Paleolithic and Neolithic AgeUnit I

Hominids

Australopithecus East Africa

4 million – 1 million years ago

Stone Tools

Homo Erectus East Africa

2.5 million – 200,000 years ago

Sophisticated Tools

Control Fire

Develop Language

Homo Sapiens 100,000 years ago spread

throughout Eurasia

Populated over continents via Ice Age

Used tools and controlled fire

Out of Africa Theory

Paleolithic Society

Economic Life No Private Property Classless Existence

Society Lived in Small Bands, 30-50 members Hunting with special tools and tactics (Some) Permanent Settlements Settled in areas rich in sources

Paleolithic Culture Neandertal Peoples

Europe and SW Asia, 100,000-35,000 years ago

Deliberate burials

Capable of Emotions and Feelings

Cro-Magnon Peoples (Homo SapienSapien)

First Human Beings, 40,000 years ago

Venus Figurines - - Fertility Statues

Cave Paintings of Animals

Results of Agriculture

Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) 12,000-6,000 years ago

Women begin systematic cultivation of plants

Men begin to domesticate animals

Early Agriculture 9,000 years ago

More work than Hunting and Gathering

Larger and More Steady Food Supply

Population Explosion Emergence of Cities and Towns

Eventually Large and Complex

Built along Rivers

Specialization of Labor

Social Stratification

Calendar

Life Cycles/ Deities

Ancient River Valley SocietiesUnit I

Code of Hammurabi

55. If a man open his canal for irrigation and neglect it and he let the water carry an adjacent field, he shall measure out grain on the basis of the adjacent fields.

132. If the finger have been pointed at the wife of a man because of another man, and she have not been taken in lying with another man, for her husband she shall throw herself into the sacred river.

195. If a man strike his father, they shall cut off his hand.

196. If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye.

197. If he breaks a man’s bone, they shall break his bone.

198. If he story the eye of a common man or break a bone of a common man, he shall pay one mana of silver.

199. If he destroy the eye of a man’s slave or break a bone of a man’s slave, he shall pay one-half his price.

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Ancient River Civilizations

What makes a city?Government

Art/architecture

Religion

Social Classes

Job specification

Agriculture

Military

Mesopotamia

Government: City-states

Public Works (TAXES)

ziggurats

defensive walls

irrigation system

military

Monarchy

Hammurabi

Code, Regular Taxation

Nebuchadnezzar

Hanging Gardens

Egypt

Government Kingdom

Large population

Natural barriers

Divine Kingships

Favorable view of gods

Pyramids

84,000 laborers, 84 days a year, 20 years

Army (Hyks0s)

Bureaucracy

Indus River Valley

Government Great Geographic location

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

No political evidence, until later regional kingdoms

city walls, large granary (taxes)

standard weights and measures, architectural style, brick size

no military

religion = social organization

Zhou Dynasty China

Zhou Mandate of Heaven

earthly events tie heavily to heavenly affairs

Ruler link between heavy and earth

God Rulers Rule, Bad Rulers DON'T

Harmony in the world

"Son of Heaven"

Olmecs and Mayans

Government Geography

Isolation

Pyramids, Colossal heads

Temple of the Giant Jaguar

Authoritative Rule evident

small city-kingdoms

constant warfare

warriors held prestige

Agriculture

no large domesticated animals

no wheeled vehicles

captives as slaves