pakistan archaeology (excavation 1971-72) by rafiq mugha

8/9/2019 Pakistan Archaeology (Excavation 1971-72) by RAFIQ MUGHA

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Pakistan Archaeo

um er

8 972

dited

y

Muhammad Ishtiaq Khan


2/47

A SUMMARY OF

EXCAVATIONS AND EXPLORATIONS IN PA

1971 and 1972

M

Rafique Mughal

Ph D

Plates

XXIV XXXIX

igures 34 40

ONT NT S

EXCAVATIONS

Excavation at Satghara

Excavation at Jalilpur

Excavation at Zarif Karuna

Excavation

at

Sarai Khola:

The final

season of 1972


3/47

The following summary deals with the field works, under

1971 and 1972 by the Explorations and E x c a v ~ t i o n s B r a n c h

Archaeology and Museums in Pakistan. During this period, ex

out at the prehistoric andprotohistoric sites of Jalilpur, Sa

Karuna, and at a medieval settlement of Satghara (Fig. 34 . I

ings at selected sites, extensive explorations were undertakell in

and Sind provinces. The results of these archaeological

field

here briefly. The detailed reports on these fielclworks shall be p

of

time.

EXCAVATION

AT SATGHARA

Just as the excavations at Tulamba

1

were prompted by

tion

of

obtaining a choronological sequence

for

assigning an

number

of

settlements then being discovered in the central

reasons necessitated a limited excavation at Satghara, located

Tulamba. The site

of

Satghara also offered a promise bf

y

evidence

of

the late Medieval period (16th

to

19th century A


4/47

EXCAVATIONS AND EXPOLRATIONS

and the descendents of Mir Chakar Rind

were

thrown out of the

they had held for centuries. The modern

village

of Satghara, locate

side the fort, show s no signs of an ancient habitation. appears t

located on the western out-skirts of

the

village marks

the ancient s

also

attested

by

the evidence recovered in course

of

the recent

e

The mound is called Satghara Tibba

locally.

It measures

and is about ten feet high above the surrounding level Fig.

35).

miles northeast of Okara in Sahiwal district.

As

a result of distur

cultivators, large piles of postsherds and brick-bats are lying on

order to find out the nature of habitation in different parts of th

tery samples

were

gathered from the surface of arbitrarily demar

mound. The variations in occurence of certain ceramic types indic

from different

areas,

strongly suggested that the western part of

abandoned earlier than the middle part which constitutes the mai

over, the area represented

by

seemingly

two

detached mounds on

southern ends contains rubbish dumps or perhaps industrial wast

Two ancient brick-lined wells loc;lted along the eastern

edge

of

. being used.

The excavation at Satghara was canied out

by

the present

Summer of 1971 . An exploratory trench, measuring IS x 16 fee

middle of the mound., Underneath a

mass

of fallen debris loaded

bats and constituting our layers I) and 2), regular structures of b

ted with an occupation

level

3)

were

brought to light. The siz

6 6. x4x inches, corresponds to those used in the ancient

now surviving in Satghara village. Another structure of burnt-bri


5/47

CONTOUR P N

OF

S TGH R 97

ontour

nhrv ls

in

Feen


6/47

EXCAVATIONS

AND

EXPLORATIONS

14th and 16th centuries A.D. However, many ceramic types a

rent from those known

so

far in the central Punjab. In the

material from the site, the comparable ceramics and antiquities w

tive date of 16th to 18th century A.D. and even later, which ma

entire occupation

of

Satghara Tibba. Several pottery vessels recall

earthen wares which are being produced by half a dozen potters

The pottery is mainly of red colour with

few

exceptions

principal forms

of

pottery

vessels

consist

of

large pans with o

flat

base like modern kun fi bowls with round or

flat

base of

unpainted

vessels, oil lamps and narrow-necked vases. The gla

found.

Among

the antiquities found in the trench include severa

ivory beads, beads

of

teiracotta and semi-precious stones, and a

Coins

were

neither found from the surface nor in the excavati

EXCAVATION AT JAULPUR

The prehistoric site of Jalilpur

is

located about three mil

bank

of

the

Ravi

and at a distance of forty-six miles southwest

central Indus vallet. The materials collected from the surface in

the settlement was culturally related with the pre-defence layer

Harappa, Kalibangan-I in northern Rajasthan n Kot Diji.

cally,

it belonged to the Early Harappan period

of

the en eater I

able to the early third millennium B.C. and earlier. Moreover,

tions at Gumla and Hathala in the Gomal

valley,

located at the

Sulaiman range , at Sarai Khola in the Potwar Plateau , and at Si

in the upper Sarasvati basin between the Yamuna and tlle Sutlej


7/47

PAKISTAN ARCHAEOLOGY

Jalilpur, the site

was

not occupied during the Mature Harapp

it remained abandoned until the Medieval period. Therefore,

at Jalilpur, a cultural sequence belonging only to the Early H

then, to relate it with other contemporary settlements. With t

the excavation was carried out by the author during the mont

1971

8

At present, the mound o Jalilpur covers an area o 120

maximum height o fifteen feet above the surrounding culti

height

is

included an occupation o the Medieval period

whi

southeastern part o the site

only.

Otherwise, the ~ u n with

is

low and flat in the middle with a

maXImum

height o only

Two trenches were laid almost in the middle o the mou

tion o the Medieval period did not exist. The first trench, nu

pened to be on a prehistoric dump and therefore, it was aban

trench, marked A B, Was laid on an almost

flat

surface where

walls was indicated by the visible difference in the colour o

measured 56 x

60 feet

originally, but the area had

to be

reduc

our digging progressed. The virgin soil

was

reached at

an

ave

from the existing surface. The total cultural accumulation c

layers, numbered from top I , to bottom 6A PI. XXVB . Th

these layers could be grouped into two main periods o co

Period I, the first on the natural soil,

was

represented by tllr

and Period above with two structural phases, lIA e

PI.

XXVB . Some patches o mud

floor

with pottery

s tu

inches below the existing surface which belonged to the struc


8/47

EXCAVATIONS AND EXPLORATIONS

percentage

of

carinated cups and dishes and an abundance

of

p

nizable shape because of their rounded edges, as

if

rolled by w

are mostly of pale-red colour, light in weight and soft in textu

Their body

is so

soft that it can be peeled or rubbed off easily, r

OCP Ochre-Coloured Pottery). From the mud floor laid o

kankar

one rectangular bead

of

gold sheet with tubular perforatio

and several barrel-shaped cylindrical beads

of

terracotta PI. XX

found. The other finds from Period I include terracotta net-s

numerous bone points PI. XXVIIIA, 12 and a large number

sheep, goat and

gazelle 10,

mostly burnt and with sharply cut

ed

of animal bones suggests that the animal meat constituted a part o

Period

No object

of

copper or bronze

was

found in Perio

should be recalled that the presence

of

either copper or bronz

even at Sarai Khola I and in the non-pottery levels assigned to

However, numerous bone points and chert blades are reported fro

of these sites, and .also from Kile Gul Mohammed I in the Qet

in Kalat, Amri IA and

also

from Rana Ghundai I in the Loral

perhaps, a common level or knowledge

of

tool technology durin

nium

E.G.

in the Indus valley and Baluchistan.

The change of material culture from Period I to

II

was g

break between the two major occupations

of

JaIilpur. This f

evidence reported from Sarai Khola, where an abrupt change

beginning

of

Period

II

in the so-called transitional level IA

11

wares of Period I at Jalilpm, a small percentage of red-slipped wa

with black-and-brown or chocolate-on-red are present, especiall

third layers

~ b o v e

the natural soil PI. XXVIA,3). These war


9/47

12


I

\

\

I

2


10/47


with t h ~ predominently wheelmade wares. But the handmade glo

applique external surface persist through all levels of Period II.

phically, the ceramic tradition of Period overlaps with that of Pe

In Period n two structures of mud brick and mud lumps a

2) and 1 , respectively associated with the first Phase HA, and the

PI. XXVB . t should be noted that the sub-division of Period

A B, in only structIU al and not based on significant changes in th

recovered from layers

3)

to

1) of

Period II.

The levels belonging to Period

yielded a great variety

antiquities which can be compared. with the sites of the early t

B.C. or

of

the early Harappan cultural phase throughout the Gre

and with the contemporary sites in northern Baluchistan and also

on further west. Among the principal groups

of

pottery, some

PIs. XXVIA

B, XXVIIB and Figs. 37 and

38.

However,som

necessary on their chronological and cultural significance,

. The painted pottery includes black--on-red

PI.

XXVIB,

1,2

Fig. 37,1,3 and 4; Fig. 38,7 8), black-on-buff slip or on buff b

9--11,13; Fig.

37,

2 and Fig.

38, 9),

and black-and-white w ares P I.

and 12). The black--on-red pottery, consists of the diagnostic Ko

globular shape with plain exterior, short neck, and painted with si

on the neck and above the base Fig. 37, 3

4), as already famili

type-site

of

Kot Diji, Amri, Sarai Khola, Gumla, pre-defence le

Kalibangan-I and also from several sites in northern Baluchistan. Th

shape and with horizontally grooved exterior,

as

known from the cen

Indus valley sites but not at Kot Diji

also

occur in Jalipur

wh


11/47

122


In the Indus

valley,

the bichrome pottery with designs differen

is usually associated with the Amrian Wares of southwestern

to have spread from north (southern Afghanistan) and Tur

through Baluchistan13.

Its discovery at Jalilpur and in the

would suggest that the bichrome pottery tradition also sprea

through the Gomal Pass from perhaps the same source.

Th

brown or black-on-buff slip or on buff body, including the ver

from Jalilpur II (Fig.

38, 9),

are highly suggestive of links, e

with the ceramic traditions of southern Iran.

The

comb inc

is also comparable with that from several sites in Baluchistan

specimens painted with white and bordered with black come

combination

of

white-and-black colours in painted designs on p

to us from the early Harappan levels of Kalibangan-I, at Sisw

related sites in the Punjab including a part of Haryana.

T

white-and-black on surface or on light-red slip

is

sometimes

in the east central Indus

valley.

The mature phase of the Harappan culture is not repr

from the levels associatedwith Period II were found, black-on-

from page 121

It should be-pointed out that a critical study of the materials assigned to Gumla II

ferent story and some conclusions drawn from its sequence by Dani, may have to be revis

ence found recently from

alilpUr

II and Sarai Khola II the whole material found in G

well, both chronologically and culturally, into the

EiU ly

Harappan ultttn phase

of

the

Mature Harappan period. Numerous pottery forms and also other objects from Gumla

pare precisely with those from r i Khola

II

JaIllpur

II

Kalibangan-I, with the earl

The

nOllMIndus

pottery

of

Gumla II-III, suchas the 'wet' and 'FaizMohammadWares', 'P

black-andMwhite, 'Red-on-Red Slip', chocolate/brown and black or black on red wares, ar

northern Baluchistan dated to the early third millennium B.C.

Judging by most of the artifacts and pottery, Gtnnla IV clearly demonstrates a co

the early periods. Just as the Harappan traits occur in the early third millenniumB.C. c

Kot Diji, at

KalibanganMI

and at Jalilpur where mature Harappan is absent), the,inters

black-on-red, terracota'cakes' and perforated wares, also appear in Gumla IV in associat


12/47

j j


7

\ ~ 7

,

8

9

, I I

I

10


13/47

124


intersecting circular design PI. XXVIB, 2and Fig. 38,7), terracotta

humped bull figurines XXVlIA,

4 ,

toy-cart frames XXVIIA

with single or double hub XXVlIA, 1 , bangles of grey and re

or conjoined, with traingular, rectangular and circular section, a

and shell.

n

addition to the chert blades XXVIII, 1-4 showing

on their glossy edges, chert cores, a number

of

pestles and saddl

found. Beads

of

agate XXVIII, 5 , carnelian and terracotta

covered. Of special interest are the beads and numerous unw

lazuli found in Period

contexts and from the surface XXV

at Jalilpur is significant, for, it provides evidence of a long dista

existing between the Indus valley and outside regions during

period. The principal source

of

lapis lazuli has been in Badak

istan)

for

South Asia and for the entire Near East

The terrac

Period

XXVII, 8-10) are comparable in style with those fo

in Iranian Sistan, Gumla

and Sarai Khola II. A few pi

rods also come from Period II.

At the northwestern edge

of

the mound, the surface

w

sands

of

potsherds, some

of

which ware over-fired and mixed w

earth. A small pit C , measuring 8 x 4 feet,

Was

excavated to ex

occupations and to determine whether

01

not such a heavy co

mixed with reddened earth was due to the presence of a pot

The total thickness

of

occupations

Was

nine feet above the nat

one structure

of

mud brick appeared.

In

the top most laye

deposit containing pottery waste and fired clay pieces

was

encou

the presence

of

a pottery kiln

01

some other similar activity.

represented in trench C . The entire deposit yielded p

Period ouly, suggesting an expansion

of

the settlement durin


14/47


EXCAVATION AT ZARIF KARUNA

Another cemetery site resembling those of Swat and D

with the Gandhara Grave Culture of the second millennium

accidently discovered in the Peshawar plain, about 18 miles nor

and on the road

to

Warsak near the village of Zarif Karuna. The

occupied a large area, 1320 x 800 yards originally, but it has been

to the erosion by a hill torrent and by the

local

cultivators. ord

rials from the disturbed area and also from the stratified contexts, e

was carried out in November

1971

by

Mr.

M. Abdul Halim, assiste

Khan. Along with the excavation, 12 graves with their materials

In

all,

45

graves were exposed. n

the

stratigraphical evidence, f

superimposed one above the other, could be differentiated. Th

earliest type, represents single individuals buried in inflexed p

goods PI. XXIXA C , like those discovered in Period 1 at

Multiple burials with funerary objects mark the second type.

burials

of

the third type, human bones and ashes were placed in la

with the grave goods PI. XXIXB). Another phase of the Zarif

represented. by the burials of un-burned fractional bones.

The grave chambers are made

of

stones and the floors ar

with stone slabs. Two rings of stones, one above the grave cham

near the surface, mark the presence of graves.

the method

modes

of

burials, these graves resemble those

of

Timargarha (Per

the Swat valley (Period V-VII).

.naddition to the funerary pottery of red and grey colour

racotta female and bull figurines, and personal ornaments

of

bo

stone were found. The mailirials from Zarif Karuna are com


15/47

126


or

less,

between the end

of

Hissar

IIIC

l84 65 E.G

and t

Early Iron Age 1400 E.c.) on the h anian p1ateau

1

Thus, the

such parallels may

call for

reconsideration.

EXCAVATION AT SARA KHOLA: T FINAL SEA

The excavations at Sarai Khola were carried out

for

four

years

1968

and 1971 and the results have already been reported

current issues

of

this Journal. However, in view

of

the new evid

Gumla and Jalilpur in 1971, the stratigraphical position of certai

Khola and especially, the nature

of

change

as

reflected in the

Periods

and II required re-checking and if possible, further

also

necessary to study the physical environment of the Taxi

Sarai Khola

was

located. The material relics discovered at Sa

settlement pattern which

was

emerging

as

a result

of

exploratio

area, called for a fresh look on the

whole

evidence for cultural

The Department

of

Archaeology and Museums, invite

Hasan Dani

of

the University

of

Islamabad

for

collaboration w

and the excavations at Sat ai Khola Were resumed for the fitth seas

were laid on the western side

of

the mound to connect the al

and for re-ehecking the stratigraphical position

of

various arti

the sequence of occnpations already established at Sarai Khola

was

fully confirmed. Dne to the limited area excavated, not

ceramic and non-ceramic materials, reported in this issue

of

the

but whatever was recovered, it Was already known. There was,

exception in the pottery

of

Period II. A Kot Dijian vessel has f

side

of

the rim which look like hooks with ends turned up (to


16/47

EXCAVATIONS AND ,EXPLORATIONS

Within the time:range

of

the fourth millenni

UlIl

B.C., as suggest

of

Period I at Sarai Khola, fall different kinds,'

of

materials reye

diffcrent areas, for example, at Jalilpur I and Gumla I, respective

Indus plain and the piedmont plain. During Period

II

Sarai Kho

tion in the Plateau, became an integral part of the cultural develo

,plain. Thus, together with other contemporary settlements; S

constituted an early developmental stage

of

that cultural phenome

in the form

of

the Indus Civilization during the succeeding period

the absence of the mature phase

of

the Harappan culture in

the

not yet fully

known.

However, this area did share the fortunes

o

as

attested by, the,

ce;meteries of

Period

III

comparable in time

of

Gumla VI, and, by the materials

of

Period IV which seem

to b

in

the Taxila valley and elsewhere in northern Pltkistan.

EXPLORATION IN CENTRAL PUNJAB: SAIUWA

Along

with the excavation at S a t g h ~ r a , a number of ancie

eval period were recorded.

was

observedtha,t the ,ancient

p ~

almost duplicated that of modern villages in the Punjab plain a

also

demonstrable around Tulamba in Multan district, located 82

Satghara. It

was

considered necessary to confum this feature

of

ment pattern'

irtyet

iartother area; Thus, a small area 'around A

between Satghara alld .Tulamba

was

selected for an intensive s

located}6miles southo{Sahiwa\ on

,the

vast

cover,

plain

of

th

Beas

r v r ~ The

survey was initiated ,anddirecred by the pre

month of April 1971. No prehistoric site

was

discovered in thes

dates assigned to the sites that are listed below are based on th

alone with reference to the chronological sequence of Satghar

arid Tulamba akistan

Archaeology

No. 4,1967, p. .2h FOl; r


17/47

8


It

is,

however pointed (Jut that only thei;urface collectio

approximate time-range for each site because test diggings

wer

Boduwida Tibba

Location:

Size:

Foul;

miles southwest

of

Satghara; about 1000

yards

south

of

C

the

kucka

dirt

road.

A low mound S feet high 378 feet North-South and 270 feet E

Cultural association: Satghara early levels; about 16th century A.D and later.

2. Chak

18 IR

Ma1Zakwalti

Location:

Size:

Two

mils southeast of Satghara and half a mile south of the vi

486 feet o r t h ~ S o u t h 216 feet East-West and about 9 feet h

Cultural association: Tulamba Period III and IV 8th-14th century D

3.

BU1Zdgarh

Chak

38 2R

Location:

Size:

Between milestone 3 and 4 on Okara-Lya11pur road on the east

village.

feet East-West 296 feet North-South and 8 feet high.

Size:

Location:

Cultural association: Satghara about 17th-18th century A.D.

4.

Chak

63 EB

One

and a

half

miles east

of

Arifwala between the metalled road

and southeast

of

Chak 63..EB.

A low mound about 4 feet high 98 feet North-South and 90 f

This

mound

is

being destroyed by the local cultivators. The

burnt-bricks measuring 8x7xl inches.

Cultural association: Satghara 16th-18th chutury

A D

5. Chak 19-EB

Location:

Two

and a

half

miJes cast ofArifwaJa arid south of the metalled

on its casten side.


18/47


7

Chak Mohammad Nawaz

Size:

Location:

Over two miles North-Northeast ofSatghara and west of the kud

432

feet North-South)

378

East-West) and

12

feet high. Modern

foot.

Cultural association: Satghara) 16th-18th century A.D.

8

Estate

Tibba

Location:

Size:

One and a half miles southeast

of

Satghara) one mile northeast

of

and west side of the Satghara-Renala Khurd road.

240

feet North-South. 324 feet East-West) and about 7 feet high.

Size:

Location:

Cultural association: Tulamba Period III) 8th-12th century A.D.

9

Haiderwala

Tibba

One and half miles east of Satghara. four and a half miles nort

on the road to Satghara.

n almost circular mound) 440 feet n damater with a height o

been cut into two parts by a water channel.

Cultural association: Tulamba Period II I and IV 8th-14th century A.D. There arc

occupation but could not be confirmed.

1 Haripur Chak 19 GD

Location:

Sizc:

Over five miles southwest of Satghara, one and a half miles no

above

No.1

and east of the Joya Minor.

293 feet North-South,

440

feet East-West) and height 155 feet.

Cultural association: Tulamba Period III to VA 8th to 16th century A.D.

II. Jamal Khan

Tibba

Location:

Size:

Two miles southeast of Arifwala and cast of the village of Gulo

A circular mound,about 200 feet across and 10 feet high. Two tub

on it.


19/47

Size:

Location:

3


14. Lal Khan Tibba

Less than two miles south

of

Arifwala, to northwest and outsid

6

feet

North-South,

feet East, and 7 feet high. The m

considerably for cultivation and a tube-well has been installed

Cultural association: Tulamba Period

II I

and later, 8th-12th century

A D

15. Manjlvala (Chak 13-IR

Location:

Size:

Four

miles

northeast-East of Satghara, to southeast

of

the

unmetalled road.

162 feet North-South, 216 feet East-West, and 6 feet high.

Size:

Location:

Cultural association: Tulamha Period VA and later, 16th-18th century A.D. an

16.

Manjwala

One-half mile northwest of Manjwala No. 15 above and so

Ful l extent not possible to determine due to

the

graves ove

about fOUf kallals.

Cultural association: Satghara,

t h ~ 8 t h

century A.D.

17.

Qabttla

Location:

Size:

Outside the town of cebula located seven iniIes south of Arifw

on

a

high monud.

A

circular mound, 126 feet across and

7

feet high.

Cultural association: Satghara, 16th-18th century A.D.

18.

Q treshiill'rvali

Dlzeri

Location:

Size:

Over two miles due south

of

Satghara on the northern bank

road to Okara.

75

feet North-South, 5 feet East-West, and

4

to

4

feet high


20/47

21 Tibba Mehboob Shah

EXCAVATIONS, AND X P L O ~ T I O N S

Location:

ize

Overoue

mile

southwest of

Satghard.

617

feet N o r t l i ~ S o t t h

586

feet East-West aboUt 6 feet h i g h ~

Cultural association:

TuIarnba

Pcriod III 8th-12th century A.D.

22

Wahidpur Chal;; lO IR

Location:

Size:

Four miles northcast

Satghara

and south of the Dhuliana IR

4 5

feet North-South 5 3 feet East-West and about 2 feet high.

Cultural association: Tulamba

Period

III VA

8th

to

16th century

A.D.

EXPLORATION

N

NORTHERN PUNJAB: CAMPBEL

RAWALPINDI DISTRICTS18

Simultaneously with the excavations at Sarai Khola, imp

were being made in the Gomal valley and at Jalilpur which wer

spectives to the question of genesis and growth of the Indus Ci

group of handmade, mat marked and burnsihed pottery of Sarai K

problems as regards its origin, distribution and cultural associat

levels of Gumla and Jalilpur were producing evidence which could

related with Sarai Khola This peculiar feature of marked

material culture is in sharp contrast to the next cultural phase at Sarai

which is not only very closely related with the materials of Jalilpur

but is also wide-spread throughout the Indus river valley Pro

had already recorded a succession of third millennium H C sites

in

and there was a strong suggestion that the Potwar Plateau and esp

leading to or from the Gomal valley were likely

to

provide addi

on the spread of Sarai Khola related settlements of the early

c Thus, the exploration ofTaxila valley in which Sarrai Khola

i

ried out which

was later on extended further to the southwest in the


21/47

132

PAKIsrAN ARCHAEOLOGY

exposing its cultUTal contents which are visible in the section

lected from the surface

PI.

XXX, 5-35 , indicate that the se

contemporary with

Sarai

Khola periods II and

IV.

Som

are also visible in the Sarai Khola II related levels at

pointed out that at

Sarai

Khola, the levels associated with Pe

few

structures

The pottery from Jhang comparable with that of Sarai K

handmade, red burnished and coarse wares PI. XXX,

5

wh

as Sarai Khola pottery types

II

and IV; the Kot Dijian

w

grooved exterior surface

PI.

XXX, 10-13 , and flanged vesse

6-8 and 16 comparable with Sarai Khola types VII, VIII,

and XIII bowls with multiple painted lines on the inner sid

offering stands with dishes

PI.

XXX, 17 and 14-15 lik

types XIV and XIVA. Stone celts XXX,

26,

27 , terracotta

and cakes XXX, 28 , terracotta beads XXX, 30,31 , bone

an agate bead and one shell bangle XXX,

24

were also

found.

all the potential of enriching

U know ledge

of the Early H

with additional information,

if

proper excavation is undertake

From the site of Khannda, measUTing

606

x

220

yard

the pottery comparable with that

of

Sarai Khola

II

PI.

X

found. The third site, Pind Nausheri, represents a

small

m

feet in height. In a small pottery collection, only a couple o

are present PI. XXX,

2-4 .


22/47


EXPLOR TIONS IN

SOUTHERN

SIN

The eastern part o the lower Indus

valley,

lying between the

Thar desert, has been virtually unknown archaeologically.

As

a r

duration and extent

o various settlements, and their cultural

not dear. One o the reasons was that before rndependence 19

research

was

largely concentrated in the western part o Sind

rndus river and the Kirthar range, where Moenjodaro

is

located.

work

itself

Was

mostly oriented towards further elaboration o the

tures with refrenee

to

the Indus Civilization. Only a single site, Ch

on the eastern left bank o the Indus river

was

excavated which re

known Harappan culture. t

was

after Independence that the De

aeology

and Museums in Pakistan, undertook selective excavati

historic sites Kot Diji and Naru

Waro

Dharo and also at an e

Mansura , located on the eastern side o the

lower

Indus valle

these excavations, limited surveys

were

carried out around the pr

indicated a diversity o cultuml relics. This region has al

nently in the early Islamic and Medieval times. Moreover

ancient rivers system in eastern Sind, emphasises its geograph

the context o an eastward extension o the Indus Civilization. A

fringes o the Thar desert,

flows

the Hakra-Nara channel which

by

the Sutlej river and also by the frequent overspiIls o the In

also lies between the heavy dusters of the Harappan settlemen

northern Rajasthan and

Punjab on north, and those

o

Kutch and

south. Such geographical,

as well as

archaeological consideratio

Department o Archaeology

to

launch a comprehensive program

explorations ;n lower Sind

along

with starting a systematic survey o

country.


23/47


24/47

EXCAVATIONS

AND

EXPLORATIONS

96. Two more forts, Wagojo-kot

and Rattu Kot

were also

ma

graves

built of carved stones,

commonly

known as the Cha

also numerous in this region

which

consist of

Nos. 3,4, 11,

73,

80, 98, 99

and 100.

Sites

in

southern

Sind

1972

Abbreviations:

L

p

Early

historical 1st ot

7th

cent

Late

Historical l9th-20th ce1Ztu

Medieval

8th to 18th century A.D

Neolithic

Protohistoric

Site

No

ame

the

site

alllka

istrict

Banbhorc Mirpur Sakro

Thatta

2.

Tharro Hill Gujo

Thatta

Thatta

3.

Thana Hill

Gujo Graves

Thatta Thatta

4.

Goth Raj

Malik

Mirpur

Sakro

Thatta

5.

Rano Kat

Mirpur Sakro

Thatta

6.

Rano

Kat Graves Mirpur Sakro

Thatta

7.

Goth

Tilllia Kati

Bandar

Thatta

8.

Goth

Fazal Khan Kati Bandar

Thatta

9.

Miran Biloch Brahmani

Kati

Bandar Thatta

10.

Shah

Hussain

Thatta

Thatta

11.

Shah

Hussain

Graves

Thatta Thatta

12.

Uderolal

Gara Bari

Thatta

13.

Pir Patha Gara Bari

Thatta

14.

Pir Patha Graves

Gara Bari

Thatta

15.

Kalan Kat

Thatta

Thatt3


25/47

136


_ ~ ~

._

ite

o

ame the site

Tau ka

Distric

3 Deh

Semanijo-daro

v rpur ot ro

Thatta

31

Haji Kamiso Chandiojo-daro

Mirupur Botaro

Thatta

32 Buleh Shahjo daro

Mirupur

Botaro

Thatta

33

Mirpurjo-daro

Thatta

Thalla

34

Sattio;o-daro

Mirpur Boaro

Thatta

35

Hatrijo-daro

Mirupur

Botaro

Thatta

36 Karim Bakhojo-daro

Mirupur

Boam

Thatta

37

Rahunjo-daro

Mirpur

Boaro

Thana

38

Meccacejo-daro

Mirupur Boaro

Thatta

39 Lal Chatta

Tando Mohd Khan

Hydera

4

Junio-daro

Tando Mohd Khan

Hydera

41

Fateh Bagb I

Tando Mohd. Khan

Hydera

42

Fateh Bagh II

Tando Mohd Khan

Hydera

43

Fateh Bagh Graves

Tando Mohd. Khan Hydera

44 Tando

GhuJam

Haiderjo-daro


45

Lasharijo-daro

Tando

Mohd.

Khan

Hyderab

46

Dand-ko-khanjo-daro


47 Jurna Jakhrojo-daro

Tando Mohd Khan Hydera

48

Talib Shahio-daro Tando Mohd.

Khan

Hydera

49

Tulja daro

Tando Mohd. Khan

Hydera

5

Mahmudanijo-daro

Tando

Mohd.

Khan

Hydera

51

Tharojo-daro


52

Ismail Shahjo-daro

Tando

Mohd Khan

Hydera

53

Amrijo-daro


54

Marl

Wassayo

Tando Mohd Khan

Hydera

55

KhinmKot

Tando Mohd

Khan

Hydera

56 Kakejo-daro


57

Dilhardi;o-daro

Tando

Mohd.

Khan

Hydera

58

Mirzajo-daro

Tando Mohd

Khan

Hydera

59

Aselijo-daro

Tando Mohd. Khan

Hydera

6

Misri Shahjo-daro



26/47

EXCAVATIONS AND EXFLORATIONS

-- -

Site

o

Name

the site

Taulka

istrict

76.

urkhunjo kot

Mithi

Hyderabad

77.

Abdullah Shahjo daro Mithi

y d e ~ b a d

78. Dabrijo daro

Mithi

Hyderabad

79.

Amriwarjo daro

Mithi

Hyderabad

80.

Sangranijo muqam

Mithi

Hyderabad

81.

M o r j o ~ d a r o

Mithi Hydcrabad

82.

ThaI

Bangar

Tando

Bago

Hydcrabad

83.

Wasi Pir Misrijo daro Tando Bago

Hyderabad

84.

Otanjo daro Badin

Hyderabad

85.

Shah Ghuriojo daro

Badin

Hyderabad

86. Ibrahim ShahjoHdaro

Badin

Hyderabad

87. Old Badin

Badin Hyderabad

88.

Malhianjo daro

Badin

Hyderabad

89.

Kohaljo daro

Badin

Hyderabad

90.

Varjo daro Badin

Hyderabad

91.

Roopa Marl

Badin

Hyderabad

92.

Pano

Lunkijo daro

Badin

Hyderabad

93.

Kuree Kot

Badin

Hyderabad

94.

Kanjo

Kot

DipIo

Tbarparka

95.

Rahimki bazar

Diplo

Tharparka

96.

Naokot Mithi

Tharparka

97. Gharo Bhiro Mithi

Tharparka

98.

Haji Allahdino

Graves

Malir

Karachi

99.

Baluch s

tombs

Malir

Karachi

100.

Chaukhandi

tombs Malir

Karachi

101.

Allahdino Nel Bazar)

Malir

Karachi

102.

Goth Hasan Ali

Ma1ir

Karachi

103.

Amilano

Malir

Karachi

104.

Orangi

Karachi

Karachi


27/47

138 PAKISTAN ARCHAEOLOGY

area ---divorced from the cultural developments

o

the s

Moreover the most recent excavations in Iran at the sites loc

border namely Shahr-i-Sokhta in Dasht-i-Lut and at Bamp

focus

the region o Baluchistan in the context o certain q

inter-settlement and inter-regional contacts among the southw

communities during the prehistoric times. The available e

affirm that at lcast during the fourth and third millennia

B c

B

not only a vital link between the Indus valley and the regions o

west but

also

formed an intcgral part o a considerably lar

interaction.

Seen in the light o recent archaeological researches in

southern Afghanistan and eastern Iran the available evidence

very inadequate in answering many a question concerning cult

reconstructions. Therefore the Department o Archaeology

comprehensive programme o systematic explorations in Baluc

to

intensive excavations at the selected sites. A

Central rc

aluchistan

was

constituted under the leadership

o

the pre

responsibility

o

making a thorough research o all kinds o si

collect and record the basic data oli cach site and

to

make re

sites suitable

for

protection under the Antiquities Act

1968

o eight members surveyed the northern areas o Baluchis

o

1972

which

covered

three administrative districts: 2hob

Pishin. A part of upper Kalat in central Baluchistan

was

a

Khuzdar. In addition ethnological materials were

also

colle

will be made in the following pages

Our primary objective was

to survey

the maximum area


28/47

EXCAVATioNS

AND

EXPLORATIONS

thl'ough previous digging at that site. Similarly, the site of Peria

a number

of

exposed sections due to recent disturbance which ne

vation and trimming

of

sections for the retrieval of material e

straight trench from top to the virgin

soil was

not laid but our

work at Peliano Ghundai proved most rewarding. As a result, i

suggest a tentative chronological sequence, based on the study

o

to group the entire surface materials into a workable framework.

of these two sites, the evidence from the others comes from the s

large prehistoric sites, our technique of surface collections

traditional way

of

random and selective sampling. The samples

carefully demarcated areas which revealed interesting and

on the nature and location

of

various occupations at a particula

it was possible to determine that the Harappan remains at Peria

and Kaonri (Loralai) were concentrated at only one edge of th

was also possible to determine that the Harappan remains a

exist beyond 25 feet

from

top of

tlle

mound. At a particular lev

all over except on the eastern side. A re-examination

of

some

sites yielded new or additional evidence which

also

helped in

inaccuracies and even distortions in the published reports.

During the survey a total of 99 sites, including least

35

s

known

or reported before, were t froughly examined and a few o

visited. A full list of the sites along with their cultural assoc

end of this review pp.

147-49 .

A detailed report is being pre

sites represent more than one cultural assemblage. Our pre

the new evidence suggests that eleven sites were inhabited duri

fourth millennia B.C. The maximum increase in the numbe


29/47

140


chronological framework. Already, the typologIcal similaritie

among the Medieval settlements of the Indus plain and Baluchis

in the historical period both the regions remained culturally rela

During the recent survey, at least 42 sites of the historical pe

In the following pages, the significant evidence

is

briefly revie

The

Zhob

district

The site of Periano Ghundai (No. I on map) near Fo

Zhob

valley now

lies exposed in several parts due

to

disturba

By limited trenching at few crrtical points, and

by

recovering

exposed sections and carefully demarcated areas of the site, it

w

a relative ceramic chronology

of

Periano Ghundai. The ear

occupation, called Periano A, seems to be characterised mostly

b

of handmade pottery, somewhat burnished inside and mostly

black externally. A

fine

bwshwork

is

reflected in the black

the inner side of bowls and other vessels PI. XXXII, 4-8 and 10)

same fabric have painted designs on both the sides near the ri

slipped on the exterior surface. Periano A pottery recalls t

the handmade pottery of

Anau

lA, and possibly of Kara T

Tehran ' In the same group of Periano A pottery, may be i

on red slip

PI.

XXXII, 8) and basket marked (XXXIV, 1 and 1

with those from Kile Gul Mohammed and Anjira

evidence, Periano A group may be placed between the middle

millennia B.C.

t

must, however, be pointed out that the dep

Periano Ghundai

below

the surrounding plain level is not yet

Of

the subsequent occupations at Periano Ghundai, a gr


30/47


31/47

PAKISTAN,

ARCHAEOLOGY

B.C. date. The laurel-shapped flint arrowheads are rare in

Indus valley. An arrowhead

from

Lahar strikingly resemble

Afghan-Iranian Sistan, particularly at Sohr-i Sokhtli,30 H

Mundigak II, 2 levels,32 Shah Tepe IlIA and Slisa I

located about four miles northeast ()f Murgha Kibzai, the site

has almpst flat surface which is littered with pottery and

a

v

and cores. Both the coarse and

fine

painted wares occur w

comparable with Rana Ghundai

III

and Kile Gul Mohamme

The other sites, examined in the Zob district were: Ha

Mehtarzai-I

II 33 32),

K a r e z ~

31),

Manzarai Tora 5

Moghul Ghundai

4)

and Rogha Kaudani

2).

The oralai istrict

Before reviewing the evidence from Loralai distIict, a ge

to be appropriate here. Although several pottery types cha

areas are present in the Zhob valley centerd around Periano Gh

black

on

red painted wares and their vessd forms are restricte

alone. In Loralai district,

some

mixture of the ceramic tradit

Q etta

valleys is

apparent. Loralai district itself has two

Loralai

valley

on north, and the ThaI plain on south. But the

sequence of the whole district is based on an unexcavated s

No.

16)

and on a small site

of

Sur Jangal

21).

Generally, the

wares

of

the Zhob valley and the associated pottery

of

Periano

into the Loralai valley with as much quantities

as

to consider th

blages as a part

of

the Loralai sequence,

i n l u ~ i v e of

the

Th,,1


32/47


of RG I and III levels for ascertaining the nature of change in R

is not known adequately. The ceramics from RG I

are

conte

Gul Mohammed I and Periano

A.

From RG IIIa-b levels

was

fou

with elaborate geometric designs (Fig.

38,

No. 12 . A fragment

showed and animal design painted with black

on

red slip separate

gular design (Fig.

38,

No.

11 .

From the site of Kaonri 27 , located close to the village o

painted in Sur ]angal II-III and Rana Ghundai II-III style, inclu

PI. XXXVI,

18 , was

collected. On the eastern edge

of

the mour

appan occupation

was

attested by the presence

of

black on red

wares, terracotta cakes and bangles. Like Periano Ghundai, the

at Kanori,

too, do

not spread all over the site.

The great mound

of

Dabar Kot, towering more than one

the Thai phin, throws out a challange

to

the archaeologists.

which Dabar Kot

is

located, lies on the historic route connectin

with Kandahar and beyond. The surface

finds

from Dabar Ko

from at least the middle of fourth millennium B.c. to the Medieva

find

came from one of Stein s sections at the height of about ei

surrounding plain

level.

It

is

a cup

of

pale-buff ware with an

PI.

XXXVII

B,

3 and Fig.

38,

No.

13 .

This type

of

cup has

or reported from any where in Pakistan. However, similar cup

copper/bronze are reported from Shah Tepe, Hissar

IIIC

Dash

Dashli-1 in northern Afghanistan.

38

Typologically, this channel

Dabar Kot may belong to the middle of the second millennium

earlier. Elsewhere in western India, channel spouted cups with


33/47

144

PAKISTAN

ARCHAEOLOGY

Rajasthan and Deccan.

The other sites examined in Loralai district were: Bala

Shabozai

14),

Feroz Khan Ghundai

12),

Ghalawa Ghundai

Hadeera Ghundai

20),

Kandai 26), Kashkai-I, and 9

Moghul Qjla

13),

Mughal Kot

23),

Pathan Kot

18),

Sinjawi

Qjla 22), Tora Dabra 24), Wahar 11) and Watgam 7).

he

u e t t a ~ i s h i n

istrict

The joint name o Q retta-Pishin is derived

from

two

Q retta, located almost in the middle o Baluchistan, and o P

extending

to

the border

o

Afghahistan. From Pishin, the K

proached through the Khojak pass across the Khawja Amran

to the Khojak pass, it

was

noted that the number o early hi

sites

was

greater than those o the prehistoric period. Wheth

Pass

was

used during the prehistoric times

as

frequently

as

in

remains

to

be established.

Near Pishin, two new sites, Haji Q tim Khan

No.

42)

discovered. The site o Haji Q tim Khan yielded numerous c

pers along with copper bits from its

lower

levels

now

exposed

bance.

The other but low mound o Jagjai, yielded short-neck

marked, Faiz Mohammad , Q retta wet and Q retta Pain

surface. Chert blades, scrapers, terracotta bangles and beads

A re-examination o Spina Ghundai 35) near the modern vi

revealed ceramics which were almost identical to those from

Kot Dijian pottery with short rim. The Harappan type o p


34/47

EXCAVATiONS

AND

EXPLoRATiONS

the exposed section. The site

of

Sra Kala

41 ,

located about

f

northwest of Pishin, was reported by Stein briefly:' Further examin

revealed prehistoric pottery which consisted

of

the Qetta

Mohammad, basket marked and Reserve Slip wares in addition

torical pottery with stamped designs and corrugated profile. Th

included short-necked Kot Dijian wares with grooved external sur

those

of

Sarai KhoIa pottery type

V of

Period II, ]aIiIpur II, G

other early third millennium B.C. sites in the Greater Indus Valley

The Quetta valley proper was previously surveyed by W.A. F

and a number

of

sites were mapped.

44

During our survey, not

sites were re-examined but also some new sites were added to the list

Chiltan range and close

to

the Sariab Lora, a pebble covered mound

the modern settlement

of

Rizvi Karuna

55 .

The presence

of

coar

wares, basket marked, Q letta wet and those painted with crossed t

in black would suggest a time-range of at least fourth to thild m

comparable with KiIe GuI Mohammed V levels. Limited d

n

the upper levels

of

Damb Sadaat along side the excavated trenc

evidence

of

Damb Sadaat

levels which apparently have revealed

ceramics from the Qetta Painted to the Sadaat wareS. A

shall

be

presented in the final report.

The other sites examined in the Quetta-Pishin district were:

North and South

54

and 56 , Babari Ghundai

44 ,

Karaz site (58),

49 , Kechi Beg 60 , KiIe Gul Mohammed 52 , Kirani 53 , Kuchla

Glmndai

37 ,

Kuzbagh

57 ,

PopuIzai

47 ,

Raisa Ghundai I

39

cairn

62 ,

Salezai

45 ,

Sheikh Farid Baba 43 , Sheikh Manda

51 ,

Habibzai 46 and Tor Ghundai, BaleIi 50 .


35/47

146

PAKISTAN AROlAEOLOGY

re-examine those sites which were reported by Stein and B

and collect fresh evidence from each site, and also to travers

not been reached before. Thirty-eight sites were examined f

Test trenching could not be carried out any where due to t

necessary staff.

The evidence from Mobi Damb

63)

and from the n

Damb\,hirinab 65) and Bhut Shamsi 64) near Mastung

d

for thirty miles south of u e t t a t h ~ a r e a falls within an effectiv

Q1 etta valley sequence as represented by Damb Sadaat

I III

lages. Some mixture of the Nal wares is evident at Bhut Sh

but the Anjira or other painted wares of the Surab sequ

Beads of carnelian, lapis lazuli and an alabaster bowl XXX

numerous finds collcted from Bhut Shamsi through the co

lord, Malik Mohammad Saeed Baloch.

A conspicuous change in ceramics is apparent further s

to Kalat. The settlements in that area

of

southern Sarawa

materials related mostly,

if

not all, with Anjira I

to

III

an

The Anjira III IV cultural horizon is represented on many s

p. 147). Incidentally, in the same area, the settlements of Lo

Three settlements of large size were discovered in t

five miles east

of

Kalat which are Damb Channarozai

84),

D

and Damb Wali Mohammad

83).

The surface materials

mostly to Anjira IIIA-IIIB period in addition to the eviden

The largest collection of pottery

was

made from Togau

69)

w

the entire known sequence of Anjira I to

III

including the


36/47


Neghar Damb 90 , Rais Khair also Sher) Mohammad (93), Rod

and 87 , Safaid Bulandi 66 , Saiyid Matlrez 68 , Sampur Damb

Surkh Damb 91 , and Tegak II 94 .

Alphabetical list

of

sites surveyed

in

;northern Baluchist

Abbreviations and explanations

DS

KGM

RG

SJ

Medieval

Islamic

Early Historical

Buddhist and

Sassanian

Blades

Londo

New site, not reported before

Damb Sadaat

Kile Gul Mohammed

Rana Ghundai

Sur Jangal

8th to 18th century A.D.

Glazed wares,

otherwise

of

Medieval period.

1st to 7th century A.D., covering

also

the Sassania

periods.

With positive or suspected evidence, otherwise of

period.

Chert blades of prehistoric occupation, cultural associa

Pottery group

of

the first millennium B.C.

it No

SUes on

map

District

ultural associat

._

_

..

_ _ ~ _

Ahmad Khanzai (N) 54

Q.uetta.:.Pishin DS I-III, KGM IV

Ahmad Khanzai

S

56

Quetta-Pishin DS

II III


37/47

148 PAKISTAN ARCHAEOLOGY

te o

ites

on m a p ~ :

istrict

ultur

Damb

Zargaran

73

Kala

Aniira

III

*Dirgai Shobozai

14 Loralai Medieval

Feroz Khan

Ghundai

12

Loralai

Medieval

Ghalawa Ghundai

28

Loralai Sassanian,

B u d

ol 'Ghar

76

Kalat

Londo?-

Habib

Kili

25 Loralai Early

Histori

Handeera Ghundai

20 Loralai

Medieval

Hadi

IsIam-A

96 Kalat

Togau, Londo

Hadi

s l a m ~

97

Kala

Londo

*Haji

~

Khan

42

Qy.etta-Pishni

Early liistori

*Hamai Karez

34 Zhob

Early Histori

*Jagjai

40

Qy.etta-Pishin

DS I I ~ I I I

K

Jori

Damb-I

71)

Kala Londo

*Jori Damb-ll

70

Kala

Londo?

Kandai 26 Loralai

DS II IU

Kan

Mehtarzai-I

33

Zhob

Chert

blades,

Kan

Mehtarzai-II

32

Zhob

Early

Historic

*Kaonri

27

Loralai

RG

II III

Karezagi 31 Zhob

KGM

III

II Ill

Karcz

Site

59 Q9.etta-l>ishin

DS

II Ill

oIKashkai

9

Loralai DS II Ill S

*Kashkai-II

10

Loralai

Early

Histori

~ K a s h k a i I I I

8 Loralai

Early Histori

Kasiano

Dozakh

49

Qyetta-Pishin

DS II Ill B

Kechi

Beg

66

Qgetta-Pishin

DS I KGM

Kbad-i-Kohing

81

Kalat

Londo

Khad-i-Tegak 95

Kala

Londo?

*Khoedada

6)

Zhob KGM

Ill

R

Khwaja

Zubair

77)

Kala

KGM II III

Kile Gul Mohammed

52

Q tetta-Pishin

DS

I, Perian

*K.irani

53

Qgetta-Pishin

Early Histori

*Kohing-II

80

Kalat

Londo, Budd


38/47


b

Site JP

Sites

on p

istllict C t tural

ass

MoghaI Ghundai

4)

Zhob

Periano

C

Moghal Q la

13)

Loralai

Early

Historical

MughalKol

23)

Loralai Medieval

Neghar

Damb

90)

Kalat

Londo?

Pathan

Kot

18

Loralai Chert blades, Early

Pcriano Ghundai

I

Zhob

5J I III KGM II

Medival

Populazi

47)

Q Ietta-Pishin

DS

1-111

Qy.etta Miri

58) Quctta-Pishin

DS II III Kat Diji

Rals Khair Mohammad

93)

Kalat

Aujira I1I-IV

Rana Ghunda

16)

Loralai

Periano A-B, 8J I I

Riasa Ghundai

39)

Quetta-Pishin

Sassanian,

Early

His

:iRiasa Ghundai-II

38) Q letta-Pishin

Sassanian, Early

His

*Rizvi

Karuoa 55)

Q Ietta-Pishin

KGM II-I1I, DS I

Rock Crain 62)

Qyetta-Pishin

Iron

Age?

*Rodinjo-I

76)

Kalat

Anjira III?

Radinjo-II

87)

Kalat

Londo

Rogha

Kaudani

2) Zhob

Early Historical

Safaid

Bulandi

66)

KaJat

Early

Historical

Saiyid

Maurez

68)

Kalat

Anjira I I I ~ I V

Salezai

45)

Q y . e t t a ~ P i s h i n

Early

Historical

SampurDamb 67) Kalat

Early

Historical

Sheikh

Farid

Baba 43


20th century

tomb

Sheikh Manda 51)


Chert blades, Islam

Siah Jatti Damh

92)

Kalat Anjira

III IV

Si zai

74) Kalal

Anjira IV,

Islamic

Sinjawi Ghundai

19) Loralai

RG III

Harappan,

Spina Ghundai

Habibzai)

45)

Q y . e t t a ~ P i s h a n

Early Historical,

Isl


39/47

150


Ethnological

ollections

As already mentioned above, Mr. S.M. Ashfaque was ass

team

for

the study of tribal art and culture and

for

collecting

garments and other articles of daily use pertaining to various

t he m Baluchistan. Those items which could not be purch

photographed

PI.

XXXVIII

A .

h

scenes

of

daily life i

Baluchistan were also photographed

for

study, reference and

During the second stagc

of

our explorations in Kalat,bot

as ethnological collections

were

made by the author. Beau

jewellery and traditional female and male clothes were purch

for

display in the National Museum and

for

the regional

PI. XXXIX A and B . A very large collection of old but loc

and swords was presented to the entral

rchaeological

Mission

of

Kalat

PI.

XXXVIII B and C . The entire collection

of

three hundred pieces,

was

brought

to

the newly established

Quetta where they are

now plac

d on exhibition

for

the publ

The Department of Archaeology plans to continue expl

Province systematically

in

order

to

record and map

all

standin

settlement sites and other surviving relics of different

ages.

most

of

the province of Baluchistan

is

surveyed and the sites ar

it would be possible to formulate a programme of intensive fie

proper excavations at important sites.


40/47

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41/47

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42/47

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B

o

P

e

e

w

h

I

n

s

n

2

G

o

B

o

R

C

e

m

s

p

P

o

a

e

2

t

o

G

o

B

o

L

g

e

P

o

a

e

N

2

a

2

a

e

b

0

p

e

0

F

N

2

3

s

a

o

a

q

e

C

X

1

P

a

C

L

g

e

L

g

b

o

w

p

B

a

2

P

a

B

C

D

k

e

R

g

b

o

w

B

a

3

P

a

C

P

e

e

B

p

B

a

4

P

a

A

H

m

e

a

t

e

m

e

B

o

w

p

h

d

B

a

5

P

a

A

H

m

e

a

t

e

m

e

B

o

w

s

p

i

n

d

a

B

a

6

P

a

A

b

a

a

e

n

y

H

m

e

a

t

e

m

e

L

g

b

o

w

s

p

o

B

a

h

d

I

u

a

o

s

h

w

i

n

s

d

b

h

d

o

y

7

P

a

A

H

m

e

a

t

e

m

e

L

g

b

o

w

p

n

d

B

a

a

a

a

s

d

8

P

a

A

R

h

m

t

e

m

e

L

g

b

o

w

o

b

h

B

a

s

d

9

P

a

B

C

G

e

B

a

c

S

S

a

F

g

2

a

D

a

K

o

W

a

s

a

1

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a

A

L

g

b

o

w

p

n

d

P

X

V

D

1

R

h

m

t

e

m

e

B

a

P

a

B

C

a

a

a

s

d

R

L

g

e

p

W

h

e

a

1

P

a

R

B

g

e

W

h

e

a

t

1

l

~ 0

Z

Z

1

1 0

0

Z

-

1


44/47

P

a

e

S

e

a

L

c

c

o

S

a

t

r

m

e

e

a

o

X

1

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B

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a

1

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n

c

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a

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p

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2

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D

k

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p

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3

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p

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4

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B

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p

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5

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g

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D

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p

B

a

6

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g

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D

e

p

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7

P

a

B

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L

g

e

p

e

p

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a

8

P

B

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L

g

e

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e

d

s

p

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a

F

a

9

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P

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p

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1

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a

B

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R

p

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p

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r

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p

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e

p

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g

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e

p

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1

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a

B

R

D

e

p

B

a

X

V

I

P

a

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H

m

p

n

s

h

e

a

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e

m

s

p

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k

m

k

c

A

r

a

(

F

g

8

2

2

a

t

e

m

e

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e

G

M

m

I

(

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5

2

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p

3

a

n

n

o

c

G

o

w

e

o

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a

t

n

K

a

I

J

p

I

I

a

G

m

a

3

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C

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e

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e

m

s

p

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a

n

a

u

a

w

w

e

y

e

pakistan archaeology (excavation 1971-72) by rafiq mugha

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