

Coordination of patient’s care between 2 or more hospitals/health care institution for the benefit of the patient

Eg. lying – in due for C/S and was transferred to a hospital Evaluation/Controlling

o stage wherein you determine whether or not your plans for your patient is met or achieved

o Methods of evaluating staff performance Checklist

it is being evaluated higher than you. (eg. nurse manager/supervisor or head nurse)

Nursing rounds it is being evaluated higher than you. (eg. Nurse

manager/supervisor or head nurse)

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Psychiatric ward is not done by nursing rounds Peer review

same rank or level is being evaluated you poor method

Performance appraisal the patient evaluates you best method in evaluation

PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT AND NURSING JURISPRUDENCE

Professional A calling in which its members profess to have acquired special values,

knowledge, training or by experience so that they may guide others in that special field.

Nursing is a profession Calling – service oriented Others – patients

Characteristics by profession A – accountability/liability for the result C – caring profession Central Focus C – competent E – ethics S – service oriented S – specialized scientific body of knowledge and skills

PROFESSIONAL DUTIES OF A NURSE UNDER RA 9173

All are independent nursing actions Promotive, preventive, curative and rehab care in all health care service health education utilizes nursing process link of patients in different health care services collaboration of patient’s care for continuity of patient care train nursing students supervision of subordinates accurate recording and reporting execution of valid doctor’s order (the only one that is dependent nursing action) Perennial Suturing after training Perform IE if antenatal bleeding is absent and before full delivery

A doctor’s order is valid when giving medication is when it is put into writing and signed by the physician. Whatever is not put into writing is considered not ordered by the physician.

Good Samaritan Act

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During emergency, national calamity, national epidemic there is no doctor around the life or the patient is in possible danger, then you can give drugs alone provided you know the drugs for the patient.

RA 8344 – No deposit policy during emergency cases only

Areas of Nursing Practice1. Institutional Nursing

Hospital Based Venue D – Duties are routinary and supervised A – Acquired different learning and technical skills C- Coordination with HCT S – Specialized areas

o Nurse Generalist – community nurseo Nurse specialist – staff nurse

2. Public Health Nursing Once a Public nurse in the community, you are focus on the preventive and

promotive of health because this is the mandate of Primary Health Care Law. 1st PHC

o Date : 1978o Place : Alma Atao Country : Russiao Local version of F. Marcos after 1yr of Alma Atao Conference: Letter of Instruction 949 that mandates that all public

workers to have a duty of promotive and preventive care for the patient. Promotion of Public Health

o PD 8976 – Micronutrient Supplement Act Vit. A, iron supplements, iodine

o PD 825 (Environmental sanitation law of the Phils.) It is cleanliness of the environment. Outside the institution (eg.

proper disposal of excreta, proper drainage system)o PD 856 (sanitation code of the Phils.)

Involves proper sanitation of an institution that engage in food and water supply. Inside the institution. (eg. canteen, mineral water store, public market, Sex shop : ADONIS, PEGASUS, CHICOS) not applicable to private sex practitioners.

Prevention of Disease o PD 996 (EPI law)

Compulsory Immunization of children below 9 y/o Psychological and social adjustments because you will be taking care of

numerous clientso RA 7160 (local government code)

decentralization or devolution of care. The DOH together with DILG and local government units (brgy, provincial) together with community participation they made a local health board which is the MAYOR.

Purpose of local health board : it makes quality health care available, accessible and proximal for all

Participation is maintained with all members of the community, health care team and family

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3. Occupation Health Nursing industrial or company health nurse Duties :

o Curative/rehabilitative C – care for sick/injured laborers R – Referral V – Visit and ff. ups (home visits)

o Promotive/Preventive N – nutritional S – safety and sanitation C – Counseling

4. Clinical Instructoro Qualifications :

A – accredited nursing Org M – MAN in nursing or other health courses O – One yr clinical experience R – R.N.

PHILIPPINE NURSES ASSOCIATIONo When was PNA founded : Oct. 22, 1922 (10-22- 22)o Who is the founder PNA : Anastacia G. Guiron Tupaso Purposes :

P – professional well-being U - unity P – promotes reciprocity even outside the Phils. A – advancement of the knowledge and skills of the nurse E – ethics promulgation

Proclamation Order 539 Declared by Pres. Garcia law declaring the last week Oct as the official nurses

week.

School of Nursing in the Philippines UPCN – 1st

Schools originated in the Phil.o Iloilo Mission hospitalo PGHo St. Luke’so Mary Johnston Hospitalo St. Paul Hospitalo San Juan de Dios

Contracts and Consents

Characteristics of a Valid Consent V – voluntariness O – Opportunities to ask questionbe explained to pt T – treatment explained to the patient U – understood by pt M – matured both physically and mentally

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Criteria of a good consent : 18 y/o – above Mentally capacitated (absence of insanity and imbecility) If below 18 y/o and mentally incapacitated a proxy consent : in chronological

ordero Parentso Guardiano physician (if parents and guardian are dead)

Guardian Ad Litem – social worker or Surgeon

Nurses and Illegal Detention it happens if someone will limit the freedom of the patient to move or travel from

one place to another. HIV Patient – should be kept in one room

o Felacio – oral sex – most fastest mode of transfero Cannalingus – tongue on clitoriso Analingus – tongue on anus – least mode of transfer

Last Will and Testament Act whereby a person is permitted by the law to have control in the manner of

disposing/ giving his estate but will take effect at the time of his death Testate Succession – son or daughter will inherit the last will of the parents Intestate Succession – without last will and testament 2 types of Last Will and Testament

o Property Notarial/ Ordinary Will

Check LOC Check proper location of the signature – end part of all the

pages at the side Nurses can be a witness

Holographic Will During emergency cases No witness involved call a persdon who knows and familiar

with the handwritten of the testator Entire last will and testament is hand written dated and

signed by the testatoro Life Body

Advance Directives Respectful death Direction/ instruction of the patient in advance DNR, donate organ, cremation

Medications and prescription only registered medical, dental and veterinary practitioners are authorized to

prescribe drugs 3 information

o name of the AMD, address of his clinic/hosp and PTRC license #o name of the pt, age, sexo drug name, frequency, duration of the drug

RA 6675 Generic Acto all prescribe drug must be written in generic and brand name or generic

name but never the brand name alone)

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o Purpose : for the pt to choose what brand name they want Remember the 10 R’s of medication Right patient name by checking the pt wrist tag Verbal or telephone – only done during emergency doubts or error – in case there is doubt in medication, refer to the physician IV drugs – in proper training

Documentation, recording and charting Patient Chart – absolutely legal Purpose of a patient Chart

o Communication and conitinuity of careo Assurance of quality of careo Researcho Legal documento Statistics of disease

Subpoena – order coming from the courto Subpoena Duces Tecum – any documents, objects, papers, materialso Subpoena Ad Testificandum – person who will testify (witness)

Do’s in Chartingo F – full, factual and objectively accurateo L – legibleo I – immediateo P – Personal

Adendum – late entry/late documentation Don’ts in charting

o L – language, jargons or words which are unacceptableo I – improper correctionso S – Spaces and skipso Abbreviation

LEGAL DOCTRINES IN NURSING

Professional NegligenceNegligence

failure to do something which are reasonable and prudent nurse should have done something under a particular situation. (eg. failure to raise side rales when the pt is unconscious)

3 elements of negligenceo duty on part of the nurseo failure to do said dutyo injury, harm, death – most important negligence

Malpractice injury, harm or death is not important in malpractice The nurse is allowed to perform episiorrhapy with proper training but not episiotomy The nurse is allowed to perform IE but with 2 conditions :

o fetal aberration/ abnormal deliveryo prior to complete delivery

Crimes affecting nurses Types of crime :

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Manner of Commissiono DOLO – crimes committed with deceit. Crime with real criminal intentiono CULPA – crimes committed under negligence. Crimes that are intentional

stages of executiono consummated

when the crime intended is totally committed or perfectedo frustrated

the offended performs everything to consummate the crime but it did not happen

o attempted crime has not happened (overt acts – acts merely showing the

intention to commit the crime) degree of participation

o principal degree of participation is very important/indispensable because he

is the primary author of the crime.. If no principle, there is no crime.

o accomplice participation is merely dispensable. Usually performs before (eg. referral by the nurse of a abortionist

to a pregnant women) or during the crime eg. OB nurse is to perform abortion. The nurse is look out for police. The nurse is the accomplice.

o accessory usually performs after the crime (eg. stole a nebulizer in the

hospital. Sold the nebulizer to an asthmatic pt) This is an accessory because he benefited from the crime

RA 7877 – Anti sexual harassment law committed by any person who exercises authority. (eg. teacher to student, head

nurse to staff nurse). That person who is in authority is asking for a sexual favor in an exchange of

another favor.

Types of Rape Ordinary rape

o a forcible penetration of an organ for copulation to another organ for copulation. (eg. women are only the victim)

sexual assaulto anything that is forcible inserted to a body orifice with sexual malice. o Also form of rape (eg. hand or an object is being inserted in the anal.

Committed in both female or male) o Intervention :

S – safety (emotional or physical safety) R – report (↓ 18 – report to brgy.) R – referral (if father is the rapist, refer to DSWD)

Abortion is the expulsion or termination of a product of conception before the stage of

viability. (3-6month/12-24weeks)Infanticide

kill the person in less than 3days or 72hrs of life.

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Parricide killing another person to whom you have a relationship (mother, father, husband)

Homicide unintentionally killing another person without any relationship (eg. negligence in

giving meds) Murder

intentionally killing another person without any relationshipSimulation of birth

committed by any person who shall substitute one child to another child or alter his identities for the purpose of losing his civil status. (eg. the midwife failed to report the birth of the baby, giving wrong information of the gender of the baby)

PD 651 (Birth registration act) law any person who assist in giving birth to report within 30 days to the Local

Civil Registration Office

Law Affecting Nurses Act 2808 (yr. 1919) – first true nursing law

o It removed from the doctor the control of nurses with 3 man team (1 chairman and 2 members all nurses)

1920 – 1st official board exam 1st nursing school (6months)

o Iloilo Mission Hospital (1906)o PGH School of Nursing (1907)o St. Luke’s school of nursing (1907)o Mary Johnson’s school of Nursing (1907)o St. Paul Iloilo 1907)o San Juan de Dios (1907)

1st college of nursing (4years) – UP RA 7164 (1991) RA 9173 (Oct 21, 2002)

o Board of Nursing Old

o M – MANo A – Accredited Nursing Org (PNA)o F – five MAN team (1 chairman, 4 members)o S – 65 y/o – 1 year interim periodo N – Not convicted of any crimeo P – Pecuniary interest (Absence)o T – 10 years nursing practiceo C- Citizen of R.P.

Newo M – MANo A – Accredited Nursing Org (PNA)o S – 7 MAN team (1 chairman, 6members)o I – immediately resigned upon appt.o N – Not convicted of any crimeo P – Pecuniary interest (Absence)o T – 10 years nursing practice but 5 yrs must be in the

Phils.o C- Citizen & resident of R.P.

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Who formulates the question of the Board Exam? – Board of Nursing

In having a license it is a Privilege not a Right Board of Nursing issues the license PRC issues the certificate of registration CHED are the ones who has the power to open and close a

nursing school BON just inspects 5 consecutive years of below 80% passing rate,

the school will be closed Powers and Functions of BON

o L – Licensure examo I – Issue CORo M – Monitor standards of nursing practiceo E – Educationo C – Code of ethicso H – Hear and decides cases of negligence and malpracticeo A – Accredits different organizationso G – Guides Nursing Practice in the phils

o Dean R.N.,MAN 5 years nursing experience

o Clinical Instructor A – allied in nursing or any allied health courses M – member of PNA O – 1 yr experience R – R.N.

o Nursing Administrator

Supervisor/Manager H Community Military Hosp

B – BSN RN A – Accredited Org N – 9 units T – 2 yrs

Chief/DirectorRN + MAN +5 yrs supervisorexperience(N.B. if primaryhosp)

Add onlymaster’s inPHN orCHN

MAN +GSC(Gen.StaffingCourse)

o Examinees CGM (Good Moral Character) Proofs of Valid Holder of Filipino Citizenship Proofs of valid holder of a BSN Degree only from schools whose

curriculum is approved by the CHED 3 docs sub to PRC RLE certificate TOR with Scanned picture List of cases

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Examination fee is P900 Last day Is :

Other related laws PD 223 – PRC Act RA 1080 – Civil Service exam Cum Laude, Board passer – eligible in taking CSE RA 6425 – Dangerous drugs Act

o punishable with 2 chemical substances Prohibited drugs

chemical substance totally, abosultely can’t be consumed by human being (eg. Shabu, Mariana, Cocaine, Opium)

Regulated drugs you can use this drug provided the pt has the prescription

and the AMD has appropriate license coming from the BFAD or Dangerous Drugs

RA 7600 – Baby Friendly Hospital. o Early bonding for mother is Early Rooming in and early baby breast

technique for early bonding Early bonding for father is thru cuddling E.O. 51 – Milk Code (Breast Milk)

o Avoid manufactured or formula milk How to be an R.N. under 9173

o Have all qualificationso take the examo acquire the required ratingso In order to pass the examination, an examinee must obtain a general

average of at least 75 % with a rating of not below sixty percent (60%) in any subject

o An examinee who obtains an average rating of 75% or higher but gets a rating below 60% in any subject must take the examination again but only in the subject or subjects where he/she us treated below 60 % (60%). In order to pass the succeeding examination, an examinee must obtain a rating of at least 75% in the subject or subjects repeated.”

RA 8981 –Modernization Act.

For every 5,000, results will be released after 5days PRC rating NAME Text to 263 (smart) 233 (globe)

What are the grounds for nurse not to be registered?o D – Dishonorable conducto U – Unsound mindo M – moral turpitudeo I – Indecent immortal conduct

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