Library research

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Uncle Pre-Diabetes

Learning Objectives

• At the end of the class students will:

• Understand that there is valid scientific research to support many sides of a controversial topic – especially in nutrition.

• Research is messy.

• The UO librarians can help.

Mr. Atkins

What is the Atkins Diet?A. Grass fed meat and some oils (coconut, avocados walnuts, etc.), no cereal grains, potatoes, legumes, dairy, or sugar.

B. protein, healthy fats and some vegetables (meat, eggs, cheese, butter, cooking oils are fine, few fruits), little bread or grains, no sugar.

C. Eat complex carbohydrates (grains and beans), plenty of fruits and veggies, small amounts of protein; no oil of any kind (including olive oil), no dairy, no sugar.

D. Lots of veggies and low fat protein, certain fats, very few grains and starches.

Discuss: Atkins v. Zone

What is the Atkins Diet?

A. Grass fed meat and some oils (coconut, avocados walnuts, etc.), no cereal grains, potatoes, legumes, dairy, or sugar.

B. protein, healthy fats and some vegetables (meat, eggs, cheese, butter, cooking oils are fine, few fruits), little bread or grains, no sugar.

C. Eat complex carbohydrates (grains and beans), plenty of fruits and veggies, small amounts of protein; no oil of any kind (including olive oil), no dairy, no sugar.

D. Lots of veggies and low fat protein, certain fats, very few grains and starches.

What is the Zone Diet?

A. Grass fed meat and some oils (coconut, avocados walnuts, etc.), no cereal grains, potatoes, legumes, dairy, or sugar.

B. protein, healthy fats and some vegetables (meat, eggs, cheese, butter, cooking oils are fine, few fruits), little bread or grains, no sugar.

C. Eat complex carbohydrates (grains and beans), plenty of fruits and veggies, small amounts of protein; no oil of any kind (including olive oil), no dairy, no sugar.

D. Lots of veggies and low fat protein, certain fats, very few grains and starches.

The Paleo Diet

What is the Paleo Diet?A. Grass fed meat and some oils (coconut, avocados walnuts, etc.), no cereal grains, potatoes, legumes, dairy, or sugar.

B. Lots of fruits and veggies, carbohydrates are ok in limited amounts, fish and poultry, olive oil, with small amounts of red meat, wine and sugar

C. Eat complex carbohydrates (grains and beans), plenty of fruits and veggies, small amounts of protein; no fat of any kind (no olive oil, butter, etc.), no dairy, no sugar.

D. Eat meat & vegetables, nuts & seeds, some fruit, little starch, and no sugar. Keep intake to levels that will support exercise, but not body fat.

Paleo Diet saysThe world’s healthiest diet, is based upon the

fundamental concept that the optimal diet is

the one to which we are genetically adapted.

The therapeutic effect of the Paleo Diet is

supported by both randomized controlled human trials and real-life

success stories.

What is the Paleo Diet?A. Grass fed meat and some oils (coconut, avocados walnuts, etc.), no cereal grains, potatoes, legumes, dairy, or sugar.

B. Lots of fruits and veggies, carbohydrates are ok in limited amounts, fish and poultry, olive oil, with small amounts of red meat, wine and sugar

C. Eat complex carbohydrates (grains and beans), plenty of fruits and veggies, small amounts of protein; no fat of any kind (no olive oil, butter, etc.), no dairy, no sugar.

D. Eat meat & vegetables, nuts & seeds, some fruit, little starch, and no sugar. Keep intake to levels that will support exercise, but not body fat.

Low carb Diets and exercise workBefore After

These diets claim that they will:

A. help you lose weight

B. help prevent/reverse diabetes

C. restore heart health

D. reduce epileptic seizures

E. all of the above

Plant based diets: featuring T. Colin Campbell, PhD, Joel Fuhrman, MD,

and Caldwell Esselstyn, Jr. MD

What’s the science?

Where do scientists discuss their research?

How do they discuss their work and their findings?

Peer review at NEJM

① Manuscript reviewed by Deputy editor+ – ½ rejected② If it passes it goes to an Associate editor*③ Then to 2 outside-reviewers (out of a database of 10,000 with

specific expertise)④ Recommendations are to make changes and publish or reject⑤ Reviewed at least 1 time by contracted Statistical consultants⑥ Associate editor and Author(s) make changes⑦ Passed back to Deputy editor/Editor-in-Chief⑧ Editor-in-Chief formally accepts paper for publication

+has an M.D. or Ph.D. and does some teaching/research*holds a full time research/teaching position

What’s the science?

Carbohydrates

Vs.

Fat/Protein

Groups of 3 or 4

1 person is the recorder

1 person is the speaker/presentor

1 person is the skeptic

1 person is the moderater

Answer these questions using the 5 articles from the Bb survey

1. Which articles were scholarly? Which were popular sources?

2. Did they convince you that the information presented/conclusions reached were valid?

3. How did they convince you?

4. What are you going to do next?

What is Ketosis?

1. What is it?

2. What are the benefits of it?

3. What are the disadvantages?

Right number of keywords

http://vimeo.com/12861706

What is Ketosis?

1. What is it?

2. What are the benefits of it?

3. What are the disadvantages?

What is Ketosis? Frigolet, M.-E., Ramos Barragán, V.-E., & Tamez González, M. (2011). Low-carbohydrate diets: a matter of love or hate. Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 58(4), 320–334. doi:10.1159/000331994

Ketogenic diet =

High fat, low carbohydrate, calorie restricted

Benefits of ketosis?

Stops difficult to control seizures

Modified Atkins diet might work for some and be followed more

Other benefits of a dietthat puts you in state of ketosis?

Lose weighthelp with type 2 diabetes

May help with other issues like recovery from concussions, Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons

Is this popular or scholarly?

Bielohuby, M., Matsuura, M., Herbach, N., Kienzle, E., Slawik, M., Hoeflich, A., & Bidlingmaier, M. (2010). Short-Term Exposure to Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets Induces Low Bone Mineral Density and Reduces Bone Formation in Rats. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 25(2), 275–284.

Ketosis

disadvantages:

Constipation, kidney stones, decreased bone density, slows growth in children, increases cholesterol and lipids, causes micronutrient deficiencies, may impact energy and memory (temporary?), breath smells

Many of these low carb diets put you in a form of ketosis

Paleo video

starchavore

http://www.drmcdougall.com/video/diet_wars.htm

What do we know?

Sugar is evil. So are simple carbohydrates.

How would you search for information on this topic?

How many carbs should I eat?

Can I eat butter? Olive oil?

What about fruit?

Is the paleo diet safe? Effective?

Should I be a starchavore?

I would look for answers:

A. In popular sources

B. In scholarly sources

C. I would start with popular sources and then try to track down scholarly sources

D. I would ask a librarian

Complicated questions require research.

Google is an answer machine…

type in your topic and get 1,000s of results.

…library databases aren’t

You have to know how to get the information you need out of library database.

Library databases have:

Scholarly sources

Ways to sort, save and retrieve documents

Specific information on a topic

Remaining questions

Complex carbohydrates – a little or a lot?

Fat – in any form, just some forms, very little?

Fruit, vegetables, meat (protein sources)?

Short term v. long term?

Is there scientific evidence that suggests that a low carbohydrate diet will help someone

lose weight?

What are the important words?

If this were a tweet, what are the hashtags you’d use?

#paleo#atkins#lowcarbohydrate#zone#loseweight#obese#diet

UO libraries: your tuition dollars

What about google scholar?

• Might work for your topic and work well. I use it sometimes, but find it difficult to sort through the results of a broad search.

• Your mileage may vary. Unless you are already an expert, GS won’t be any better than a database.

FindText to get to library holdings

Add FindText to Google Scholar

Off campus access to library resources

http://library.uoregon.edu/systems/proxy/index.html

Anderson, J. W., Konz, E. C., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2000). Health Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight-Reducing Diets: A Computer Analysis and Critical Review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(5), 578–590.

Astrup, A. (2001). The role of dietary fat in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Efficacy and safety of low-fat diets. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 25 Suppl 1, S46–50. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801698

Astrup, A., Buemann, B., Flint, A., & Raben, A. (2002). Low-fat diets and energy balance: how does the evidence stand in 2002? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61(2), 299–309. doi:10.1079/PNS2002149

Barnard, R. J., Ugianskis, E. J., Martin, D. A., & Inkeles, S. B. (1992). Role of diet and exercise in the management of hyperinsulinemia and associated atherosclerotic risk factors. The American journal of cardiology, 69(5), 440–444.

Baschetti, R. (2006). Definition of low-fat diets. Archives of internal medicine, 166(13), 1419–1420; author reply 1420. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.13.1419-b

Bielohuby, M., Matsuura, M., Herbach, N., Kienzle, E., Slawik, M., Hoeflich, A., & Bidlingmaier, M. (2010). Short-Term Exposure to Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets Induces Low Bone Mineral Density and Reduces Bone Formation in Rats. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 25(2), 275–284.

Borradaile, K. E., Halpern, S. D., Wyatt, H. R., Klein, S., Hill, J. O., Bailer, B., … Foster, G. D. (2012). Relationship Between Treatment Preference and Weight Loss in the Context of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Obesity (19307381), 20(6), 1218–1222.

Clifton, P. M. (2011). Low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss: the pros and cons. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 24(6), 523–524.

De Luis, D. A., Aller, R., Izaola, O., Sagrado, M. G., Bellioo, D., & Conde, R. (2007). Effects of a Low-Fat versus a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Adipocytokines in Obese Adults. Hormone Research, 67(6), 296–300.

Dyson, P. A. (2008). A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 21(6), 530–538.

Egert, S., Kratz, M., Kannenberg, F., Fobker, M., & Wahrburg, U. (2011). Effects of high-fat and low-fat diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on serum lipids, LDL size and indices of lipid peroxidation in healthy non-obese men and women when consumed under controlled conditions. European Journal of Nutrition, 50(1), 71–79. doi:10.1007/s00394-010-0116-9

Floegel, A., & Pischon, T. (2012). Low carbohydrate-high protein diets. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 344, e3801.

Foreyt, J. P., Salas-Salvado, J., Caballero, B., Bull, M., Gifford, K. D., Bautista, I., & Serra-Majem, L. (May2009 Supplement). Weight-reducing diets: Are there any differences? Nutrition Reviews, 67, S99–S101.

Freedhoff, Y. (2012). Advice to avoid low carbohydrate-high protein diets is not evidence based. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 345, e5106; author reply e5109, e5112.

And so much more... Check Blackboard for the full list.

In your groups

Write on your index card:

Something you learned today that was new.

OR

Something you learned today that you’ll use for this or another class.

Scholarly sources are different from popular ones for these reasons:

A. They have references.

B. They are written by authors who are experts in their field.

C. Use academic/dry/specific/specialized language and include data and charts.

D. Go through a rigorous review process by experts before being published.

E. All of the above.

To get scholarly sources at the UO:

A. Start with the library’s webpage, click on articles, databases & indexes, use keywords in the box, click FindText to get the article.

B. Start with the library’s webpage, use keywords in the catalog tab, click FindText to get the article.

C. Start with Google Scholar, put keywords in the box, click FindText to get the article.

D. All of the above.

Where can you get help finding scholarly sources at the UO?

A. Any UO Library reference/help desk (especially Knight and Science).

B. Ask a librarian using chat, email, phone or in person.

C. All of the above.