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Page: 1 MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN RENEWABLE ENERGY DISSERTATION

MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Title: INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY

EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES AND

ASSESSMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES FOR A COLLEGE IN

THE RURAL AREA OF PAKISTAN

A Case study of Namal College.

By

Fahad Saleem

A dissertation submitted to School of Engineering and Information Technology of Murdoch

University in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Renewable Energy.

September 2016


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KEYWORDS Energy efficiency, Energy audit, Renewable Energy, Rural area, Energy Simulation, Commercial

building, HOMER, RET screen, Building Standards, Electrical consumption, room activities, Solar

PV, Building occupancy.


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DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP

I at this moment declare that this dissertation is my original piece of work. To my best knowledge,

this dissertation contains no material previously published except where due reference has been

made.

Fahad Saleem

Date:

2-september-2016


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ABSTRACT

Energy efficiency of buildings has lately become a major issue because of growing concerns about

CO2, greenhouse gas emissions and scarcity of fossil fuels (Pérez-Lombard, Ortiz and Pout 2008).

Buildings worldwide account for high 40% of global energy consumption (Krarti, 2012; Bribian et al.,

2009). If the energy consumed in manufacturing steel, aluminum, cement and glass used in the

construction of buildings is measured, the consumption would be more than 50% (WBCSD 2009).

Energy efficiency of buildings plays an essential role in designing a new facility, assessing its energy

consumption as per design and application of energy efficient technologies during construction and

operation of the building.

Pakistan is facing the worst energy crises. The gap between energy supply and demand is increasing

day by day. A large number of remotely located villages in Pakistan are without electricity. The

energy issue has reached its peak because neither the new generation plants have been installed nor

the energy conservation has been focused, so Identification of new power generation sources is

important. Similarly, the more important issue is to conserve the energy and to use energy efficient

appliances. Besides, reducing the amount of energy demand is a good way to save money, there are

several other benefits to reducing power consumption. The burden on the national grid can be

decreased substantially by using the less power consuming appliances, hence Small changes can lead

to a significant difference in our overall energy consumption.

A pilot study was undertaken to inspect the energy-efficient approaches and how they relate to

energy efficiency improvement of one of leading colleges of Pakistan, has been proposed in the first

phase whereas the second phase includes the same load electrified by utilizing the solar resource.

The building of Namal College selected for the detailed study of energy auditing, consumption and

conservation is located in a rural area of Pakistan, near the city of Mianwali. The aim of this project is

to recommend the best approach to investigate the energy usage, to reduce power consumption

and wholly or partly divert the contribution of expensive diesel to a renewable power source.

Initially, data has been obtained followed by the nomination of high energy consuming sectors for

energy conservation task.

An analysis of electricity generation using renewable energy source was also conducted by using two

simulation software which is HOMER and RET screen. Here RETScreen is used to estimate the

numbers of units of solar panels and the area required to install them while Homer is used for

technical and financial aspects.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to avail this opportunity, to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to everyone

who helped me to finish this work. This dissertation could not have come together without the

support from many people. I am very thankful to my supervisor Dr. Tania Urmee for assisting me in

building academic understanding aswell as some useful suggestions, comments and

recommendation. I sincerely thank her for giving me this opportunity to be part of this research and

for her consistent support and understanding. I am also grateful to Dr. Trevor Pryor, Dr. Jonathan

Whale, Dr. Sinisa Djordjevic, Dr. Manickam Minakshi, Dr. Xianpeng Gao, Dr. Almantas Pivrikas for

their contribution during my study period at Murdoch University.

My heartfelt gratitude goes to NAMAL College staff for helping me in collection of necessary data

and information regarding building auditing and energy consumptions.

In the end, I would like to thank my parents, friends and colleagues for their support, motivation,

commitment and sacrifices. Their encouragement has allowed me to fulfill my dreams and live life to

the fullest. Thank you to all!


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A/C

Air Conditioning

AC

Alternating Current

AEDB

Alternative energy development board

AJK

Azad Jammu Kashmir

BEC

Building Code of Pakistan

BPIE

Buildings performance Institute Europe

Btu

British thermal units

C.F

Capacity Factor

CANMET

Canada center of mineral and energy technology

CFL

Compact Fluorescent lamp

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

CRT

Cathode Ray Tube

DC

Direct Current

D.O.D

Depth of Discharge

DOE

Department of Energy

EC

Energy Conservation

EIA

Energy Information Administration

EMOs

Energy Management Opportunities

ENERCON

National Energy Conservation Centre of Pakistan

EPBD

European energy performance of building directive

FANA

Federal Administrated Northern Area

FATA

Federally Administered Tribal Areas

FESCO

Faisalabad Electric Supply Company

FL

Fluorescent Lamps

ft.

foot

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GHG

Greenhouse gas emissions

GJ

Giga-Joules

GTOE

Gigatons of Oil equivalent.

GWh

Gigawatt hour

HOMER

Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable

HVAC

Heating ventilation and air-conditioning


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IB

Incandescent bulb

IEA

International Energy Agency

IPP

Independent power producer

KESC

Karachi Electric Supply Corporation

km

Kilometre

kVA

kilovolt-ampere

kWh

Kilowatt hour

Kwh/m2

Kilowatts hour per meter square.

LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

LED

Light Emitting Diode

m

meter

MPPT

Maximum-Power-Point Tracker

MTOE

million tons of oil equivalent

MW

Megawatts

MWh

Mega Watts hour

MWh

Megawatt Hour

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NEPRA

National Electric Power Regulatory Authority

NPC

Net Present Cost

NPV

Net Present Value

NREL

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

NTDC

National Transmission and Dispatch Company Limited

NWFP

North-West Frontier Province

O&M

Operation and Maintenance

OECD

organization for economic cooperation and development

OICCI

Overseas Investor Chamber of Commerce & Industry

PAEC

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

PBIT

Punjab Board of Investment and Trade

PCAT

Pakistan Council of appropriate technology

PCRET

Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies

PEC

Pakistan Engineering Council

PEPCO

Pakistan Electric Power Company

PF

power factor


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PKR/Rs

Pakistani rupee

PMD

Pakistan Meteorological Department

PSH

Peak Sun-Hour

PV

Photovoltaic

PWF

Present Worth Factor

RE

Renewable Energy

RETs

Renewable Energy Technologies

SNGPL

Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited

SSGC

Sui Southern Gas Company

TOE

Tonns of Oil Equivalent

UK

United Kingdom

USD

US Dollar

W

Watt

W/m2

watts per square meter

WAPDA

Water and Power Development Authority

WEC

The World Energy Council

NOMENCLATURE Term Meaning Unit

GHI Global Horizontal Irradiance (kW/m2)

𝜑 Density (Kg/m³)

V Wind Speed (m/s)

A Area (m²)

°C degree Celsius


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LIST OF PUBLICATION

1. "Sustainable Energy Development and Linking Renewable Energy Resources for

Pakistan". Saleem, Fahad, Muhammad Usman Haider, M Sohaib Irshad, Bilal Asad

and M Qamar Raza. 2011. In International Conference On Power Generation

Systems Technologies, 328-332. Islamabad: INIS Repository.

https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:43013974.


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UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

All currency values mentioned in this study is in Pakistani Rupee (PKR/Rs) unless otherwise

mentioned.

The following conversion rates have been taken from the website source: XE.com on 12/07/2016

1.00 USD = 104.827 PKR

The currency used for simulation in HOMER and RET Screen is in USD.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

KEYWORDS .............................................................................................................................................. 2

DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .............................................................................................................. 3

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 4

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 5

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 6

NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................................................... 8

LIST OF PUBLICATION .............................................................................................................................. 9

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................................................. 10

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. 11

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 13

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 16

1.1 Aims and Objectives .................................................................................................................... 16

1.2 Background ................................................................................................................................. 16

1.3 Methodology Adopted ................................................................................................................ 19

1.4 Dissertation Structure ................................................................................................................. 22

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 22

2.1 Energy Situation in Pakistan........................................................................................................ 22

2.1.1Pakistan Electricity Current Scenario .................................................................................... 23

2.1.2 Electricity Generation Scenario ............................................................................................ 24

2.1.3 Electricity Generation by Sector and Source ....................................................................... 26

2.1.4 Pakistan Power Demand Analysis By sector ........................................................................ 26

2.1.5 Existing Grid Infrastructure .................................................................................................. 28

2.2 The Importance of Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency ................................................. 29

2.2.1Pakistan Energy Conservation potential and Efficiency Strategy ......................................... 29

2.2.2 Barriers to Improving Energy Efficiency in Pakistan ............................................................ 30

2.2.3 Options to Meet Future Energy Needs ................................................................................ 31

2.3 Case Study: Namal College .......................................................................................................... 36

2.3.1 College Overview ................................................................................................................. 36

2.3.2 Location and Demography ................................................................................................... 37

2.4 Energy Audit ................................................................................................................................ 38

Chapter 3 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESMENT ................................................................. 66

3.1 Renewable Energy Resources of Pakistan .................................................................................. 66

3.1.1Potential of Renewable Energy in Pakistan. ......................................................................... 66


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3.1.2 Policy Affecting Renewable Energy Development ............................................................... 77

3.2 Renewable Energy Resource at the Case Study Area ................................................................. 78

3.2.1 Solar Energy ......................................................................................................................... 78

3.2.2 Wind ..................................................................................................................................... 81

3.2.3 Namal Dam ........................................................................................................................... 82

Chapter 4 SIMULATION ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 83

4.1 RETSCREEN 4 ............................................................................................................................... 83

4.1.1 RET Screen Overview ........................................................................................................... 84

4.1.2 Software Validation.............................................................................................................. 86

4.1.3 Estimation of PV Using RETScreen Model............................................................................ 86

4.2 HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) .................................................... 87

4.2.1 HOMER Overview ................................................................................................................. 87

4.2.2 Simulation ............................................................................................................................ 88

CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 95

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 97

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 110

Appendix A ...................................................................................................................................... 110

Electricity bill of Namal College .................................................................................................. 110

Appendix B ...................................................................................................................................... 111

Annual diesel consumption ......................................................................................................... 111

Appendix C ...................................................................................................................................... 120

Annual electricity load shedding hours ....................................................................................... 120

Appendix D ...................................................................................................................................... 129

RET screen Inputs/outputs .......................................................................................................... 129

Appendix E ...................................................................................................................................... 135

HOMER simulation inputs/outputs ............................................................................................. 135

Appendix F ...................................................................................................................................... 137

Building photographs .................................................................................................................. 137

Appendix G ...................................................................................................................................... 139

Renewable resource data at subject site .................................................................................... 139

Appendix H ...................................................................................................................................... 140

Summary of monthly average electricity load ............................................................................ 140


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Energy conservation potential by sector (Zia, 2011) .............................................................. 29

Table 2: Electricity bill details for the month of May ............................................................................ 44

Table 3: Diesel Generators Specifications ............................................................................................. 44

Table 4: Daily occupancy profile ........................................................................................................... 46

Table 5: Weekly occupancy profile ....................................................................................................... 47

Table 6: Annual occupancy profile ........................................................................................................ 47

Table 7: Floor design of basement area with sizes ............................................................................... 50

Table 8: Floor design of Ground area with sizes and capacity .............................................................. 51

Table 9: Floor design of first level area with sizes and capacity ........................................................... 52

Table 10: Lighting system details .......................................................................................................... 55

Table 11: Lighting saving measures ...................................................................................................... 57

Table 12: Refrigeration detail ............................................................................................................... 57

Table 13: Air-conditions detail .............................................................................................................. 58

Table 14: Fans detail ............................................................................................................................. 59

Table 15: Water pump Detail ................................................................................................................ 60

Table 16: Water pump saving measures ............................................................................................... 60

Table 17: Hot water detail .................................................................................................................... 61

Table 18: IT rooms details ..................................................................................................................... 61

Table 19: Computer saving measures ................................................................................................... 62

Table 20: Room heater details .............................................................................................................. 62

Table 21: Plug load details .................................................................................................................... 64

Table 22: Potential capacity of Renewable Sources of Energy in Pakistan (Mirza 2008) ..................... 67

Table 23: Suitable renewable technologies for Pakistan ...................................................................... 68

Table 24: Monthly average wind speed at Keti Bandar with reference to 30m,50m,60m and 67m

height. ................................................................................................................................................... 69

Table 25: Solar irradiation data from 6 locations (US cents / Kilowatt hour) ....................................... 71

Table 26: Available hydropower Potential River wise (WAPDA, 2013) ............................................... 75

Table 27: Annual crop production in Punjab province ......................................................................... 76

Table 28: Numbers and types of animal in Pakistan (million) .............................................................. 76

Table 29: Electrical production and consumption ................................................................................ 94


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: World energy consumption by sectors .................................................................................. 18

Figure 2: Percentage of electricity consumption cost from grid vs. diesel generators ........................ 19

Figure 3: Dissertation Methodology ..................................................................................................... 20

Figure 4: Energy consumption by source in during 2014 in Pakistan (Source: Pakistan Energy

Yearbook 2014) ..................................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 5: Energy supply and demand graph ......................................................................................... 24

Figure 6: Electricity installed capacity ................................................................................................... 25

Figure 7: Primary energy mix of different countries SOURCE (OICCI, 2012) ........................................ 26

Figure 8: Energy Generation by Sector and Source (GWh) (NEPRA 2014) ........................................... 26

Figure 9: Sectoral Energy Consumption of Pakistan during 2014 (Source: Pakistan Energy Yearbook

2014) ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

Figure 10: Sectoral Electricity consumption during 2014 (Source: Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2014) .. 28

Figure 11: Houses existing energy consumption versus energy consumption after implementing

building energy codes in Denmark ....................................................................................................... 34

Figure 12: Namal college building (source: Namal College website) .................................................... 37

Figure 13: Satellite image of total building area of Namal College (Source: Google map)................... 38

Figure 14: Monthly peak load profile from June 2015- May 2016 ....................................................... 43

Figure 15: Daily load profile .................................................................................................................. 43

Figure 16: Diesel generators ................................................................................................................. 44

Figure 17: Diesel consumption by generators per month during June 2015 to may 2016 .................. 45

Figure 18: Diesel Monthly Price (Indexmundi, 2016) ........................................................................... 45

Figure 19: Average daily load shedding hours ...................................................................................... 46

Figure 20: Building floor area covering (source: Google maps) ............................................................ 48

Figure 21: Passive solar design source: Buildinggreen.Com ................................................................. 49

Figure 22: Passive solar design source: Buildinggreen.Com ................................................................. 49

Figure 23: Wall properties .................................................................................................................... 49

Figure 24: Ceiling properties ................................................................................................................. 50

Figure 25: Building roof ......................................................................................................................... 50

Figure 26: Architectural design of basement level ............................................................................... 51

Figure 27: Architectural design of ground level .................................................................................... 52

Figure 28: Architectural design of the first floor................................................................................... 53

Figure 29: Summer electricity consumption breakdown...................................................................... 53

Figure 30: Winter electricity consumption breakdown ........................................................................ 54


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Figure 31: Air condition outdoor units .................................................................................................. 58

Figure 32: Electric wiring ....................................................................................................................... 65

Figure 33: Wind energy map of Pakistan .............................................................................................. 70

Figure 34: Solar radiation map of Pakistan ........................................................................................... 71

Figure 35: Average hourly irradiation of Sindh on a monthly basis ...................................................... 72

Figure 36: Total Hydropower installed capacity in Pakistan. ................................................................ 73

Figure 37: Cost of electricity from hydro-power.................................................................................. 74

Figure 38: Areas of hydropower potential ............................................................................................ 74

Figure 39: Locations of geothermal resources in Pakistan ................................................................... 77

Figure 40: Solar resource (NASA website) ............................................................................................ 79

Figure 41: Solar sun path(sunearthtools.com) ..................................................................................... 80

Figure 42: Solar elevation ..................................................................................................................... 81

Figure 43: Annual wind speed ............................................................................................................... 82

Figure 44: Namal dam (source: "Panoramio - Photo Explorer" 2008) .................................................. 82

Figure 45: Accuracy of project cost estimates (RETScreen, 2016). ....................................................... 84

Figure 46: RET Screen Model Flow Chart (RETScreen, 2016). .............................................................. 85

Figure 47: Validation test of RET Screen by comparison of PV energy production with HOMER ........ 86

Figure 48: Solar PV size estimation ....................................................................................................... 87

Figure 49: Simulation, Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................... 88

Figure 50: HOMER Primary Load Input ................................................................................................. 89

Figure 51: Photovoltaic Input ................................................................................................................ 89

Figure 52: Grid input ............................................................................................................................. 89

Figure 53: Converter detail ................................................................................................................... 90

Figure 54: Battery input details ............................................................................................................ 90

Figure 55: 90kW Diesel Generator inputs ............................................................................................. 91

Figure 56: 40kW Diesel Generator inputs ............................................................................................. 91

Figure 57: Hybrid System design. .......................................................................................................... 92

Figure 58: Homer simulation result ...................................................................................................... 92

Figure 59: Search space result .............................................................................................................. 93

Figure 60: Monthly average electricity production .............................................................................. 93

Figure 61: Grid purchases ..................................................................................................................... 93

Figure 62: Cash flow summary .............................................................................................................. 94

Figure 63: Cash flow by cost type ......................................................................................................... 95

Figure 64: GHG analysis ........................................................................................................................ 95


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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aims and Objectives The aim of this dissertation is to explore the possibility of improving the energy efficiency of

Namal College, which is situated in rural area of Pakistan. It was aimed at obtaining a

comprehensive data about the various end-use energy consumption activities and

enumerating, identifying and estimating the possibilities of energy conservation

opportunities. The main objective is further sub-categorized to the following subtasks:

Selection of suitable rural site for the study such that same research can be applied

to the relevant buildings/sites around the country.

Prepare a questionnaire covering information requirements for pre-auditing.

Collect and review electricity and fuel use records for the facility.

Inspect and record information about all appliances in the facility.

Compile a list of all energy consuming loads in the audit area and measure their

consumption and demand characteristics.

Profile energy uses patterns.

Identify Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs).

Assess the benefits.

Measure potential energy and cost savings opportunities, along with any co-

benefits.

Recommendations for the energy management opportunities to be implemented

should be made, with regard to the energy savings and cost benefits.

Finalization of daily energy requirement based on the audit report.

Collection of social, energy sources available and energy consumption data.

Analysis of data by energy needs.

Analysis of the locally available energy sources. Based on the data collected for

available energy sources, the best possible/ implementable power supply would be

suggested.

System sizing and designing on the basis of the energy requirement and the

available power source would be done.

Rectification and conservation of current misuse of energy pattern.

Economic and financial analysis based on the system design.

1.2 Background

Saving a watt is equivalent to producing a watt of electricity.


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Energy consumption of the global market is continuously increasing and projected to upswing by

nearly 50 percent from 2009 through 2035. Most of the growth occurring in evolving economies

outside the (OECD) organization for economic cooperation and development, especially in non-OECD

Asia. Total non-OECD energy use risen by 84 percent compared to 14 percent increase in developed

OECD nations over the projected period (EIA, 2011).

Total power consumption can be categorized into four main sectors: industrial, commercial,

transportation and residential. Buildings structure energy consumption has a significant contribution

and its share is the greatest in most regions of the world depending upon the income levels, natural

resources, climate and available energy infrastructure. Buildings are responsible for consuming

almost 30 – 45 percent of global energy demand (Pout, Mackenzie and Bettle 2002).

In recent years, the situation of the electrical shortage is becoming more severe in developing

countries. An immediate action needed to develop energy efficient buildings to reduce fossil fuel

consumption. Buildings represent a very high percentage of power consumption which is 30% to

45% of the global energy demand (Asimakopoulos et al. 2012). This increase in energy use and

carbon dioxide emissions in the built-in environment has made energy conservation strategy a

priority objective for energy policies in several countries (Pérez-Lombard, Ortiz and Pout 2008). In his

research, Chung mentioned that Universities and commercial buildings are classified as the high

energy consuming buildings (Chung and Rhee 2014).

Around the world, there is a vast potential for energy efficiency in buildings that very few countries

have started utilizing. This potential exists for all energy end-use sectors including buildings,

industries and transportation. to reduce costs and lower the environmental impacts, one of the main

challenges of this millennium is to increase the efficiency of production, distribution and

consumption of energy. Therefore, energy efficiency can have beneficial impacts on the economic

competitiveness, the environment and the health.

In several industrialized countries, the power consumption has widely fluctuated in response to

significant changes in oil prices, economic growth rates and environmental concerns especially since

the oil crisis of early 1970’s. For instance, the US energy consumption increased from 66 quadrillion

British thermal units (Btu) in 1970 to 94 quadrillion Btu in 1998 (EIA, 1998). Higher oil prices in the

1970's (oil embargo in 1973 and the Iranian revolution in 1979) have mandated energy conservation

and increased energy efficiency.

Several countries have implemented energy saving policies in buildings, for instance, the Dutch

government has a target of 50% reduction in energy use in the existing housing stock by 2020


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(Hoppe, Bressers and Lulofs 2011). An example of (EPBD) European energy performance of building

directive which places high demand to produce a building to zero energy usage level(energy

performance of buildings, 2002).

Despite some improvements in energy efficiency over the last two decades, most developing

countries are still energy-intensive in the world. In most countries, commercial and residential

buildings account for a significant portion of the total national energy consumption (almost 40% in

the US and France). Typically, buildings use electricity and a primary power source such as a natural

gas and fuel oil. Electricity is mainly used for appliances, lighting and HVAC equipment.

The share of building sectors accounted about 21% of the world delivered energy consumption in

2008 out of which 14% was residential buildings while 7% was nonresidential buildings, as shown in

figure 1 (EIA, 2011)

Figure 1: World energy consumption by sectors

Over the globe, more than 30% of primary energy is generated through fossil fuels which is

consumed by industrial/non-industrial buildings, schools, hospitals, houses, offices and so on.

(Anink, Mak and Boonstra 2004). Commercial building such as universities and offices are

categorized as the highest energy consumption buildings (Chung and Rhee 2014) ("2050 Pathways -

Detailed Guidance - GOV.UK" 2013). According to Habib and Ismaila, Universities can be considered

as ‘small cities’ due to their large size, population and the various energy intense activities taking

place in these building (Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar 2008). Therefore, commercial buildings sector

becomes one of the main focus for several governmental energy reduction initiatives (Azar and

Menassa 2012). A survey conducted by Rhee and Chung revealed that the potential of energy

conservation in existing universities buildings are around 6% to 29% (Chung and Rhee 2014).

According to Aiello and Nguyen, the building occupancy and the occupant behavior has shown to

have major impacts on energy consumption of lighting, space heating, cooling and ventilation


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demand and building controls, where casual approach can add 1/3rd to a building design energy

performance (Nguyen and Aiello 2013). The major energy consuming end-use in universities or

commercial building is (HVAC) heating ventilation and air-conditioning (Au-Yong, Ali and Ahmad

2014). Without any proper maintenance of HVACs, results in poor indoor air quality, energy wastage

and also environmental damage (Wu et al. 2010). Hence buildings still provide great potential for

energy saving opportunities. For this reason, energy audits are conducted to define how much

energy efficient building is and what improvements can be required to enhance the efficiency.

In this study, an energy audit of Namal College was conducted to replace the high-cost diesel

generated electricity with a renewable resource of electricity. Figure 2 represent the energy

consumption cost of primary electricity sources in Namal college during 2015- 2016. There are two

main sources of electricity which are 1) electricity from grid and 2) power from two diesel

generators. It is apparent that the cost of electricity from diesel is higher with 63% ($15,876) and

electricity from the grid is relatively cheaper with 37% ($9482). So this expensive electricity

generation is a huge burden on the financial budget of this college.

Figure 2: Percentage of electricity consumption cost from grid vs. diesel generators

1.3 Methodology Adopted This research has been performed in two stages. In the first stage, all data related to energy

consumption in College has been collected from different reliable sources while the second phase

proposes the part of load requirement electrification through the solar resource via simulation to

offset the use of diesel generators. The process encompasses following five steps.

37%

63%

Percentage of electricity consumption cost from grid vs. diesel generators during 2015-16

Total Cost Electricity Grid Total Cost of Diesel Use


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Figure 3: Dissertation Methodology

1.3.1 Source of information, limitations and assumptions

The information compiled in the thesis is based on a range of sources that have been selectively

evaluated; these sources include site historical energy consumption data from previous bills, building

occupancy, site observations and discussion with related personnel.

Building architectural drawings and operation & maintenance schedule and the rest of required

information have been reviewed and obtained from the college. All rates or costs quoted in this

project are provided as an indicative guide only.

For Renewable resource assessment, the adequate data for this particular site was not available due

to its presence in the rural area. The city has an airport near the old World War II aerodrome, known

as M.M. Alam Base Mianwali, almost 30km away from the college location. This airport is in the use

of the military, so it was not possible to get any long term wind resource data for this location.

Hence limited wind speed data or solar insolation data is available. For solar and wind resource

assessment, NASA data was used during simulations.

Although the staff mentioned about the regular maintenance checks, however, the assessment and

evaluation of building operation & maintenance and building management systems are limited

because of no past such activity conducted or any data recorded.

A limited number of electricity and diesel consumption bills were provided by the college so limiting

the ability to calculate yearly variations.

The tariff cost of electricity is very unstable and also the diesel cost is volatile in Pakistan, so

electricity assessment and diesel consumption calculations were made according to the provided

cost of energy at that particular time of billing. Moreover, the diesel generator replacement is not

considered aswell.

Literature review

Energy audit

Renewable energy resource assessment

Renewable system design and result verification

Conclusion


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Grid electricity is mainly used for the overall requirement of the building except air-conditioning. 24

air-conditions run on diesel while 4 A/Cs run on grid electricity. Also, during electricity load shedding

hours all the load is shifted to the generator and air conditioning is turned off.

Load shedding hours are not constant and are seasonally and annually volatile. Usually, during the

summer season, there are long hours of electricity shortage, while during the winter season, the

electricity shortages are comparatively low. Hence the reliance on diesel generator increases during

summer.

Another weakness of this study is that it only focuses on specific circumstances of one building. By

conducting a survey on more than one building would give more confidence in results.

The simulation programs used in this study have their inherent limitations and it is important to

consider the limitations of these two programs while considering the results.

According to college representative, the college strength increases by 100 students each year so this

factor also resulted in growth in energy consumption each year, which is ignored during calculations.

For this research, the data collection was an essential part and it was an invariably tiring and time-

consuming experience and no previous such energy efficiency activity records were found.

1.3.2 Data collection

In preliminary data collection phase, thorough data collection was made using different techniques,

such as observations, interviewing key persons and measurements.

I visited eachdepartment, laboratories, tuck shop, lecture theaters, library, computer labs

and other areas of the institution.

Information about the electrical appliances was composed by observation and interviewing

the relevant personnel.

A collection of previous electricity use and diesel bills with annual electricity load shedding

details.

The electricity consumption of appliances was measured using power analyzer in some cases

(such as a fan) while rated power was used for some other appliances.

Information collection on redundant energy systems.

The details of usage and operation timings were collected by interviewing the relevant

persons (electricians, lab assistant), etc.

Detailed review of rooftops and areas around the building to look for suitable location for

installation of solar panel

Photographs of relevant appliances, equipment rooms and structure were taken during visits


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On return from the visit, all the gathered data was consolidated and reviewed and categorized

for various subsequent requirement/actions.

1.3.3 Data Analysis

Comprehensive analysis of data collection was performed. Energy consumption per month

and average hourly consumption were calculated based on each energy consumption

activity.

Electricity from diesel and it cost was reviewed with reference to electricity load shedding

hours

Two simulation software HOMER and RET screen were used for simulation analysis.

1.4 Dissertation Structure This dissertation is composed of 5 chapters. A summary of each chapter is mentioned as follows

Chapter 1 Summarizes the background and importance of study, defines the objectives,

Methodology adopted and system structure of the study.

Chapter 2 Introduces the current scenario of Pakistan energy situation, building codes and standards

of Pakistan, a brief introduction to the case study, information regarding energy auditing with all

audit phases. For this reason, the main areas of power consumption in the college are listed to

evaluate the performance of the building and energy saving potential is suggested at the end.

Chapter 3 Reviews the renewable resource assessment in Pakistan and then at the case study area.

It includes the solar resource, wind resource assessment and the potential of electricity generation

from the nearby Namal dam.

Chapter 4 Covers the overview of two software HOMER and RETscreen and research results of the

simulation and their metric analysis.

Concluding remarks explain the conclusion of the project.

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Energy Situation in Pakistan

Energy demand increases with the increase in economic growth. Energy is an essential element for

an overall wellbeing of a developing economy. Several analysts in the past mentioned the

relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for different economies, such as

Jakovac in 2013, Shahbaz in 2012, Belke in 2011, Jamil in 2010, Apergis in 2010, Lee in 2008, Soytas

in 2003, Masih in 1996.


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In the case of Pakistan, the final energy demand recorded in 1990 was 21.58 million tons of oil

equivalent. It was increased to 66.8 million tons of oil equivalent in 2014 with the growth rate of 3.6

% annually (Energy Yearbook, 2014). This increase in total final energy consumption is projected to

reach 142MTOE by the year 2025 (Pakistan Integrated Energy Plan, 2013). Currently oil and natural

gas contribute about 74% of the total fuel mix with the share of 30% and 44 % respectively (Pakistan

economic survey 2014). The contribution of imported energy is around 30% of the total energy used

due to heavy reliance on oil by which 80% of the demand was met through imported crude and

petroleum products. Figure 4 shows electricity consumption during 2014 and it can be seen that

natural gas and oil was the primary source of electricity production.

Figure 4: Energy consumption by source during 2014 in Pakistan (Source: Pakistan

Energy Yearbook 2014)

2.1.1Pakistan Electricity Current Scenario

Pakistan faces chronic electricity shortages due to increasing in energy demand, no addition in

generation capacity, electricity theft, high system losses and seasonal reductions in the availability of

hydel power, circular debt. Etc. (Tahir Masood and Shah 2012). Power outages (load shedding) are

common and many villages are not yet electrified. Moreover, 45% of the population lacks access to

electricity (Javaid et al. 2005). The existing equipment is unable to handle high loads hence it results

in power breakdown. This situation of electricity outages has shaken the confidence of industrialists

in Pakistan because frequent power breakdowns and long hours of load shedding made it difficult

30%

44%

1%

9%

16%

Energy consumption by source during 2014 in Pakistan

Oil Gas LPG Coal Electricity


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for the industry to remain competitive in international and local markets. There are several

examples where companies got bankrupt due to the energy crisis (Pakistan energy crisis 2013).

Several villages in Pakistan have a lack of access to electricity. Lack of access to sufficient energy

services is one cause of poverty, as energy choices of poor households are influenced by poverty.

Such kind of deprivations majorly impacts on rural households and women in particular (Lorde,

Waithe and Francis 2010). The use of biomass causes indoor pollution and affect human health

directly as management and collection of biomass not only cause health problems in women but

also consume time and energy.

In the past couple of years, 3000 MW of generation was added to the system but due to the large

quantum of suppressed demand which kept increasing every year has outpaced the newly added

capacity. As a result, the gap between supply and demand remain around 4000 MW – 5000 MW for

most of the time of year, please see figure 5. Most of the urban areas experience the load shedding

of up to 12 hours while the rural areas experience load shedding of 18-20 hrs every day (NY times,

2013).

Figure 5: Energy supply and demand graph

2.1.2 Electricity Generation Scenario

The power sector in Pakistan is a blend of thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants. Originally, the

ratio of hydel to thermal installed generation capacity, in the country was about 67% to 33% (1985).

However, with the passage of time, more thermal generation was added and thereby reducing the

share of hydel generation. Presently, this hydel to thermal installed generation capacity ratio turns

to about 29% to 67% (Energy Yearbook, 2014). As on June 30, 2014, The Installed power capacity of

Pakistan was 23,636 MW, of which 15,887 MW (67.22%) was thermal, 6893 MW (29.19%)


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hydroelectric, 750 MW (3.17%) nuclear and 105.9 MW was the wind (Energy Yearbook, 2014). It is

not viable for a Country where power production dominated by thermal power plants running on oil

and gas. Pakistan heavily relies on the import of oil for its domestic energy requirement due to a

significant amount of oil-fired power plants.

The country meets its energy requirement of 41 percent by domestic gas, 19 percent by oil and 37

percent by hydroelectricity. Coal and nuclear contribution to energy supply are limited to 0.16 % and

3.17 % respectively with a vast potential for growth.

Figure 6: Electricity installed capacity

If this primary energy mix is compared with other peer groups then it is evident that coal does

contribute in filling part of the total energy mix in other countries, which is almost absent in the case

of Pakistan. Please refer to figure 7.

29%

21%

37%

9% 3% 1%

Electricity installed capacity

Hydel - WAPDA Thermal – WAPDA Thermal IPPs

Thermal KESE Nuclear (PAEC) Wind


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Figure 7: Primary energy mix of different countries SOURCE (OICCI, 2012)

2.1.3 Electricity Generation by Sector and Source

During the fiscal year 2013-14, the total electricity generation in the country was 103,670GWh of

which the contribution of thermal electricity generation was 66,707GWh (64.35%), hydel power

plants were 31,873GWh (30.74%) (Energy Yearbook, 2014). The growing proportion of thermal

electricity generation increased the utilities financial burden, particularly in foreign exchange. It is a

strong need of the time to increase the hydel generation by adding new hydropower plants. The

share of the private sector is growing as compared to the public sector. Electricity generation by

source and sector during fiscal years 2008-09 to 2013-14 is shown in the following figure 8.

Figure 8: Energy Generation by Sector and Source (GWh) (NEPRA 2014)

2.1.4 Pakistan Power Demand Analysis By sector

The statistics show that the national grid electricity is available for the 70% of the population. At

present, 24.7 million consumers in different sectors of the economy are connected to the Power

sector of Pakistan (NEPRA 2014). Domestic sector is the largest consumer of the electricity followed

by the industrial, agricultural, commercial and others. The details regarding the sector-wise number

of consumers connected to national grid and consumption of electricity during the financial year

2013-14 are given in figure 9.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Energy Generation by Sector and Source

Public Sector Public (Hydel) Public (Thermal) Public (Nuclear)

Private Sector Private (Hydel) Private (Thermal)


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Figure 9: Sectoral Energy Consumption of Pakistan during 2014 (Source: Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2014)

In underdeveloped countries, energy consumption of building sector share was recorded as 44% of

final energy consumption in 2006 - 07. Residential and commercial buildings together are the key

contributor to high energy consumption with 55% as shown in Figure 10. The amount of energy

consumption in the commercial and residential sector is projected almost to double in the year 2030

and would be a key contributor to final energy consumption in 2030. However, it may drop to 32% of

total final energy in 2030 (Ministry of planning and development Government of Pakistan 2011).

Figure 10 shows the electricity consumption by sectors in Pakistan. Here the increase in electricity

consumption is due to enhancement of comfort requirement, global climate change, growth in

population and time spent inside buildings (about 90% of our whole life) predicted the increasing

trend of consumption in building sector. Residential energy use is predicted to increase at an

average rate of 1.1 % every year from 2008 to 2035. Similarly, the growth in the commercial sector is

expected to rise at an average rate of 1.1 % annually from 2008 to 2035 (IEA 2012). Therefore, due

to increasing energy demands, environmental issues and energy price, the developed countries are

focusing on buildings sector as the greatest potential for energy savings. (BPIE 2011).

25%

4%

35%

2%

32%

2%

Sectoral Energy Consumption of Pakistan during 2014

Domestic Commercial Industrial Agriculture Transport Other Govt.


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Figure 10: Sectoral Electricity consumption during 2014 (Source: Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2014)

2.1.5 Existing Grid Infrastructure

In Pakistan, there are two companies which are presently engaged in the business of electric power

transmission. One is National Transmission and Dispatch Company Limited and the other is Karachi

Electric Supply Company Limited. National Transmission and Dispatch Company Limited is the

National Grid Company of Pakistan and is accountable for electric power transmission in the whole

country except for the area functioned by Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited. NTDC is a public

sector company and was established as a result of the restructuring of WAPDA in 1998 and then has

succeeded in obtaining a transmission license by NEPRA in 2002. NTDC is in-charge for reliability,

planning and coordination of the electricity in Pakistan except for the area under Karachi Electric

Supply Company Limited. At present, NTDC owns a network of 500 kV, 200 kV and some 132 kV links

transmission lines and grid stations in its network.

Besides NTDC, the company which is engaged in electricity power transmission business of Pakistan

is Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited. K-Electric is a vertically integrated company operating in

the private sector. Earlier the company was in the public sector and responsible for generation,

transmission and distribution of electric power in its area. Later-on, K-Electric was privatized as a

single vertically integrated electric power utility. KE at present has three separate licenses; one for

their generation business, second for the distribution of electricity in its designated area and third is

for their transmission network. The transmission network of KESC is connected to the national grid

of the country by 220 kV and 132 kV links.

1% 8%

47%

5%

10%

29%

Pakistan Sectoral Electricity usage by type

street light traction other govt. commercial

domestic bulk supplies

agriculture industrial


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2.2 The Importance of Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency In the past few decades, the increase in climate change and rise in oil prices impacted the economy

and environmental concerns in Pakistan.

So here is how we define energy efficiency and energy conservation

Energy efficiency means using less energy to achieve the same objective

Energy conservation refers to reducing energy consumption by using less of an energy

service

Energy conservation and energy efficiency are the most valuable, cheapest, fastest and

environment-friendly strategies to reduce the climate change and dependency on other dirty,

polluting sources for energy production.

2.2.1Pakistan Energy Conservation potential and Efficiency Strategy

According to a report by Zia, there is a real potential for energy conservation in different sector of

Pakistan. The highest potential of energy saving is in building sector see Table 1(source: Zia, 2011)

Table 1: Energy conservation potential by sector (Zia, 2011)

The government should promote improvements in energy efficiency by identifying principal

measures by sectors, policy instruments and assigning responsibility for the actions to be taken.

Ministry of energy should focus on two strategies for action. The first strategy includes the

maintaining of energy security of energy supplies and it can be accomplished by reducing demand

and peak load. The second strategy involves the investment in energy efficiency measures which are

cheaper in the longer run than the cost of building extra network and generation capacity.

Every process from paper manufacturing to cloth dyeing to food processing requires a substantial

amount of produced energy. Improving our energy usage reflect the less amount of energy

production but the current energy use in Pakistan is not even near to be efficient. Hence, Pakistan

needs a resilient, reliable and inexpensive energy system. Energy efficiency is important part of

achieving these goals and energy efficiency measure includes:

Enhancing security of supply by decreasing the marginal gap between energy demand and

supply during peak times.

sector conservation potential

Industry 25%

Transport 20%

Agriculture 20%

Building 30%

Average 25%


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By enabling environmental and economic resources to be used more efficiently.

By reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the production and usage of energy.

By reducing energy cost.

By increasing public awareness of the issues of current unsustainable energy use pattern and

energy efficiency measures.

The present measure of promoting and encouraging energy efficiency in the stationary energy sector

is centered on products, buildings, houses and industries (excluding transport), star rated appliances

and efficient wirings in low-income households.

Enercon should carry out an economic evaluation of the barrier of implementing energy-

efficient technologies in commercial buildings.

Moreover, these energy efficient measures should include replacement of incandescent

lamps to new compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). Also, the mercury pollution after they get

fused should also be considered.

Utility companies should encourage people to use solar water heating to strengthen local

industry by designing finance assistance programs.

The building codes must be reviewed to achieve significant efficiency improvements in the

building.

Ministry of energy should emphasize to enforce minimum energy performance standards

and labeling program which should include appliances and machinery.

Enercon program should provide the energy audit grants and support to the largest energy

consumers in the country.

Market forces, government policies and public acceptance to deploy those technologies

which are especially suited to Pakistan situation, change behavior around technology

investment decision and consumer lifestyle choices, consideration in the upgrade and

design management of building and infrastructure.

ENERCON under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy should analyse potential energy

efficiency measures, which reflect a wider range of benefits. The perspective of co‐benefits,

such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions is significant inputs into the assessment of the

net benefits of government interventions.

2.2.2 Barriers in Improving Energy Efficiency in Pakistan

A nation cannot become energy efficient overnight, it is a slow process that is influenced by a

multitude of social, financial, economic and political consideration. While large numbers of hurdles

have to achieve the drive towards energy efficiency, it is entirely possible to make significant gains in


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a relatively short time. Barriers which slow down the rate of improvement in energy efficiency in

Pakistan are mentioned as follows

Access to capital for initial investment in energy efficiency

Lack of reliable knowledge on cost and benefits which don’t reflect the actual cost

Weak energy prices signal which don’t significantly encourage some businesses and

households

Absence of any appropriate incentive schemes for landlords, builders and architects

Price distortion and market organization prevent investor from appraising true value of

energy efficiency

Split incentive programs

Dispersed benefits and upfront cost discourage the investor

Perception of risk, complication and high cost

Lack of awareness of financial benefits

2.2.3 Options to Meet Future Energy Needs

With the progress and development in public and private sectors in the country and improvement of

living standards of general public, energy demand has significantly increased. Present energy

scenario manifest that existing power generation capacity of installed projects is not able to meet

the increasing energy demand. Therefore one option is to keep expanding its power generation

capacity and distribution infrastructure by supplementing restricted public resources with

substantial private sector involvement and foreign investments, while at the same time planning a

sustainable continuing strategy that optimizes the use of inexpensive energy choices with minimal

financial and economic impacts. In this respect, technologies that are commercially competitive,

such as gas-fired combined-cycle plants, coal power plants, large and small hydel power stations,

alternative and renewable energy power plants (including the wind and solar), assume increasingly

important roles.

In the case of Pakistan, the renewable resources which are technologically feasible and has

prospects to be exploited commercially include wind energy, micro-hydel, solar energy and

bioenergy. Such availability of diverse power resources not only helps in decreasing dependence on

vulnerable energy resources but also contribute to explore sustainable and secure energy resources.

In this situation government leadership and action from individuals and firms would largely be

needed to improve energy efficiency. People will be able to make more cost-effective choices if they

are given the right information about when and which product to choose and incentive to encourage

people to minimize costs over the life cycles of their assets, rather than just an initial cost, will also


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improve the energy efficiency. One of many solutions to reduce the burden on Pakistan economy is

to develop national conservation and energy efficiency policy structure. This solution would include

the regulatory framework, demand & supply program and building codes. Several other

consideration includes

Government Leadership Focus

The government can play its role to encourage people to take energy efficiency and

conservation measures to use renewable resources. This program should include

ministries and department whose focus should be on four key areas

o Transport

o Buildings

o Recycling waste

o Office equipment

Information and Labeling

Labeling of existing appliances and home energy rating scheme should help people

to make better energy choices and provide a basis for minimum performance

standards and incentives. For newly constructed buildings and other long-lived

assets where energy is locked in for decades, it is essential that high-quality

information and analysis support design decision. This ongoing review of the

building code and the use of best practice standards will improve design decision at

low transaction cost. The energy industry and equipment supplier can help the

consumer make even better choices in future, provided that they have a clear driver

to do so. The government can also assist the consumer to make a cost-effective

investment by providing independent information and maintaining programs that

demonstrate the importance of new technologies and energy efficient assets.

Government support for information and monitoring initiatives is justified when

initiative also offer significant social and health benefits.

Institutional Issues

Those government agencies that support improved energy efficiency in the

stationary demand sector should include the ministry of environment (ENERCON),

the ministry of power and water(PEPCO) and ministry of natural resources and

petroleum (SNGPL, SSGC). The common objective of the efficiency policy and

national energy conservation would be to promote the use of efficient and

environment sustainable energy production. Ministry of the Environment should be

accountable for delivering the energy efficiency programs and providing the


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professional advice to government on how to use energy efficiently. Ministry of

energy should be responsible for the implementation of policy programs and

initiatives to ensure the energy production and delivery are efficient reliable and

environmentally sustainable manner. National energy conservation agency should

develop a memorandum of understanding setting out the way it will work and

manage areas that overlap between various ministries and regulators. Private firms

must be applaud and efforts showcased for investing In a measure to help

consumers become more energy efficient. Local government will need to play a

major role in implementing policy and programs which include the administration of

building codes and making a decision on urban form and transport planning.

Pakistan can achieve significant energy saving through simple conservation and

efficiency programs. The cost of such initiatives would be much lower than setting

up new power plants.

Pricing Mechanisms

Accuracy in pricing mechanics is necessary to signal the actual cost of energy supply.

The current pricing strategy of fuel does not consider the cost of (GHG) Greenhouse

gas emissions, however, the energy efficiency initiative set out in the integrated

energy plan can help reduce the impact on power bills. Currently, smaller electricity

consumers households do not have technologies such as smart meters to enable

time of use electricity pricing. The government should propose the ministry of

energy to proved the estimates of future pricing to help individuals and firms to

make a decision on investing in energy-intensive plant and equipment.

Standards

It is the government’s duty to set up minimum standards for the market to deliver a

solution with net public benefits. There are existing minimum energy performance

standards at this point of sale for some appliance and building construction. The

government should empower ministry of environment to implement energy

conservation and efficiency by updating the national energy savings policy which

should also include several new products classes and make compliance levels for

existing products classes more stringent.

Incentives

The government should introduce a direct financial incentive for investment in

energy efficiency that offers significant net public benefits and must not be viable

without government support. The government should actively participate in


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improving residential energy efficiency by providing interest-free loans and grants

for clean heating, insulation and solar hot water. For businesses, subsidies and grant

programs to upgrade the industrial equipment must be expanded . in the rural

sector distributed hybrid power and bio-energy power generation should be

promoted through the auspices of the ministry of energy.

Building energy codes and standards

One of the many strategies of energy conservation is by building energy

conservation codes and standards (BECC). Several countries around the world have

designed and adopted the energy conservation standard for building, for instance,

Dutch government aim to reduce energy usage by 50% from existing buildings by

2020 (Hoppe, Bressers and Lulofs 2011). Moreover, European Union seeks to reduce

20% from total building consumption by 2020 (The European economic and social

committee 2011). According to Zainordin, the estimated saving of 30% or more from

conventional building design can be achieved through the design of the smart

building (Zainordin, Abdullah and Baharum 2012).

Figure 11 illustrate the comparison of energy consumption before the

implementation of building energy codes with the consumption after

implementation of the codes in Denmark (Lausts 2008). Reduction in energy

consumption can be seen clearly after the implementation of these codes.

Figure 11: Houses existing energy consumption versus energy consumption after

implementing building energy codes in Denmark

Every building can be classified into number of energy system which includes:


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building envelope (location, type and geometry)

water heating

lighting

electrical and mechanical system

Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning

ENERCON (National Energy Conservation Centre) has been mandated by the Government of

Pakistan to work as a national coordinator for energy policy and conservation measures.

ENERCON with Pakistan Engineering Council designed the building codes of Pakistan by

reviewing 90.1 ASHARE standards (ENERCON 2011). These provisions mainly focus high-end

commercial and domestic users for energy conservation. Building with the total load of

100kW or greater, or 125kVA or more, or unconditioned building with a covered area of

1200 square meter, or conditioned area of 900 square meters are included in this provision.

These standards are designed to influence building construction and design as well as high

energy consuming equipment installed in buildings. However, the success of this initiative is

principally a function of how to effectively administered. Developing standards are not

effective if the implementation of these standards is not supported by technical and

administrative staff. Surprisingly the current practicing engineers and architects are not

exposed to fundamentals of energy efficient design.

Effective implementation and development of energy efficiency codes – legislation to

promote energy efficiency in the country can play a critical role towards meeting energy

needs in the country. This should include building energy codes, standardization and labeling

of electrical appliances, equipment and machinery. A report published during 2015

mentioned that Pakistan is only the halfway operation of building codes hence it is essential

to facilitate assured operation for revised BEC of Pakistan. To produce an effective building

code, it is necessary that design should base on keeping legal requirements in the design

phase and contractors procure and construct under accredited design diagram in the

construction phase. The technical expert should support to facilitate implementation

organization including checking system (National Energy Conservation Centre 2015).

Therefore, to integrate energy efficient practices into the design and construction of

buildings so that truly energy efficient facilities can be produced on a routine basis and

existing ones modified to perform better. It is crucial to recognize that the infusion of new

professionals and the corresponding impact they make on society takes anywhere from ten


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to twenty years. s. As it is hard to have energy efficient technologies and practices adopted

in buildings, they are of utmost importance because construction decisions made today will

affect energy consumption for the next 5-10 years

Further, public awareness campaigns are necessary so that the people know about the new

regulations. Also, there is the issue of whether practicing professionals can design energy

efficient facilities in compliance with the new codes.

2.3 Case Study: Namal College

2.3.1 College Overview

Namal College is an associate of Bradford University (United Kingdom) and was inaugurated by

Imran Khan (former cricketer) in 2008 following two years of the construction period. This project

was undertaken to facilitate student of rural areas to get an international standard education.

Initially, this college was offering diplomas to the students then the idea of upgrading this college to

a university was initiated by a delegation from Bradford University UK. Namal becomes an associate

college of Bradford University in 2009 and launched undergraduate programs in the engineering of

electrical, electronics and computer science. The next plan of 2020 is of setting up six different

schools that will constitute knowledge city. These schools will include a school of science in

engineering, school of business, school of agriculture, school of humanities, school of medicine,

school of agriculture, science & technology and a technology park.

https://www.namal.edu.pk/dev/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/vision.png


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Figure 12: Namal college building (source: Namal College website)

Currently, this college comprises of one building which includes, classrooms, lecture theaters, labs,

library, sports facilities, mosque, e.t.c and it fulfill all of its energy needs from the grid electricity and

by two diesel generators. This college is located in a rural area of Mianwali district and electricity

load-shedding of several hours is very common in these areas. This college claims that almost 90%of

the students get partial or full financial assistance from the College for their studies (Source: Namal

College website).

The significant increase in electricity consumption every year, the high volatile prices of electricity

and diesel fuel is a considerable burden on the financial budget and it can be reduced by using

energy conservation strategies with the mix of renewable technologies. such techniques can also

help the energy shortage situation with the help of renewable source such as solar PV.

The college needs most of the electricity during day time so providing electricity to offset diesel

consumption through a solar source seems like a feasible option.

2.3.2 Location and Demography

Namal College is situated at 32° 40' 52.7484''N and 71° 47' 30.894''E in Namal Valley, which is almost

32 kilometer from Mianwali city. This valley is nestled between salt range and Koh-e-Suleiman along

the border area of Khaybar Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab province. The economy is mainly agrarian with

livestock and farming, dominating the economic activity in this area. (Source: Namal College

website). The total land area acquired by Namal education foundation is about 1000acres on the

western side of Namal Lake while the college is constructed on the foothill of a scenic mountain with

a land covering an area of 60,000 square feet. Figure 13 shows the satellite image of the currently

covered land area of this college, highlighted by red points.


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Figure 13: Satellite image of total building area of Namal College (Source: Google map)

I do not have to re-emphasize anymore that our country is challenged with serious energy crises

situation. Hence It is important to have detail assessment of where and how energy is being used in

this building and examines measures such as, lighting systems, load profiling, heating, electricity

usage and tariffs, ventilation and air conditioning and specific high consumption electric devices and

services. Such activity of assessment is called energy audit.

2.4 Energy Audit

An energy audit "involves an analysis of a facility to determine the forms of energy used, the

quantities and costs of the various forms of energy used, the purposes for which the energy is being

used and the identification of energy conservation opportunities (Henry 1980). An energy audit is

not a new process; this procedure was first used in the early 1970s in the United States during

the energy crisis (The history of energy efficiency 2013).

The aim of an energy audit is to identify and develop a modification to reduce energy use and cost of

operating a building. It is designed to investigate when, where why and how energy is being utilized

in a facility. An energy audit facilitates in energy cost optimization, pollution control, safety aspects

and suggest the methods to improve the operating & maintenance practices of a building. It is

helpful in managing the situation of variation in energy cost, the reliability of energy supply, the

decision on appropriate energy mix, the decision on using improved energy conservation equipment,

instrumentations and technology (Thumann, Niehus and Younger 2013).

Process of energy audit typically involves

North


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Collection and analysis of historical energy use

Building operational characteristics

Identification of potential solution that helps in reducing energy consumption

Perform economic and engineering analysis of potential solutions

The main strength of an energy audit is that it permits to adopt a strategy for managing our energy

use and helps us identify and prioritizes the energy program that needs to be implemented. An audit

tells us where we are, what we should focus on first and what environmental and cost benefits of an

energy audit. The implementation of recommendation include;

Reduce energy consumption and energy cost.

Establishment of carbon footprint and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Reduce operating and maintenance cost.

Improved assess value and performance.

Establishment of performance benchmarks.

Raised awareness of energy issues amongst staff.

There are three levels of effort in performing energy auditing and each stage differs in the degree of

complexity. These levels are usually organized as follows:

(i) Preliminary Energy Use/ Audit of Historical Data.

STAGE 1 Audit of Historical Data

• Collect and analyze utility data

• Assess energy efficiency improvement potential

• Visually inspect building and key systems

STAGE 2 Screening Survey

• Interview building staff

• Evaluate utility and site data

• Analyze energy and cost savings

STAGE 3: Detailed Energy Audit

• Develop simulation tool

• Summarize findings

• Present recommendations


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This analysis is the first step in the auditing process. It includes an examination of the

facility’s historical energy consumption and performing a utility rate analysis to point out

any cost saving opportunities and to report low or no cost measure and potentials to capital

improvement for further study. This is the simplest type of energy audit and it also requires

the site visit by an engineer and walking through the building and concentrating on the

major energy consuming equipment, for instance, HVACs, electric ballast. Reference to a

record of equipment operation and maintenance manual, equipment ratings to quickly

determine which systems or appliances are working correctly to report low or no cost

measure and potentials to capital improvement for further study. During a preliminary audit

of Namal College, the electricity and power blueprints, air condition blueprints, Utility bills

and operation logs for the year of preceding audit, occupancy profile and equipment ratings

were collected to identify the major electricity consuming appliances.

(ii) Walk-Through Analysis/ Screening Survey

This type of audit involve the preliminary energy use analysis and also more detailed energy

calculation and financial analysis of purposed energy efficiency measures. The duty of audit

team/person is to identify truly and understand the overall benefits of installing energy

efficient measures. This audit stage goes much beyond the walk through audit and gives an

immediate information about the possible opportunities to reduce energy costs, energy

wastage to improve overall efficiency. Here auditor has exercised more detailed planning

after familiarizing with the building. The building consumption is divided into three-floor

zones. At this stage, the current building condition was assessed for any inefficiency in

energy usage, air leakages, poor operational process and potential energy waste. The

anomalies between energy usage concerning months and years were also observed.

(iii) Detailed investigation and analysis.

This analysis is a further expansion from the previous two levels of efforts and is based

on more detailed and deeper analysis of selected solution. It includes further refinement

of energy model or more extensive data collection, involves smart metering of particular

equipment over a week or two to see total consumption, peak consumption, off-peak

consumption, max demand and power factor.

2.4.1 Pre-Audit

The questionnaire was prepared for pre- audit analysis. Summary of questionnaire is mentioned as

follows


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2.4.1.1 Questionnaire for Pre-auditing

General Information

Building name

Type of building

No of floors

Land covered area

Person who is conducting audit

Dates of audit

Areas covered for auditing

Daily occupancy hours

Namal College

Educational Institute

3, basement, ground, first floor

26,000 feet²

Fahad Saleem

21-25 December 2015, 27-29 July 2016

All areas

9 am to 5 pm

Electrical Equipment

Equipment turned off when unused (pumps, fans, motors, computers)

Equipment turned off at the end of the day(photocopier, printers, lab equipment)

Electrical Kettles overfilled with water

Standby setting avoided (printers, LCSs, Monitors)

Fridge thermostat temperature

Kitchen equipment turned off after using (microwave, dishwasher)

Class Room/lecture theater Equipment with single combined switch

Switches clearly labeled

Fridge placement near to heat source

Timers on water cooler

Photocopiers placement in ventilated area

Refrigerant leakage checks

Refrigeration, condenser, evaporators, insulation checks and service

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

4 deg.

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Lighting

Lights switched off when unused

Lights usage in enough sunlight

Lights/fitting cleaning

Exterior lighting turned off at unattended areas/ daytime

Automatic light controls on intermittently occupied areas

Tungsten lights usage

Clearly labeled switches of each light

Windows cleaning to increase daylight usage

Lighting power density

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

vary

Heating, Cooling, Air-conditioning and Ventilation

Boiler control and settings

Use of heater and air-condition at the same time

Boilers service and maintenance

AC thermostat temperature

Portable heaters/electric heater

Hot water provision

Yes

No

Yes

26 degree

Electric heaters

Electric


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Door windows closed during heater or A/C working

Heavy air leakage from door or windows seals

Windows Glazing

Blinds and curtains closed at the end of the day during winters

Unnecessary A/C usage in unused spaces, corridors, cupboards

Use of natural ventilation. Opening windows overnight in summer

Geyser

Yes

No

Single glazed

No

No

No

Water Usage

Push button taps

Water overflow

Taps maintenance/ no dripping taps

Water leakage

Any Water saving encouragement strategy

No

No

On time

No

No

Metering

Meter maintenance

Meter location

No. of meters

Yes

Beneath the transformer

One analog electricity meter

2.4.2 Walkthrough Audit and Detailed Investigation

2.4.2.1 Historical Energy Consumption Patterns

At this stage energy sources and consumption pattern have been observed for this college and

saving measures were proposed. It was found that primary energy sources are grid electricity and

electricity from diesel generators.

Grid Electricity Consumption

Figure 14 shows the monthly electricity consumption from the grid at Namal College from June 2015

to May 2016 and clear anomalies can be observed here. After discussion with relative personal, it

was revealed that the reason for low energy consumption during June, July and August is due to the

semester break holidays of regular full-time students and high power outages, which mean high

reliance on diesel. However, there are still limited summer classes taking place during this period.

This is the reason still some electricity consumption can be seen during these months.

In the month of May and January, the highest electricity consumption can be due to the semester

final examination and the presence of full students strength. Also, the summer season in Pakistan

starts from the month of May. Hence, the electricity load increases due to increase in the use of

cooling equipment and similarly the cold weather is at its peak during January so the increase in load

could be due to the increase in the use of electrical heating equipment.


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 14: Monthly peak load profile from June 2015- May 2016

The typical load profile of this college can be seen in figure 15. It is evident that the electricity

consumption is high from 10 am to 1 pm on weekdays when most of the classes are in progress.

Figure 15: Daily load profile

Electricity Tariff

The college building has one electricity meter which is billed under a contestable time of use

demand-based tariff. This meter is monitored via Faisalabad Electric Supply company (FESCO). Such

tariffs have a higher rate of electricity during peak periods while cheap rates are during off peak


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

time. Customers can reduce or shift their load to avoid peak time charges and may benefit from such

tariffs. The cost of peak time during 2015-16 was 17.5PKR while 11.5PKR for the off-peak period,

however, the electricity sell back price during this period is 2PKR. The detailed electricity bills can be

found in appendices. Table 2 show an example of electricity bill during the month of May 2015

Table 2: Electricity bill details for the month of May

First 8467 units

Remaining 1449 units

8467 1449 Total units consumed

Unit cost (Rs.) 11.5 17.5 9916

Total cost (Rs.) 97,370.50 25,357.50

Diesel Consumption

This campus is equipped with two diesel generators. The detailed yearly diesel consumption can be

found in appendices

Figure 16: Diesel generators

Table 3 represent the two diesel generator specifications.

Table 3: Diesel Generators Specifications

Model: GEP44-5 Rated power

STANDBY 44.0 kVA / 35.2 kW

PRIME 40.0 kVA / 32.0 kW

Model: JGP100 Rated power

STANDBY 110 kVA / 88 kW

PRIME 100 kVA / 88 kW

Figure 17 shows the diesel consumption of two generators.


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 17: Diesel consumption by generators per month during June 2015 to May 2016

Diesel Price

Figure 18 shows the diesel prices in Pakistan for the last ten years and very volatile prices can be

observed.

Figure 18: Diesel Monthly Price (Indexmundi, 2016)

Electricity load Shedding

The average electricity load shedding during 2015-2016 can be seen in figure 19. The detailed load

shedding hours can be seen in Appendices.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2640 2640

2100 1860 1860

960 840 1020 1200

1740 1860

3960

Die

sel l

trs

Diesel consumption (ltrs) by generators per month during June 2015 to May 2016

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Jun

-06

No

v-0

6

Ap

r-0

7

Sep

-07

Feb

-08

Jul-

08

Dec

-08

May

-09

Oct

-09

Mar

-10

Au

g-1

0

Jan

-11

Jun

-11

No

v-1

1

Ap

r-1

2

Sep

-12

Feb

-13

Jul-

13

Dec

-13

May

-14

Oct

-14

Mar

-15

Au

g-1

5

Jan

-16

Jun

-16

Pak

ista

n R

up

ee P

er G

allo

n

Diesel Monthly Price - Pakistan Rupee per Gallon


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 19: Average daily load shedding hours

2.4.2.2 Occupancy Profile

The total number of occupancy strength including regular faculty, students and others were 520

during 2015-16.

Daily Profile

Daily classes start from 9 am and finish at 5 pm while the cleaning staff stays until 7 pm.

Table 4: Daily occupancy profile

Weekly Profile

Weekdays include Monday till Friday while the weekend is Saturday and Sunday and college remains

closed during weekends.

6

5

4

4

4

2

3

3

3

4

6

11

NU

MB

ER O

F H

OU

RS

AVERAGE DAILY LOADSHEDDING HOURS

100%

75%

50%

25%

0% 7am 9am 11am 1pm 3pm 5pm 7pm

Daily profile


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Table 5: Weekly occupancy profile

Annual Profile

First, semester begins from mid-September to mid-January while 2nd semester starts from February

to May. There are holidays during the month of June to mid-September expect for some additional

classes in July.

Table 6: Annual occupancy profile

2.4.2.3 Building Information

The college building was constructed in 2008 and this campus includes only one building. This

building comprises of three floors which are a basement, ground floor and first floor. Figure 20

shows the Satellite image of building floor covering an area of Namal College which is 26,000 feet².

The overall roof is flat surfaced and made up of concrete, therefore much space for placing solar

panels on it. As the building was constructed only eight years ago so the overall condition is fairly

good.

100%

75%

50%

25%

0% SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

Weekly profile

100%

75%

50%

25%

0% JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Annual profile


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 20: Building floor area covering (source: Google maps)

Building Architectural Design/Floor Analysis

All three floors basement, ground floor and first floor cover the equal area of 26,000 feet². The

basement floor mostly consists of cafeteria and offices. The ground floor includes staffrooms, lecture

rooms and library. The first floor mainly comprises of labs and classrooms. More details of each

room with their sizes and seating capacities are mentioned in the tables as follows. The interior walls

of this building have significantly low insulation comparative to outer walls. Due to low internal heat

transfer resistance of interior walls and open floor layout, this building is equipped with the single

zone air-conditioning system.

This building is erected in a way to advocate the solar techniques in particular hence it makes this

building attractive for both active and passive solar application. It was constructed with the front

facing north and rear facing south. This southern facing area allows sunlight to penetrate for solar

heat gain inside the building which is beneficial especially during the winter season.


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 21: Passive solar design source: Buildinggreen.Com

The overhangs constructed on south face help to mitigate solar heat gain during summer season

because the sun is at a steeper angle of altitude. These overhangs are beneficial during winter as

well because the sun is lower in the sky during winter and overhang do not interfere the beneficial

heat gain. Such building structure is known as a passive technique to make use of solar energy

without and artificial cooling or heating.

Figure 22: Passive solar design source: Buildinggreen.Com

Another useful design feature of this building is that the lack of window or glass area on west and

east facing walls because windows and glass offer heat gain from outside and less efficient as

compared to insulated walls. Therefore minimum exposure to heat and cool gain is a smart choice

for building design.

The external walls are made up of 20 cm of the hollow concrete block with 3 cm of external and 2cm

of internal plaster.

Figure 23: Wall properties

The ceiling is made up of 17cm of hollow concrete block 8 cm of reinforcing concrete and 2 cm of

plastering, which makes the total thickness of 25 cm.


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 24: Ceiling properties

A large area on the roof is exposed to the sun which makes it ideal for active solar application. The

broad and flat roof construction make it easy for placement of solar panel structure on the roof. The

solar application of this building will be discussed later in this study.

Figure 25: Building roof

Table 7: Floor design of basement area with sizes

Basement Area Size

CAFETERIA (MALE AREA) 73' -6"x36' -9"

CAFETERIA (FEMALE AREA) 73' -6"x36' -9"

Kitchen

freezer room

kitchen store

Bakery (Tandoor)

outdoor sitting area

tuck shop 19'x20' -6"

SSO manager office

CS office 16'-7' "x12'

senior accountant office 16'-7.5"x12'

Accountant office 16'-7.5"x12'

Toilets

Supervisor Office 16'-7.5"x12'

project office + inventory office 16'-7.5"x12'

EEE office 16'-7.5"x12'

project office 16'-7.5"x12'

HSS office 16'-7.5"x12'

staff kitchen 16'-7.5"x12'

admin office 16'-7.5"x12'

student support office 16'-7.5"x24'


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Lawn

corridor

electric room

lobby

Figure 26: Architectural design of basement level

Table 8: Floor design of Ground area with sizes and capacity

Ground floor Size Capacity

LECTURE ROOM 34' X 24' 82 students



V.C office 19' - 3" x 24'

P.A office 14' X 24'

Meeting room 16' - 7.5" x 24'

faculty offices 14' X 24'

CONFREANCE ROOM 34' X 24'

male + female toilets

COMPUTER LAB. 3 24' X 34' 40 STUDENTS



Generator room

Server room 12' X 11'


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Tech. support room 11' - 6" x 12' -0"

17 faculty offices cubicles

Figure 27: Architectural design of ground level

Table 9: Floor design of first level area with sizes and capacity

First floor Size Capacity

COLLEGE STORE 24'x34'

LECTURE HALL 24'x34' 5O STUDENTS

LECTURE HALL 24'x34' 5O STUDENTS

DIGITAL ELECTRONIC lab 24'x34' 4O STUDENTS

DIGITAL ELECTRONIC lab 24'x34' 4O STUDENTS

Workshop 24'x34'

Male + Female toilets

ROBOTICE LAB 24'x34' 25 STUDENTS

SHEARE POINT LAB (24) 24'x34' 25 STUDENTS

bedroom 13' -7.5"x17' -0"

Bedroom 17' -0"x14' -3"

LIBRARY 24'x34'

LIBRARY 24'x34'

EEE LAB 24'x34'


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 28: Architectural design of the first floor

2.4.2.4 General Description of Activity Levels

Figure 29 and 30 show the breakdown of electricity demand pattern during summer and winter. The

pattern indicates that the major loads to be the cooling, heating and lighting. It is evident that the

major electricity consuming device during summer is air conditioning (41%) while, hot water

equipment (28%) during winter. However, the high demand for electricity from lightning and

computer usage (IT rooms) is seen during both seasons.

Figure 29: Summer electricity consumption breakdown

18%

7%

41%

5%

1% 1%

9%

12% 0% 6%

Summer electricty consumption breakdown

lighting refregration

Airconditons fan and exhausts

kitchen equipment water pump

hot water equipment IT rooms

Room Heaters Miscellenaious (plug loads and office equipments)


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Figure 30: Winter electricity consumption breakdown

2.4.2.5 Audit Result Summary

The detailed survey of this site reveals that this building has significant opportunities for cost-

effective measures that could significantly reduce its energy consumption. This would involve

replacement of inefficient equipment such as lighting, fans, etc. with newer efficient products that

can deliver superior performance while using less energy. An initial analysis shows that

approximately 25 percent of saving in power consumption can be easily achieved with simple,

inexpensive intervention in the area of fans, lighting and improvement in building insulation issues.

Moreover, additional saving can be accomplished by applying measures like maximum use of

daylight and good insulation on the roof to reduce heat transfer inside the building. Also, it is

recommended that an energy-related design review be performed as part of all future construction

project. Conscientious implementation energy efficiency measures in the building can significantly

improve the success of building solarization implementation in the future. Using economic measure

to reduce energy requirement can dramatically reduce the size and cost of grid-connected PV

system needed to power its essential services during load shedding hours.

The successful implementation of the solarization requires the use of energy efficient appliances.

Unfortunately, Pakistan does not currently have a program for rating the energy efficient of the

electrical appliances or any national energy efficiency regulation strategy. The lack of effective

21%

9%

0% 1% 4%

3%

28%

19%

13% 2%

Winter elecrticity consumption breakdown

lighting refregration

Airconditons fan and exhausts

kitchen equipment water pump

hot water equipment IT rooms

Room Heaters Miscellenaious (plug loads and office equipments)


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

standard and regulation makes it difficult or impossible to systematically prevent efficient products

from being sold in the domestic market. Over the life of the building, the reduced energy use will

lead to substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Other potentials of energy efficiency

measures to achieve the energy efficiency goal include daylight harvesting, HVACs efficient controls

and window shading, etc. The summary of average monthly consumption can be seen in appendices.

2.4.2.6 Energy Use by Application and Conservation Opportunities

In this section, energy use of each application is discussed and solution to high consumption

applications is proposed.

Lighting

Lighting is an essential element of energy use in large commercial buildings. Hawken reported that

lighting in buildings consumes 20% - 30% of total energy consumption. (Hawken, Lovins and Lovins

1999). The Lightning system in the subject site mostly consists of artificial lighting from fluorescent

energy savers, fluorescent tube lights and high-pressure sodium tango lamps and is mostly used for

indoor requirements. These lighting devices contain various capacities, types, makes and power

ratings. It was observed that most of the rooms have relatively good window space. As the college

operates during the daytime hence, the need for artificial lighting can be reduced by maximizing the

use of natural light, except for few internal rooms which don’t have access to natural light. Lighting is

one of the primary sources of internal heat gain in buildings, When attempting to mitigate the

energy impact of lighting, it is important to focus not just on electricity saving but also on minimizing

heat generation to reduce the cooling load on air conditioning system.

The remaining high consumption tango lights are being used during night time for mainly security

purpose and parking areas. The lighting system is estimated to consume approximately 2383kWh a

month.

Table 10: Lighting system details

categories power source area description quantityrating

(W)

average

usage

(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22

working

days

24 hr

load

include

weekend

s 30days

proportion

of total

energy

consumpti

on

grid electricity energy saver 150 40 4 6000 24 528


grid electricity florescent bulbs 25 100 4 2500 10 220

grid electricity tubelights 150 20 4 3000 12 264

grid electricity tubelights 45 40 4 1800 7.2 158.4

grid electricity outdoor Tango Light 7 400 8 2800 22.4 492.8

402 99.6 1663.2 720

lighting

outdoor/

indoor

17.60%subtotal


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

The earlier investigation has resulted that several lighting equipment stay on even when the area is

unoccupied, these areas include offices, lectures theaters and amenities. It has been observed that

some lighting devices are inefficient and low power factor devices incandescent bulbs and having

the power factor of 1 due to a resistive load. However, this power factor value is quite inefficient

regarding lighting. Retrofitting the existing lighting fixture with electronic ballast or installing new

high power factor lightning devices can help in reducing consumption. Moreover, to improve the

lighting system, it is essential to reduce power rating of luminaries by keeping in mind the occupant

need and comfort.

Unfortunately, poor window glazing and no/less use of natural day lighting have contributed to high

energy consumption from lighting. The additional saving can be made by retrofitting the existing

lighting fixture with electronic ballast or installing new high power factor lighting devices. Using

lighting system which has both high energy efficiency and power factor, minimizes the power

consumption and also help reduce the spike and harmonics and help power grid to unnecessarily

higher effective load. The reduction in lightning energy intensity decreases the need for air condition

inside the buildings. Considering LED instead of fluorescent lamps because of long life and high

energy efficiency of LED. Rooms can be a light zoned where lights can be reduced in unoccupied

area. Dimmer switches can save energy, especially with incandescent lighting fixtures. Lights to be

turned of when unoccupied especially in the washrooms and infrequently used area. Utilizing

occupancy and photo sensors save an average of 30 - 40% on energy costs (Meta-Analysis, 2012).

CFL of 10W can be used instead of 40W in bathrooms. Replacement of 36W CFL from 20WLEDs and

18W CFL to 10W LEDs can be proposed.

Daylight techniques

Maximum use of daylight is an excellent way to reduce the energy consumption as daylight

enhances the psychological comfort and visual of occupants. Occupants can use illumination from

solar daylight for indoor lighting. A webinar by the department of energy in 2009 mentioned that

utilization of solar daylight is one of the top energy design upgrades for commercial buildings

because these buildings are mostly occupied during daytime and consume much power for lighting

(DOE,2009). Moreover, the following measures were identified and proposed to be implemented.

Table 11 explain the energy saving opportunities by replacing the fluorescent lamp with LEDs,

fluorescent tube light with electronic ballast and installing motion sensors.


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Table 11: Lighting saving measures

Refrigeration

Refrigeration accounts for approximately 7% of the total electricity demand and mainly used in

cafeteria and guestrooms for food storage. The size of three fridges is 200W each while three deep-

freezers have a power rating of 300W each. Both fridges and deep freezers keep running 24 hours a

day for food preservation.

Table 12: Refrigeration detail

It was pointed out that all deep freezers and refrigerators are rated as three stars or less. These units

run 24 hours and these were estimated to consume 936kWh per month. It was observed that the

frost build-up exceed more than 8mm and never defrosted while 1 of the deep freezer was placed

near to stove which restricts the air circulation around the unit. The condenser coils were never

cleaned.

quantity watt duartion avg/year total energy consumption Kw

Fluorescent Lamp 175 40 1825 12775

replacement with LEDs proposed 175 25 1825 7984.375

difference 15 4790.625

average unit cost 14.5 Rs

total saving (Rs) 69464.0625 Rs

cost of 40W lamp with depreciation factor 50% (Rs) 5250 Rs

replacement cost of LEDs 66000 Rs

total aditonal expense 60750 Rs

payback period 0.874552939 years

quantity watt duartion avg/year total energy consumption Kw

flourescent tubelights conventional ballast 195 40 6 46.8

replacement with electronic ballast 195 25 6 29.25

difference 15 17.55



cost of 30W FTL with depreciation factor 50% 5850 Rs

replacement cost of LEDs 21450 Rs



avg no. of sensors avg. power of TFL avg. no of FTL average reduction in hours per day

use of motion sensor 20 30 3 1095

energy saving (kWh) 1971



cost of 30W FTL with depreciation factor 50% 600 Rs

replacement cost 1500 Rs



categories power source area description quantity rating (W)average usage

(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22 working

days

24 hr load

include

weekends

30days

grid electricity Guest Room Fridge 1 0 0 0

grid electricity 2 200 24 400 9.6 288


6 31.2 0 936

refregrationcafeteria

Fridge /

deepfreez

subtotal


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

These refrigeration systems can be turned off during semester breaks also replacement with more

efficient fridges with regular maintenance of appliances can help saving energy. Moreover, it was

recommended that existing units be replaced with 5-star units. As the units stay almost empty

during holidays and weekends, so thermostats should be set accordingly.

Air-conditions

Air-conditioning (HVACs) systems are the single largest energy consumer in buildings with an

average of almost 60 % of total energy cost worldwide (Teke and Timur 2014).

Figure 31: Air condition outdoor units

Air-conditioning in this building is required for maintaining the humidity level, indoor temperature

and thermal comfort. The type of air conditioning system in this college is a single zone with time

clock control. There are total 28 air-conditions units with the power rating of 1500 each, 24 of which

run on diesel generators while four runs on grid electricity. Most of these units are being used inside

labs, library and offices for an average of 6hrs during weekdays. The total contribution of air

conditioners in total electricity usage is approximately 41% during the summer season.

Table 13: Air-conditions detail


(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22 working

days

24 hr load

include

weekends

30days

diesel gen used when electricty available24 1,500 6 36000 216 4752

grid electricity 4 1,500 6 6000 36 792

28 252 5544 0

Airconditons offices

subtotal


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

It was observed that air conditioners are left running even when rooms are unoccupied. An

appropriate time controller can be useful to turn off individual air conditioning unit after a

predetermined time. Almost all portions of the building stay unoccupied during the night time so

night purge technique can be used for energy savings. Night purge utilizes outside air prior to normal

occupancy hours to cool down the building while all cooling and heating system are disabled. The

following measures were identified and proposed to be implemented.

The indoor temperature should be set to 24-26 degree centigrade because each degree increase in

temperature reduces the air condition consumption by almost 8%. Few of the condenser unit were

exposed to direct sunlight hence it was proposed to provide shade without obstructing airflow

currents. No record of a previous maintenance program for air conditions was found, as poor

maintenance contribute to the low performance of air condition and hence increase the energy

losses.

Fans (Ceiling + Wall mounted + Ventilation)

This building consists of ceiling fans, wall mounted fans and ventilation/exhaust fans. There are 40

ceiling fans and wall mounted fans having a power rating of 80 watts each and they are mostly used

during the daytime when classes are in progress, while the exhaust fan have a power rating of 50

watts each and they keeps running 24 hours. The fans account for approximately 5 percent of the

total electricity demand during the summer season.

Table 14: Fans detail

Ceiling-mounted fans can reduce the internal air temperature of a building by up to 3o C (Hyde 2000)

and can be used as a substitute of air conditions in relatively low-temperature regions. The energy

efficiency measure suggests replacement of inefficient fans. Most of the fans are being used in the

facility are locally develop products which don’t follow international energy efficiency standards.

These poorly constructed motors can require as much as twice the energy to do the job.

Consequently, making a significant and unnecessary contributing to the site large electric energy

consumption.

It is emphasized that motor is an integral part of the fan. The performance of the fan is highly

dependent on the motor design and the type of materials used such as for winding and core etc. It is


(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22 working

days

24 hr load

include

weekends

30days

grid electricity fans 40 80 7 3200 22.4 492.8

grid electricity exhaust 5 50 24 250 6 180

45 28.4 492.8 180

fan and exhausts

subtotal


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

concluded that the GFC fans (Deluxe Model) are the best fans available in the market. On further

analysis, it was observed that GFC is manufacturing ceiling fans of different sizes/wingspans

regarding their wingspans (36 inches, 48 inches and 56 inches) and accordingly, the power being

consumed by them (55W by 36” fan, 70 W by 48” fan & 80 W by 56” fan).

Water Pump

Water is consumed in different sections of college for the various requirement. Water pumping

comprises of approximately 2% of the total energy consumption. A submersible type pump is being

used and the power rating of this pump is 1500W. The average running duration is almost 5 hours a

day to fill water tank of 17x22x8 size.

Table 15: Water pump Details

For energy conservation, a 1,300watt pump was proposed to replace the previous 1,500watt pump.

The replacement cost including labor cost and the cost of the new pump is 21,000PKR. The

calculated payback period is almost four years with an energy saving of 5,000PKR per year.

Table 16: Water pump saving measures

Existing proposed

Power (Watt) 1500 1300

Daily Operation hour (hrs) 5 5

Water pumped (litres/day) 80400 67000

Energy consumed (kWh) 7.5 6.5

Average unit cost (Rs.) 14.5

Annual consumption (kWh) 2737.5 2372.5

Energy saving (kWh)

365

Annual Energy Cost (Rs.) 39,693.75 34,401.25

Annual Cost Savings (Rs.)

5,292.5

Replacement cost (Rs.)

21,000

Payback period (years) 3.97

Hot water

As there is no gas supply in this region, so electric geysers are being used for water heating. The hot

water is mostly used for student and staff amenities and kitchen. There are total three geysers for

hot water supply and are situated on each floor. The total capacity of 3 geysers are 10 liters, 12 liters

and 35 liters respectively, and the average set hot water temperature is set to 70 (°C).


(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22 working

days

24 hr load

include

weekends

30days

water pump grid electricity 50HP 3phase 1 1500 5 1500 7.5 165

1 7.5 165 0subtotal


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Table 17: Hot water detail

It was observed that these geysers stay energized from the month of September to May. Also they

are kept running even after hours when college is not occupied. These geysers can be equipped with

timers to turn off the units during predetermined times. Such timers switch off the units when not

required (during weekends and night time). The turning off the hot water units not only save energy

but also extends the lifetime of the unit. Installation of instantaneous hot water system also seems a

feasible option as it contributes less to carbon dioxide emissions and saves electricity.

IT Rooms and Computer

The college contains large quantities of computers and hence it consumes substantial 11% of the

total energy. Cabrera and Zareipour estimated that the total number of computers in universities

and colleges in north-America was 2 million during 2011 and these computers consume the

approximate energy of 950MWh. This much electricity consumption would produce equivalent

emissions of 130000 vehicles or 665000 metric tons of carbon dioxide (Motta Cabrera and Zareipour

2011). Webber suggested that computers labs at educational institutions have an enormous

potential of energy saving because computer labs have a significant number of unoccupied hours per

day and year. (WEBBER et al. 2006). There are total 180 computers in labs and offices and most of

them are equipped with cathode ray tube monitors which are highly inefficient.

Table 18: IT rooms details

The walkthrough survey revealed that most desktop computers were left in sleep mode when not in

use and often over weekends. As a result, desktop computers in sleep mode consume more

cumulative energy than when being operated. So turning off monitors after working hours can help

avoiding parasitic power. Moreover, an awareness campaign and the use of dedicated shut-down

procedures would reduce the incidence of this unnecessary load. Table 19 shows the saving

opportunities by replacing cathode ray tube monitors to liquid crystal display.


(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22 working

days

24 hr load

include

weekends

30days

grid electricity 2nd floor 10ltr 70 deg 1 1500 0 1500 0 0

grid electricity 1st floor 12ltr 70 deg 1 1800 0 1800 0 0

grid electricity ground floor 35ltr 70 deg 1 1800 24 1800 43.2 1296

3 43.2 0 1296

hot water equipment

subtotal


(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22 working

days

24 hr load

include

weekends

30days

IT rooms grid electricity labs+offices computer, it equipment 180 200 2 36000 72 1584

180 72 1584 0subtotal


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Table 19: Computer saving measures

Replacement of cathode ray tube monitors to Liquid crystal display monitors

Cathode ray tube

Liquid crystal display

Quantity 180 180

Watt 200 120

Duration hrs/year 1250 1250

Total energy consumption (kWh)/year 45000 27000

Total saving kWh

18000

cost per year(Rs.) 652500 391,500

cost saving (Rs.)

261,000

Replacement cost (Rs.)

900,000

Payback period (year)

3.45

Heating Equipment

Electrical heating is expensive to run and it produces a high level of greenhouse gasses. However, if

natural gas is not available and only small rooms are being heated then it is the best option. Portable

electrical heaters are inexpensive and can heat up quickly but, the annual running cost is high. In the

college, there are few portable electrical heaters are being used intermittently during the winter

season, but the use of electric resistive heater are inefficient as they run on expensive peak

electricity tariff, therefore, add up more cost on electricity bills. These room heaters consume almost

3.5 % of the total electricity. Table 20 show the detail of electrical heater usage.

It was observed that the existing heater is four stars rated appliances so considering another

solution, for instance, reverse cycle air condition, etc. can add up high capital cost and is not

financially viable.

Table 20: Room heater details

Plug Loads

A plug load is energy consumed by any electronic device that is plugged into a building electrical

socket. Plug loads are not related to general ventilation, cooling, heating, lighting and water heating

loads and do not provide comfort to the occupants (Sheppy and Torcellini 2011).


(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22 working

days

24 hr load

include

weekends

30days

Room Heaters grid electricity 800 offices 7 800 3 5600 16.8 369.6

369.6 0subtotal


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Many appliances and equipment consume some electric power when they are switched off or not

performing their primary purpose. For instance, microwave oven use energy for touchpad and

display panel and always stay active even when not in use (Rivas 2009). Other example of such

parasitic devices can be cordless phones, digital televisions, internet modems and computers. These

parasitic loads can be mitigated by installing Star rated energy efficient appliances or by completely

turning off when not in use. EnergyStar® Products are designed to help the consumer to save money

and protect the environment through identifying energy efficient product practices. Energy Star is a

combined program of U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency started

in 1992. It was recorded that with the help of star rated products the American saved $17billion on

utility bills also avoided greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 30 million cars during 2009 (US

DOE). This program includes all sorts of appliances ranging from dishwashers to computer and all

heating/cooling products. These star rated appliances were suggested in many cases during the

auditing process. Several appliances which are currently being used are either less efficient or poorly

maintained.

The plug load in this college mainly consist of icemakers, water cooler, vegetable cutter, grinder,

electrical kettle, power supplies, oscilloscope, function generator, dishwasher, oven and multimedia

projectors. The contribution of plug load is approximately 6.5%. It was observed that the energy

rating of dishwashers and oven was extremely poor. Considering five-star appliances and replacing

them with 2-3 star appliances provide considerable potential for energy efficiency. Dishwashers are

energy hogging workhorses if they are less efficient and medium to small sized wash tanks can be

used for water conservation. Table 21 show the details of plug loads.


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Table 21: Plug load details

2.4.2.7 Other Details

Building Design Improvement

In the past, several researchers have proposed the improvement in energy efficiency through

building envelope (Carlo and Lamberts 2008) (Sozer 2010). Building orientation surrounding and

location play an important role for regulating temperature and heat gain inside the building. For

instance, nearby mountains, tall trees can block the wind and provide shading to the building.

Moreover building design which includes well-sealed doors basement slabs, thermal insulation of

walls and foundation, can minimize heat loss by 20-50% (EESI, 2006).

Replacing single glazed windows with more efficient low emissive glazing, high R-value, can help in

reduction of energy consumption and improving indoor comfort. This strategy is most effective

when a significant area of the building is exposed to outside air due to windows. High performance

glazed windows can reduce the for cooling demand inside the building which leads to less need for

heating and cooling

Infiltration load can be significantly reduced by reducing air leakage. Air leakage in buildings can be

reduced by straightforward and inexpensive techniques. Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) can

reduce heat gain through building envelope as well as generate electricity.

Building Wiring

Due to non-availability of electricity during visits, the performance of building wiring in term of

voltage losses could not be evaluated but they were thoroughly checked for type and quality of wire

used and found them as per the desired quality standards with no signs of overheating. However, at

a few places the cladding of wires was required, for which, the local administration was asked to

take care of them.

categoriespower

sourcearea description quantity

rating

(W)

average

usage

(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22

working

days

24 hr

load

include

weekend

s 30days

grid electricity Dishwasher 1 1800 1.5 1800 2.7 59.4

grid electricity Oven 2 2000 1.5 4000 6 132

3 8.7 191.4 0

grid electricity Ice Maker 1 1000 8 1000 8 240

grid electricity Water Cooler 3 500 8 1500 12 360

grid electricity Vegetable cutter 1 350 0.5 350 0.175 3.85

grid electricity Grinder 1 350 0.5 350 0.175 3.85

grid electricity Electric kettle 1 1500 0.5 1500 0.75 16.5

grid electricity Power Supply 30 45 1.5 1350 2.025 44.55

grid electricity Oscilloscope 30 40 1.5 1200 1.8 39.6

grid electricity Function Generator 8 85 1.5 680 1.02 22.44

grid electricity Projector 3 300 2 900 1.8 39.6

7 27.745 170.39 600

kitchen

lab

kitchen

subtotal

subtotal

Miscellenaious (plug

loads and office

equipments)


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Figure 32: Electric wiring

Rooftop Greenery System

Several researchers analyzed the effect of green roofing of building (D’Orazio, Di Perna and Di

Giuseppe 2010), (Sailor 2008) and concluded that green roofing help to minimize energy

consumptions in buildings during summer. Moreover, there are several benefits of green roofs for

instance air pollution, air noise, retention of stormwater, longing the roof life and cooling of the

building so this option can also be considered in future.

Electricity Meter

A sub-meter installation for air condition consumption from diesel was recommended. Also, the

smart meter should be installed to get energy consumption for 15 minutes intervals. Generation of

monthly and annual reports from data logger can help institutions by acquiring online information.

This information can be used for monitoring and verification of energy conservation opportunities

and to design standards for baseline design energy performance of future projects.

Occupant Behaviour

Designing a sustainable building cannot be accomplished without the behavior of its occupants

(Verbeek and Slob 2006). Occupants behavior play a major role in determining energy consumption

of a building alongside building physical characteristics, servicing, surrounding environment and

commissioning(Steemers and Yun 2009). Although several studies have aimed to access the impact

of occupant behavior, this approach can be complex due to complexity and diversity of user

behavior (Yu et al. 2011). However, the impact of holistic occupant behavior on energy use in

commercial building it still needs in-depth consideration.


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Chapter 3 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESMENT

Renewable energy resources are defined as natural but flow-limited that can be replenished. They

are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of

time. Some sources may be stock limited but on a timescale of decades or centuries they can

probably replenish.

Renewable energy sources include geothermal, hydro, solar, wind, biomass, ocean thermal wave

and tidal. However, renewable energy sources do not include fossil fuels, nuclear, inorganic sources

or waste products. The application of renewable energy includes grid-connected or stand-alone

electricity generation.

3.1 Renewable Energy Resources of Pakistan

3.1.1Potential of Renewable Energy in Pakistan.

Pakistan is blessed with several renewable energy sources and there is the vast potential of

harvesting renewable energy from these resources. Please see table below


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Table 22: Potential capacity of Renewable Sources of Energy in Pakistan (Mirza 2008)

Renewable technologies which are identified as appropriate for Pakistan are mentioned in Table 23

(Mirza, 2008).


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Table 23: Suitable renewable technologies for Pakistan

3.1.1 Wind Resource

In Pakistan there are several noteworthy locations of potential wind resource, these locations are

mainly present in southern and coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan province. The coastline of

Sindh and Baluchistan is almost 1050 kilometers long and the available average wind speed is

calculated as 5 to 7 meter per second. Pakistan metrological department measured the wind

potential by using wind turbine named as N43/600 at 45 prime locations. It was estimated that

presence of 2000 to 3000 full load hours of wind resources present on the Sindh coastal area. While

1000 to 1400 full load hours wind potential was calculated at coastal areas of Baluchistan.

Furthermore, the total wind power estimated in coastal areas of Pakistan is almost 212 terawatt-

hour per year. This figure is almost 2.5 times of the total current installed convention power plants

in Pakistan (Nasir 2009).

A wind turbine does not require large land area rather only need 2 to 3 percent of turbine and

substation whereas the remaining area can be utilized for cattle grazing and low height cultivation.

Fortunately, most of the wind potential areas are positioned in the barren land of Pakistan these

areas include Gharo, Chaghi, Keti Bandar, etc. The corridor of Keti Bandar is located in the south of

Pakistan and has wind potential of 50,000 Megawatt. The monthly average wind speed at this

location with several height references can be seen in table 24 (Sustainable Development Policy

Institute 2014).


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Table 24: Monthly average wind speed at Keti Bandar with reference to 30m,50m,60m and 67m height.

Month Monthly Benchmark Wind Speed

30m 50m 60m 67m

Jan 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3

Feb 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.6

Mar 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.9

Apr 7.0 7.3 7.4 7.6

May 8.9 9.4 9.6 9.7

Jun 10.3 10.9 11.1 11.2

Jul 8.4 8.9 9.0 9.2

Aug 9.3 9.8 10.0 10.2

Sep 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.3

Oct 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.7

Nov 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3

Dec 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.2

Annual avg. 6.6 7.0 7.1 7.2

Wind map of Pakistan has been designed by NREL. Please see figure 33 (National Renewable Energy

Laboratory 2015). The total potential of wind is calculated as 346000 Megawatt and these sources

are located in Baluchistan, Sindh and northern area of Pakistan (Alternative energy development

board, 2015). The report states that total 9 percent of the land has good wind source of class 3

(National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2015).


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Figure 33: Wind energy map of Pakistan

3.1.2 Solar Resource

Pakistan is situated at the latitude of minimum 24° and maximum 36° which makes it a perfect

location to take advantage of solar energy. The average radiation falling on the surface of Pakistan is

around 200 to 250 per square meter per day and there are around 1500 to 3000 hours of solar

sunshine through the year and the annual average sunshine duration is 8 to 8.5 hours day. Most

parts of Pakistan lies in the solar potential of 150 to 300-kilowatt hour per square meter per year

(Planning Commission Government of Pakistan 2010). The maximum potential of harvesting solar

energy is present in Baluchistan and the second largest resource is in southern Punjab. Most of the

population of Baluchistan province lives in rural areas where more than 90 percent of villages have

no access to electricity (Sustainable Development Policy Institute 2014). Because of the massive

distances between these villages and the rough terrain make it problematic and expensive to lay

transmission lines. Therefore, solar is a good option to improve the social and economic condition of

people living in such remote areas of Pakistan. According to a report around 40000 houses in these

rural areas can be electrified through solar energy. NREL plotted the total solar radiation of Pakistan

and it is estimated as 2.9 million megawatts. Please see figure 34 (National Renewable Energy

Laboratory 2015).


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Figure 34: Solar radiation map of Pakistan

The increase in domestic energy consumption during summer is a reason of high usage of air-

conditioners. Table 25 mention the solar irradiation data from six locations for the measurement of

long-term records of sunshine. (Kalhoro 2005)

Table 25: Solar irradiation data from 6 locations (US cents / Kilowatt hour)

Month US cents / Kilowatt

hour

January 6.7

February 7.6

March 8.7

April 11.8

May 21.8

June 23.6

July 30.9

August 12.7

September 11.3

October 10.2

November 9.1

December 8.2


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Figure 35 illustrate the average hourly irradiation of six different months in Sindh province.

Moreover, the average irradiance during noon from March to October surpass 800 watts per square

meter as can be seen in graph 1 (Kalhoro 2005)

Figure 35: Average hourly irradiation of Sindh on a monthly basis

For the past two years, the cost of solar PV is decreased to ten times and is expected to decrease

more with the increase in usage following economies of scale princple. It allows country more

prospects of investing in solar photovoltaics (Kurokawa 2003). Solar PVs can be explained via two

configurations described as follows and both of these technologies can provide opportunities of

village electrification, lighting, water pumps, net metering, outdoor, space heating and water

heating.

3.1.2.1 Grid connected PV system

Such systems are also known as grid interfaced systems. In such systems, the consumer supplies the

surplus power generated by solar PVs to the grid and takes back from the grid when it is required. In

these systems, there is no battery involvement . Moreover, it is a complex procedure to make grid

interconnection. Net metering is also another part of this and it allows the solar panel owner to sell

the excess generated electricity.

3.1.2.2 Standalone PV system

This system produces and supplies electricity without grid involvement. There is no transmission

line involved from the grid which is the appropriate configuration for remote and areas. These

systems are used to power farms, water pumps, lighting and fence chargers. If such systems are

directly coupled to the load, then no batteries are required and these systems will only work when

solar radiations are available. It can also be coupled with batteries for backup during low sunlight

hours. Moreover, some hybrid systems include additional sources such as diesel generator.


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3.1.3 Hydropower Resource

The potential of electricity from hydropower in Pakistan is massive. The total identified potential of

hydropower is approximately 41.5 gigawatts out of which only 16 percent is being used (Mirza

2008). It is assessed that potential of small hydropower in northern areas has the potential of 500

megawatts out of which perennial waterfalls accounts for 300 megawatts (Mirza 2008). Potential of

hydropower Punjab province is 7291 megawatts, Azad Jammu & Kashmir province 6450 megawatts,

Gilgit-Baltistan 21725 megawatts and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province 24736 megawatts (Mirza 2008).

Figure 36 (Private power and Infrastructure Board, 2011) represent the total installed hydropower

capacity in provinces of Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa account for most installed capacity

among the other provinces.

Figure 36: Total Hydropower installed capacity in Pakistan.

Figure 37 shows (WAPDA, 2013) that the electricity from hydropower is cheapest among all the

sources in Pakistan. The average cost of electricity generated through hydropower during the year

2011 to 2012 was Rupees 0.16 per kilowatt-hour.


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Figure 37: Cost of electricity from hydropower

There are seven confirmed areas of hydropower potential which guarantee multi-gigawatt of

capacity. It includes Kohala (1100 Megawatt), Kalabagh (3600 Megawatt), Dasu (4400 Megawatt),

Thakot (2800 Megawatt), Pathan (2800 Megawatt), Bunji (5400 Megawatt) and Bhasha (4500

Megawatt). Furthermore, there are some other relatively low potential locations which include

Akhori (600 Megawatt), Munda (750 Megawatt) and Neelum Jehlum (950 Megawatt) (WAPDA

2013). Figure 38 shows most of the hydropower potential exist in northern areas of Pakistan.

Figure 38: Areas of hydropower potential


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Table 26: Available hydropower Potential River wise (WAPDA, 2013)

3.1.4 Biomass Resource

There are several crops in Pakistan which produce millions of tons of solid biomass every year. These

crops are wheat stalk, corn cobs, rice husks and cotton. This biomass is currently not being used for

electricity generation on a wide scale. The process of burning of biomass is not efficient from GHG

perspective. With the introduction of new technologies such as gasification (produce gas in

controlled temperature and oxygen level) can replace the existing inefficient use of biomass in

households.

Pakistan is a fifth largest sugar-cane producer with average annual production of ten million ton of

baggase and 50 million ton of sugarcane. Punjab Board of Investment & Trade estimates that 87

sugar mills industry alone can generate 3000 megawatts of electricity from bagasse (Punjab Board

of Investment & Trade 2010)

The total crop area in Pakistan is around 21 million hector out of which the crop residue is around 68

million tons per year; please see table 27 (Pakistan Bureau Of Statistics 2016 Pakistan Statistical Year

Book 2011). Such big amount of residue can generate electricity of 45800 million Kilowatt hour. Rice

straw can be utilized for electricity generation and it was observed that rice straw is the best source

for methane production. If cotton gin is mixed with livestock dung and fermented can generate

more gas in less time (Demirer 2007)


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Table 27: Annual crop production in Punjab province

The approximate no of cattle in Pakistan during 2010 was 159 million and the availability of dung

from those cattle is around 652 million kilogram per day ("Biogas Plants, Equipment And Services"

2010), please see Table 28 (PAKISTAN ECONOMIC SURVEY 2011). The production of bio-fertilizer is

estimated around 21million tons per annum (Mirza 2008). Only 1/3 of the total quantity of dung is

utilized for the domestic use of fire and 2/3 is wasted. If this source of dung is utilized properly, then

16.3 million cubic meters of biogas can be generated on a daily basis(Sheikh 2009).

Table 28: Numbers and types of animal in Pakistan (million)

3.1.5 Geothermal Resource

It is a type of energy extracted from earth’s core. It is a renewable, sustainable, abundant and

reliable source of energy. Worlds seismic belt go through Pakistan and it has a long geological

geotectonic history like rifting of Iran Afghanistan, volcanism in Chagai and rifting of indo-Pakistan,

etc. (Kazmi 1997). There are more than 600 estimated indicators of geothermal resources in Tibet

which have estimated the potential of 800 Megawatt (Bakht 2010).


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Figure 39: Locations of geothermal resources in Pakistan

The Geotechnical framework represents that there is a utilizable potential of geothermal in Pakistan.

These geothermal locations are found in three geothermal environments that are known as

seismotectonic, NeogeneQuaternary volcanism or geopressurized system.

Seismotectonic zones are located in northern areas of Pakistan it includes a mountainous belt of

Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindukush.

Geopressure zones in Pakistan are located in Basin of Indus River in Sindh province and pothwar

basin of province Punjab

NeogeneQuaternary is widely present in KoheSultan volcano (Bakht 2010).

3.1.2 Policy Affecting Renewable Energy Development

Energy policy of Pakistan is designed by provisional local institutional and federal entities. It deals

with the issues of power consumption distribution and production ("CCI Approves National Energy

Policy" 2013). Over the years, several proposals and mandates have been called to focus on energy

conservations, for instance: neon signs were banned to conserve electricity ("Geo.Tv: Latest News

Breaking Pakistan, World, Live Videos" 2016), reducing electricity load from industries by 25 percent

during peak timings (Archive 2007) but there was no considerable long-term strategy implemented

in the past. Several issues were raised such as dependence on imported oil, energy from renewable

resources, unequal distributing of electricity, irresponsible energy sources usage ("The News


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International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News" 2016). History of Pakistan’s energy policies is

full of misplaced assumptions and implementation in a nontransparent manner. Personal financial

and political gains are always preferred over long term consequences. Although several policies were

aimed to stress the need for renewable technologies, but none of those provide an actual

framework of implementation ("Identification And Removal Of Barriers For Renewable Energy

Technologies In Pakistan" 2006). Several institutions were formed in the last 30 years to promote

renewable technologies. NIST (National Institute of silicon technology) was developed in 1981 for

research in the solar field. PCAT (Pakistan Council of appropriate technology) was established in

1985. These institutions merged in 2002 and became PCRET (Pakistan Council of Renewable energy

technology) ("Identification And Removal Of Barriers For Renewable Energy Technologies In

Pakistan" 2006). Another institution was formed in 2003 named AEDB (alternative energy

development board). The main aim of this institute was to develop policies for renewable

technologies, in particular for solar wind and hydro-power ("Identification And Removal Of Barriers

For Renewable Energy Technologies In Pakistan" 2006). This institute introduced a first renewable

policy of Pakistan in 2006. The goal of this policy was to equip 10 % of energy supply mix from

renewable resources ("Powering Up: Pakistan's Push For Renewable Energy" 2007). This policy

stimulated interest in renewable projects for large scale generation. However, the progress was too

slow and only one 50 MW project was installed until 2008 (Bhutta 2008). There were several

challenges faced by this policy such as lack of competition, market barriers, financial barriers, poor

infrastructure, institutional barriers, power technology and information access, lack of training and

capacity and lack of social acceptance and awareness (Mirza et al. 2009). There are several

approaches to address the challenges mentioned above such as energy subsidy transfer, feed in

tariffs, accounting for externalities, public sector involvement, institutional cooperation, financing

for renewable projects, improving technology, renewable portfolio standards, information access,

increasing capacity and training and generation social interest and awareness.

3.2 Renewable Energy Resource at the Case Study Area

3.2.1 Solar Energy The solar resource data was originated online from NASA’s Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC)

due to a shortage of data from Pakistan Meteorological Department at subject location. Figure 40

shows the daily monthly average insolation on a horizontal surface at NAMAL college. It can be

observed that the solar insolation is good throughout the year except for the month of November,

December and January. Moreover, the clearness index stays high throughout the year. The scaled

annual average solar insolation is 5.07kWh/m2/day which is considered very healthy for the

feasibility of solar energy system.


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Figure 40: Solar resource (NASA website)

3.2.1.1 Solar Sun Path

The solar sun path at NAMAL college was plotted from a website named sunearthtool.com. It can be

seen in figure 41 that Sun spend most time of the year in southern part of the sky. Here 21st June

and 21st December show two equinoxes.


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Figure 41: Solar sun path(sunearthtools.com)

3.2.1.2 Solar elevation

Figure 42 indicates that on December 21, the sunrise at about 8:00 AM 120°south east and the

sunset before 6:30 PM 240° southwest. (Solar noon is when the sun highest in the sky and On

December 21, the altitude is about 34.5°. On September 21 and March 21, the first day of fall and

spring, the sunrise at about 7:00 AM 90° east and sunset at 7:00 PM 270° west. Solar noon altitude

on this date is 58.57°. On June 21, sun rises before 6:00 AM at <60° northeast, sun sets after 8:00 PM

>300°at the northwest and solar noon is at 1:15 PM, altitude is about 81.5°.


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Figure 42: Solar elevation

The average temperature of Mianwali is 73.0°F (22.8°C). The warmest month, on average, is June

with an average temperature of 93.0°F (33.9°C). The coolest month on average is January, with an

average temperature of 51.0°F (10.6°C).(Weatherbase)

3.2.2 Wind

Figure 43 shows the wind resource at the case study location with reference to 10 meters height

from the earth surface and average of 10-year data. It can be concluded that the wind resource is

below average and annual average wind speed is calculated as Annual average(m/s) 3.80m/s


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Figure 43: Annual wind speed

3.2.3 Namal Dam

In 1913, British engineers built a dam to meet the scarcity of drinking water and irrigation of

Mianwali city. This dam was constructed on Namal lake which is spread over 5.5 square meters and

the main source of water is hill torrent and rainfall. With the passage of time and the installation of

new tube wells, the water level is reduced. The lake is almost dry and due to no proper maintenance

and less rain in this region, the dam is no longer in operation ("CSS - 5465"). Figure 44 shows the

view of Namal Dam.

Figure 44: Namal dam (source: "Panoramio - Photo Explorer" 2008)


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Chapter 4 SIMULATION ANALYSIS

Investigation of a renewable resource is a complex process hence simulators also known as energy

models are created to help provide real-world replication and predict how the system will perform

after implemantation. Such simulation tools comprise of series of complex mathematical models

trying to trace the most energy efficient measures and feasible option. Example of such models are:

Energy flow optimization model (EFOM) to evaluate distributed energy potential and developed by

Commission of European Communities (Cormio et al. 2003), (Dicorato, Forte and Trovato 2008).

MetaNet model is drawn up to study Japanese energy mix in rural areas (Nakata, Kubo and Lamont

2005). Optimal Renewable Energy Mathematical model (OREM) is being used in India (Iniyan and

Sumathy 2003). Inexact Community Scale Energy Model (Cai et al. 2009). MARKet Allocation model

(MARKAL) is designed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) mainly used in Finland and Japan

(Lehtilä and Pirilä 1996), (Endo and Ichinohe 2006)

The preceding chapters of this dissertation focus on analyzing the solarization of load and

verification with two simulation software.

Tools used for simulation

RETScreen 4 developed by CANMET.

HOMER Legacy Version 2.68 developed by NREL.

4.1 RETSCREEN 4 The RETScreen software also known as Renewable Energy Project Analysis Software is designed by

CANMET, Natural Resources of Canada in collaboration with NASA, World Bank and UNEP. Where

NASA provided satellite-derived solar energy data set and surface meteorology, the world bank

provided data on world bank prototype carbon fund. This tool is used for the evaluation of the

financial and technical viability of renewable projects. This tool consists of integrated and

standardized project analysis that estimation energy production, life-cycle cost and GHG emissions

reduction for several types of proposed energy efficient technologies. Moreover, this tool includes

international weather databases, the cost of products and is free for download.

This software was designed in 1991 and is available free of charge in 35 languages and is being used

in private firms, colleges, universities and energy consultants for evaluating Renewable energy

projects. One of the main driving factors that led to the development of the RETScren was that

developer observed that several opportunities for implementation of commercially viable energy

projects were unable to implement due to decision makers, who didn’t have confidence in the

outcomes and often failed to appreciate the benefits of implemanting renewable energy


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technologies(Kofi 2005). With the help of this tool the projects can be assessed during initial

planning phase if they are reliable and cost-effective(CANMET, 1996). Hence this software can be

employed effectively in promoting the deployment of renewable projects by helping capacity

building, confidence for decision makers, reducing dependency on conventional sources and

assessment of the feasibility of the project (RET screen, 2016).

Figure 45 is based on a survey of project cost for small-scale hydroelectric projects conducted by

World Bank and it depicts that the typical progression of increasing project accuracy as the project

moves from inception to completion. Here horizontal axis represents the increase in financial

investment of the project. Moreover it indicates that early stage of development does not

necessarily account for the accuracy of the project(Retscreen, 2016).

Figure 45: Accuracy of project cost estimates (RETScreen, 2016).

4.1.1 RET Screen Overview The software interface is based on Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. The current version consists of

following technologies.

(i) Solar water heating.

(ii) Passive solar heating.

(iii) Photovoltaics

(iv) Small hydro

(v) biomass heating


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(vi) wind energy

(vii) solar air heating

(viii) ground source heats pump

(ix) combine heat and power system

All these models are equipped with specific databases to simplify the analysis process. These

databases Include:

International weather data from 4700 ground monitoring stations and satellite

derived NASA meteorology and solar energy data set

International product data from more than 1000 supplier

Comprehensive online user help

Typical cost information in the Canadian context.

Figure 46: RET Screen Model Flow Chart (RETScreen, 2016).

The first step begins with the energy model where information such as type, the number of turbines,

the height of wind measurement, average wind speed are provided then software calculates values

such as power capacity and annual energy production.

The second step is cost analysis where cost information estimates on the feasibility study, energy

equipment, development, engineering and miscellaneous costs are provided.

The third phase is GHG analysis where it is optional to assess emissions. This sheet can be used to

determine the reduction in the GHG emission as a result of using renewable technology.

The fourth step is financial analysis where inflation rate, discount rate, project life, etc. is provided

and sensitivity analysis can be run on it. Then RETScreen financial indicators evaluate the viability of

the project. The indicator includes NPV, IRR, benefit-cost ratio, yearly cash flow and cumulative cash

flow.


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The last step involves risk and sensitivity analysis. It is an optional step and it helps users to

determine the uncertainty in input parameters and their effect on the overall viability of the project.

4.1.2 Software Validation Independent validation of RET Screen by comparing other software report accurate results. A

comparison of RET Screen with another model that used hourly values showed almost same results

with an annual difference of less than 5 percent. Bekker in 2008 explored the accuracy of RETScreen

and HOMER by comparing a MATLAB bases software called SunSim which observes five-minute

weather data (Bekker and Gaunt 2008). Gilman in 2007 did validation test of RET Screen with

HOMER and Hybrid2

The graph below illustrates the adequacy of validation results from RET Screen against Homer.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

PV

Po

we

r (k

Wh

)

HOMER

RETScreen

Figure 47: Validation test of RET Screen by comparison of PV energy production with HOMER

4.1.3 Estimation of PV Using RETScreen Model The database of RETScreen is used to estimate the number of solar panel needed to meet the load.

As part of RETScreen simulation software, initially, the general information and climate condition at

the reference site were added. Mianwali is the closest city available in RETScreen software tool

which is selected to access the solar potential of this region. The Load & Network Design worksheet

is used to the evaluation of the power loads for each month of the base case and proposed case

systems. The PV estimation results are shown in figure 48. The monocrystalline silicon cells from

Canadian Solar are selected. RETScreen estimated 405 units of 300W solar panels with an efficiency


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of 15.6% required to meet the power capacity of 121.50kW. The solar collector area required is

777m2 which is suitable to install on the roof of the namal building.

Figure 48: Solar PV size estimation

Remaining detail of RETScreen simulation can be found in appendices.

4.2 HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources)

4.2.1 HOMER Overview

HOMER also known as hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources is another optimization tool

designed by the United States national renewable energy laboratory (NREL). This tool can be utilized

to investigate and develop electricity or heat generating system hour wise. This model is based on

system’s economic and technical specification; hence the subsystem’s physical behavior and life

cycle cost including both installation and operation costs (Farret et al. 2006). This software is capable

of modeling grid-connected or off-grid-connected thermal and electric load with the combination of

wind turbines, biomass, PV modules, hydro, fuel cell, hydrogen storage, generators and batteries. It

designs as well as analyses, associated with technique choices and also the addition associated with

concerns. The method complexness, as well as doubt improves whenever alternative resources tend

to be within the program, as they are non-dispatch capable as well as irregular character.

Homer perform three main tasks which are simulation optimization and sensitivity analysis. At

simulation stage, the software models the performance of the proposed system configuration by

using hourly calculations of the whole year to calculate the technical feasibility and life-cycle cost.

During optimization phase, this software simulates various system configuration and nominate the

most feasible option at the lowest life-cycle cost. In a sensitivity analysis, the software performs

multiple optimizations under a range of input assumption to find the effect of uncertainty in the

Photovoltaic

Type mono-Si

Power capacity kW 121.50

Manufacturer

Model 405 unit(s)

Efficiency % 15.6%

Nominal operating cell temperature °C 45

Temperature coefficient % / °C 0.40%

Solar collector area m² 777

Control method

Miscellaneous losses % 10.0%

Inverter

Efficiency % 90.0%

Capacity kW 100.0

Miscellaneous losses % 10.0%

Summary

Capacity factor % 15.7%

Electricity delivered to load MWh 123.229

Electricity exported to grid MWh 44.372

Canadian Solar

mono-Si - CS6X-300M - MaxPower

Maximum power point tracker


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input configuration. Figure 49 illustrates the relationship between simulation, optimization and

sensitivity analysis.

Figure 49: Simulation, Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis

Here simulation oval is enclosed by optimization oval to represent that fact that ultimate

optimization consists of several simulations. Moreover, optimization oval is enclosed by sensitivity

analysis to express that single sensitivity is based on several optimizations.

4.2.2 Simulation Simulation in HOMER relies on hourly inputs to provide adequate accuracy in the modeling of the

renewable power source. It calculates available intermittent power source and compares it with

desired 24 hours load for each month of the year. Then HOMER automatically adds the user

specified randomness of each day inputs. For this analysis load inputs of 2015-2016 were used and

detail of yearly load data for each month can be found in appendices.

4.2.2.1 Base case inputs

Primary load input

As the average daily load of college stays almost constant, therefore, the noise of 10% was added for

day to day variation while 20% the for the time step. HOMER calculated the average daily load of

353.77 kWh/day while the peak load is calculated as 146.43 kW with a load factor of 0.1. Yearly load

data and an average of every hour of the month can be found in the appendices. Figure 50 shows

the detail of input load for the proposed system.


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Figure 50: HOMER Primary Load Input

Photovoltaic Input

Figure 51 shows the solar input component. The selected solar panels are named as Canadian Solar

max power cs6x-310 with the efficiency of 16%. The capital cost of solar PV system is $900 with

operation and maintenance cost of $10 per year. The operation and maintenance cost are low

because PV does not require much maintenance. The life of the panels is estimated at 25 years with

a derating factor of 80%.

Figure 51: Photovoltaic Input

Grid input

As mentioned before, the college is connected to the electricity grid. The current grid power price is

0.15 $/kWh and the sell back price in Pakistan is 0.020 $/kWh. Then Homer calculated the equivalent

GHG emissions which include carbon dioxide of 632 g/kWh, sulfur dioxide of 2.74 g/kWh and

nitrogen oxides of 1.34 g/kWh. The grid input and emission details can be seen in figure 52.

Figure 52: Grid input

Converter


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The proposed converter is allowed to work parallel with AC generator. The life of inverter is

considered as 15 years with the efficiency of 90%. The rectifier capacity is specified as 100% with an

efficiency of 85%. The capital cost of the inverter is $250 and replacement cost of $300. The

converter details can be seen in figure 53.

Figure 53: Converter detail

Battery inputs

The selected batteries specification includes 2V batteries with ten strings having initial SOC of 100%

and minimum SOC of 20%. Moreover, the lifetime of selected batteries is ten year with the capital

cost of $600 and replacement cost of $600. The battery details can be seen in figure 54.

Figure 54: Battery input details

Diesel generator Inputs


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There are two diesel generators involved and one of them is 90kW and the second is 40kW. Both

diesel generator details including lifetime, minimum load rating and diesel price can be seen in figure

55 and 56.

Figure 55: 90kW Diesel Generator inputs

Figure 56: 40kW Diesel Generator inputs

4.2.2.2 Base case outputs


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System design

A homer based hybrid system design can be seen in figure 57. Here solar PV and batteries are

connecting to DC link and then to AC link through the bidirectional converter. Both generators with

the grid are connected to the electric load through AC link.

Figure 57: Hybrid System design.

Simulation results and optimization

After performing 11520 optimization cases with one sensitivity analysis, the homer selected the

most feasible option by lowest net present cost. The first winning system consists of 100kW PVs a

converter of 18kW and grid connectivity. Here the choice of battery and two diesel generators are

neglected because of the high capital cost of batteries and costly diesel fuel. If all four selected

system are considered then, it can be seen that 90kW diesel generator is not reviewed at all. The

detail of the homer simulation result can be seen in figure 58.

Figure 58: Homer simulation result

The figure 59 shows the search space result of overall winner and category winners and the total

number of simulations are calculated as =5 x 4 x 9 x 2 x 2 x 8 x 2 = 11520


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Figure 59: Search space result

Electricity output

Here figure 60 show demonstrates monthly average electricity production.

Figure 60: Monthly average electricity production

Figure 61 shows the electricity purchase of friend throughout the year for 24 hours of the day and is

overserved that most of the electricity purchased is during mid-day and rest demand is fulfilled by

PV and no or less electricity is purchased using the month of June and August

Figure 61: Grid purchases

The annual electricity production from solar PVs is 173128 kWh per year with a percentage of 77.9%

and grid contributes 49411 kWh per year with a percentage of 22.10%. Moreover, the consumption


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pattern shows that out of 206126 kWh per year of electricity, the AC primary load consumption is

62.64% while 37.36% is sold to the grid. The detail of electricity production and consumption can be

seen in Table 29.

Table 29: Electrical production and consumption

Production kWh/yr. %

Canadian Solar MAXPOWER CS6X-310 174128 77.90

Grid Purchases 49411 22.10

Total 223539 100

Consumption kWh/yr. %

AC Primary Load 129127 62.64

DC Primary Load 0 0

Grid Sales 76999 37.36

Total 206126 100

Economic analysis

Figure 62 shows the cash flow summary of the proposed system. The net present cost of this system

is $214,166, operating cost is $7,670 per year and leveled cost of electricity is $.0803 per kWh

Figure 62: Cash flow summary

figure 63 shows the cash flow summary and it can be seen that capital cost and operating expenses

are the two largest contributors to overall system cost


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Figure 63: Cash flow by cost type

GHG emissions

Figure 64 shows the emission details and negative emission of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxides show that the large proportion of electricity is sold to the grid.

Figure 64: GHG analysis

The remaining Homer simulation details can be found in appendices.

During these simulations, RETScreen is used to estimate the number of solar panels and required

area while the in-depth technical and economic feasibility analysis is conducted by using Homer

because RETScreen does not perform time series simulation.

CONCLUSION

Energy is an essential element for the social and economic development of a country because it is

used in all aspect of modern life such as building, industries, agriculture and transportation. World

energy demand is continuously increasing and building sector is one of many contributors to this rise

in demand. So one of the strategic solution to reduce the total energy demand is by improving

energy efficiency in buildings

A pilot study was undertaken to inspect the energy-efficient approaches, how they relate to energy

efficiency improvement and their complex interaction with an energy requirement of the subject

building, along with an analysis of the feasibility of the renewable technology. To gain insight into


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how the electricity is being managed, operated and utilized on a daily basis in Namal College

building, the relationship between behavioral aspect and energy demand profile as well as gathering

operation data to get information on energy intensive sectors was investigated.

A comprehensive audit was performed to investigate the hourly, monthly and annual electricity

consumption. The audit reveals that the electricity consumption varies on the monthly and seasonal

basis. The peak electricity consumption of 41% during the summer season is due to the use of air-

conditioning and during the winter season the consumption of hot water and space heating

accounts for 41% of the total consumption.

It was identified that 63% of the total cost of electricity was generated from diesel while 37% was

from grid electricity. One of the reasons for this variation in electricity consumption is the variation

in hours of electricity shortages. Consequently, high seasonal load and electricity load shedding

hours result in high diesel consumption. It was highlighted that meeting electricity needs for air

conditioning through diesel generator is more expensive then utility grid. However, a large number

of air-conditioning units cannot run on a grid because it will result in huge load on the utility grid.

Moreover, the appliances with highest electricity consumption were nominated for taking energy

efficiency measures. It was found out that lightning comprises of major part of electricity

consumption, so replacement of inefficient fluorescent lamps with LEDs and fluorescent tube lights

convention ballast with an electronic blast and installation of motion session in intermittent usage

areas were proposed. Furthermore the replacement of Cathode ray tube monitors with Liquid

crystal display monitors, efficient water pump and energy star rated appliances, etc. were

recommended.

The renewable potential for offsetting electricity from diesel generated was assessed. The initial

survey shows that the subject site has an excellent solar resource for energy harvesting. After doing

the back of the envelope calculations, to evaluate the feasibility RETScreen and Homer were used.

The assessment includes calculation of a number of solar panels and the required area with the help

of RETScreen whereas, Homer was used for technical and financial aspects of the project.

The homer simulation identified that the use of diesel generators could be offset with the help of

using solar PVs without any battery usage. Results depict that the proposed solar panels can meet

77% of electricity demand while the grid is only required for the rest of 22% demand. Moreover, the

electricty selling to the grid can help offsetting the cost of the project even though the sell back price

is highly insignificant in Pakistan.


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It is hoped that the applicability of such model can help the facility to achieve signification energy

savings.

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MURDOCH UNIVERSITY


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Electricity bill of Namal College


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Appendix B

Annual diesel consumption

date start time stop time total running Diesel received

Ltrs Hrs Hrs hrs

1-Jun-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 180

2-Jun-15 9:00 20:00 11:00 180

3-Jun-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 180

4-Jun-15 9:00 20:00 11:00 120

5-Jun-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 180

6-Jun-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

7-Jun-15 9:00 - - -

8-Jun-15 9:00 19:00 10:00 180

9-Jun-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 -

10-Jun-15 9:00 17:00 8:00 180

11-Jun-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 180

12-Jun-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 180

13-Jun-15 9:00 - - 60

14-Jun-15 9:00 - - -

15-Jun-15 9:00 19:00 10:00 180

16-Jun-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

17-Jun-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

18-Jun-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

19-Jun-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

20-Jun-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

21-Jun-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

22-Jun-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

23-Jun-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

24-Jun-15 9:00 16:00 7:00

25-Jun-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

26-Jun-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

27-Jun-15 9:00 - - -

28-Jun-15 9:00 - - -

29-Jun-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

30-Jun-15 9:00 21:00 12:00 120

subtotal 183 2640

1-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 180

2-Jul-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

3-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

4-Jul-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 60

5-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

6-Jul-15 9:00 19:00 10:00 120

7-Jul-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 180

8-Jul-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 120


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

9-Jul-15 9:00 17:00 8:00 180

10-Jul-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

11-Jul-15

12-Jul-15

13-Jul-15

14-Jul-15

15-Jul-15

16-Jul-15

17-Jul-15

18-Jul-15

19-Jul-15

20-Jul-15

21-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

22-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

23-Jul-15 9:00 17:00 8:00 180

24-Jul-15 9:00 19:00 10:00 120

25-Jul-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

26-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

27-Jul-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 240

28-Jul-15 9:00 19:00 10:00 180

29-Jul-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 180

30-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 180

31-Jul-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

subtotal 148 2640

1-Aug-15 9:00 15:00 6:00

2-Aug-15 9:00 - - 180

3-Aug-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 -

4-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

5-Aug-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

6-Aug-15 9:00 - - -

7-Aug-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

8-Aug-15 9:00 - - 60

9-Aug-15 9:00 - - -

10-Aug-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120

11-Aug-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

12-Aug-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

13-Aug-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

14-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

15-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

16-Aug-15 9:00 - - -

17-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

18-Aug-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

19-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

20-Aug-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 180


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

21-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 60

22-Aug-15 9:00 - - 120

23-Aug-15 9:00 - - -

24-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

25-Aug-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

26-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

27-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

28-Aug-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 60

29-Aug-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

30-Aug-15 9:00 - - -

31-Aug-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

subtotal 115 2100

1-Sep-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

2-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 180

3-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

4-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

5-Sep-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

6-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

7-Sep-15 9:00 - - 180

8-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

9-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

10-Sep-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 180

11-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

12-Sep-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

13-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

14-Sep-15 9:00 - - 120

15-Sep-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

16-Sep-15 9:00 - - 180

17-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

18-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00

19-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 60

20-Sep-15 9:00 - -

21-Sep-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

22-Sep-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

23-Sep-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 -

24-Sep-15 9:00 - - 120

25-Sep-15 9:00 - - -

26-Sep-15 9:00 - - -

27-Sep-15 9:00 - - -

28-Sep-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

29-Sep-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

30-Sep-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

31-sep-15 9:00 - - -

subtotal 109 1860


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

1-Oct-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

2-Oct-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 180

3-Oct-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

4-Oct-15 9:00 - - -

5-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

6-Oct-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

7-Oct-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

8-Oct-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 180

9-Oct-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 60

10-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

11-Oct-15 9:00 - - -

12-Oct-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 180

13-Oct-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

14-Oct-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

15-Oct-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

16-Oct-15 9:00 14:00 5:00 60

17-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

18-Oct-15 9:00 - - -

19-Oct-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

20-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

21-Oct-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

22-Oct-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

23-Oct-15 9:00 - - -

24-Oct-15 9:00 - - -

25-Oct-15 9:00 - - -

26-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

27-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

28-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

29-Oct-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

30-Oct-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

31-Oct-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

subtotal 114 1860

1-Nov-15 9:00 - - -

2-Nov-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

3-Nov-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

4-Nov-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 60

5-Nov-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

6-Nov-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

7-Nov-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

8-Nov-15 9:00 - - -

9-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

10-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

11-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00

12-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

13-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00

14-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

15-Nov-15 9:00 - - -

16-Nov-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 -

17-Nov-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 120

18-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

19-Nov-15 9:00 10:00 1:00 -

20-Nov-15 9:00 10:00 1:00 -

21-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

22-Nov-15 - - - -

23-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

24-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

25-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

26-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120

27-Nov-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

28-Nov-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120

29-Nov-15 9:00 - - -

30-Nov-15 9:00 - - -

subtotal 70 960

1-Dec-15 - - - -

2-Dec-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

3-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

4-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00

5-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

6-Dec-15 9:00 10:00 1:00 -

7-Dec-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120

8-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00

9-Dec-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

10-Dec-15 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

11-Dec-15 9:00 10:00 1:00 -

12-Dec-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

13-Dec-15 9:00 18:00 9:00 -

14-Dec-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

15-Dec-15 9:00 16:00 7:00 -

16-Dec-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120

17-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

18-Dec-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120

19-Dec-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

20-Dec-15 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

21-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

22-Dec-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 120

23-Dec-15 9:00 - - -

24-Dec-15 9:00 - - -

25-Dec-15 9:00 - - -


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

26-Dec-15 9:00 - - -

27-Dec-15 9:00 - - -

28-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

29-Dec-15 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

30-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

31-Dec-15 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

subtotal 84 840

1-Jan-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

2-Jan-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

3-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

4-Jan-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

5-Jan-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

6-Jan-16 9:00 18:00 9:00 -

7-Jan-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

8-Jan-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 240

9-Jan-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

10-Jan-16 9:00 10:00 1:00 -

11-Jan-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

12-Jan-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

13-Jan-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 60

14-Jan-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

15-Jan-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

16-Jan-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

17-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

18-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

19-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

20-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

21-Jan-16 9:00 - - 60

22-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

23-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

24-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

25-Jan-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

26-Jan-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

27-Jan-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 60

28-Jan-16 9:00 10:00 1:00 -

29-Jan-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

30-Jan-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

31-Jan-16 9:00 - - -

subtotal 78 1020

1-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

2-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

3-Feb-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 -

4-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

5-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 1:00 120


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

6-Feb-16 9:00 10:00 - -

7-Feb-16 9:00 - 3:00 -

8-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 4:00 -

9-Feb-16 9:00 13:00 3:00 -

10-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

11-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

12-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 2:00 -

13-Feb-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

14-Feb-16 9:00 - - 120

15-Feb-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 -

16-Feb-16 9:00 11:00 2:00 -

17-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

18-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

19-Feb-16 9:00 10:00 1:00 -

20-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

21-Feb-16 9:00 - - -

22-Feb-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

23-Feb-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

24-Feb-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

25-Feb-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

26-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

27-Feb-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

28-Feb-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

29-Feb-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

subtotal 91 1200

1-Mar-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

2-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 60

3-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

4-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

5-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

6-Mar-16 9:00 - - -

7-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

8-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

9-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

10-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

11-Mar-16 9:00 19:00 10:00 120

12-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

13-Mar-16 9:00 - - -

14-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

15-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

16-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

17-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

18-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 - 120

19-Mar-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 -


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

20-Mar-16 9:00 - - -

21-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

22-Mar-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

23-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

24-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

25-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

26-Mar-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 120

27-Mar-16 9:00 - - -

28-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

29-Mar-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

30-Mar-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

31-Mar-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

subtotal 130 1740

1-Apr-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 120

2-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

3-Apr-16 9:00 - - -

4-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

5-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

6-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

7-Apr-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

8-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 180

9-Apr-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

10-Apr-16 9:00 - - -

11-Apr-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

12-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

13-Apr-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 120

14-Apr-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

15-Apr-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

16-Apr-16 9:00 19:00 10:00 -

17-Apr-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

18-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

19-Apr-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

20-Apr-16 9:00 19:00 10:00 120

21-Apr-16 9:00 20:00 11:00 -

22-Apr-16 9:00 19:00 10:00 180

23-Apr-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 -

24-Apr-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 -

25-Apr-16 9:00 14:00 5:00 180

26-Apr-16 9:00 23:00 14:00 120

27-Apr-16 9:00 15:00 6:00 -

28-Apr-16 9:00 20:00 11:00 -

29-Apr-16 9:00 19:00 10:00 240

30-Apr-16 9:00 20:00 11:00 -

subtotal 187 1860


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

1-May-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 -

2-May-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 240

3-May-16 9:00 17:00 8:00 180

4-May-16 9:00 17:00 8:00 60

5-May-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 60

6-May-16 9:00 13:00 4:00 120

7-May-16 9:00 12:00 3:00 -

8-May-16 9:00 - - -

9-May-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 180

10-May-16 9:00 16:00 7:00 120

11-May-16 9:00 17:00 8:00 -

12-May-16 9:00 19:00 10:00 180

13-May-16 9:00 23:00 14:00 240

14-May-16 9:00 21:00 12:00 -

15-May-16 9:00 21:00 12:00 -

16-May-16 9:00 20:00 11:00 240

17-May-16 9:00 22:00 13:00 120

18-May-16 9:00 22:00 13:00 180

19-May-16 9:00 20:00 11:00 120

20-May-16 9:00 23:00 14:00 240

21-May-16 9:00 0:00 15:00 120

22-May-16 9:00 23:00 14:00 -

23-May-16 9:00 0:00 15:00 180

24-May-16 9:00 7:00 22.00 240

25-May-16 9:00 23:00 14:00 180

26-May-16 9:00 0:00 15:00 180

27-May-16 9:00 3:00 18.00 300

28-May-16 9:00 20:00 11:00 -

29-May-16 9:00 21:00 12:00 -

30-May-16 9:00 23:00 14:00 240

31-May-16 9:00 20:00 11:00 240

subtotal 329 3960


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Appendix C

Annual electricity load shedding hours

Date Hours of load shedding

1-Jun-15 9:00

2-Jun-15 11:00

3-Jun-15 9:00

4-Jun-15 11:00

5-Jun-15 9:00

6-Jun-15 6:00

7-Jun-15 -

8-Jun-15 10:00

9-Jun-15 9:00

10-Jun-15 8:00

11-Jun-15 9:00

12-Jun-15 6:00

13-Jun-15 -

14-Jun-15 -

15-Jun-15 10:00

16-Jun-15 4:00

17-Jun-15 6:00

18-Jun-15 6:00

19-Jun-15 6:00

20-Jun-15 4:00

21-Jun-15 3:00

22-Jun-15 6:00

23-Jun-15 4:00

24-Jun-15 7:00

25-Jun-15 4:00

26-Jun-15 4:00

27-Jun-15 -

28-Jun-15 -

29-Jun-15 7:00

30-Jun-15 12:00

subtotal 183

1-Jul-15 6:00

2-Jul-15 7:00

3-Jul-15 6:00

4-Jul-15 5:00

5-Jul-15 6:00

6-Jul-15 10:00

7-Jul-15 9:00

8-Jul-15 9:00


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

9-Jul-15 8:00

10-Jul-15 5:00

11-Jul-15

12-Jul-15

13-Jul-15

14-Jul-15

15-Jul-15

16-Jul-15

17-Jul-15

18-Jul-15

19-Jul-15

20-Jul-15

21-Jul-15 6:00

22-Jul-15 6:00

23-Jul-15 8:00

24-Jul-15 10:00

25-Jul-15 7:00

26-Jul-15 6:00

27-Jul-15 9:00

28-Jul-15 10:00

29-Jul-15 9:00

30-Jul-15 6:00

31-Jul-15 6:00

subtotal 148

1-Aug-15 6:00

2-Aug-15 -

3-Aug-15 7:00

4-Aug-15 5:00

5-Aug-15 4:00

6-Aug-15 -

7-Aug-15 4:00

8-Aug-15 -

9-Aug-15 -

10-Aug-15 2:00

11-Aug-15 4:00

12-Aug-15 6:00

13-Aug-15 6:00

14-Aug-15 5:00

15-Aug-15 5:00

16-Aug-15 -

17-Aug-15 5:00

18-Aug-15 6:00

19-Aug-15 5:00

20-Aug-15 6:00

21-Aug-15 5:00


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

22-Aug-15 -

23-Aug-15 -

24-Aug-15 5:00

25-Aug-15 4:00

26-Aug-15 5:00

27-Aug-15 5:00

28-Aug-15 5:00

29-Aug-15 6:00

30-Aug-15 -

31-Aug-15 4:00

subtotal 115

1-Sep-15 6:00

2-Sep-15 5:00

3-Sep-15 5:00

4-Sep-15 5:00

5-Sep-15 4:00

6-Sep-15 5:00

7-Sep-15 -

8-Sep-15 5:00

9-Sep-15 5:00

10-Sep-15 6:00

11-Sep-15 5:00

12-Sep-15 6:00

13-Sep-15 5:00

14-Sep-15 -

15-Sep-15 6:00

16-Sep-15 -

17-Sep-15 5:00

18-Sep-15 5:00

19-Sep-15 5:00

20-Sep-15 -

21-Sep-15 4:00

22-Sep-15 3:00

23-Sep-15 7:00

24-Sep-15 -

25-Sep-15 -

26-Sep-15 -

27-Sep-15 -

28-Sep-15 5:00

29-Sep-15 4:00

30-Sep-15 3:00

31-sep-15 -

subtotal 109

1-Oct-15 5:00

2-Oct-15 7:00


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

3-Oct-15 6:00

4-Oct-15 -

5-Oct-15 4:00

6-Oct-15 5:00

7-Oct-15 3:00

8-Oct-15 3:00

9-Oct-15 5:00

10-Oct-15 4:00

11-Oct-15 -

12-Oct-15 5:00

13-Oct-15 5:00

14-Oct-15 6:00

15-Oct-15 5:00

16-Oct-15 5:00

17-Oct-15 4:00

18-Oct-15 -

19-Oct-15 3:00

20-Oct-15 4:00

21-Oct-15 6:00

22-Oct-15 7:00

23-Oct-15 -

24-Oct-15 -

25-Oct-15 -

26-Oct-15 4:00

27-Oct-15 4:00

28-Oct-15 4:00

29-Oct-15 3:00

30-Oct-15 4:00

31-Oct-15 3:00

subtotal 114

1-Nov-15 -

2-Nov-15 3:00

3-Nov-15 4:00

4-Nov-15 3:00

5-Nov-15 3:00

6-Nov-15 3:00

7-Nov-15 3:00

8-Nov-15 -

9-Nov-15 2:00

10-Nov-15 2:00

11-Nov-15 2:00

12-Nov-15 2:00

13-Nov-15 2:00

14-Nov-15 2:00

15-Nov-15 -


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

16-Nov-15 7:00

17-Nov-15 9:00

18-Nov-15 2:00

19-Nov-15 1:00

20-Nov-15 1:00

21-Nov-15 2:00

22-Nov-15 -

23-Nov-15 2:00

24-Nov-15 2:00

25-Nov-15 2:00

26-Nov-15 2:00

27-Nov-15 4:00

28-Nov-15 2:00

29-Nov-15 -

30-Nov-15 -

subtotal 70

1-Dec-15 -

2-Dec-15 2:00

3-Dec-15 3:00

4-Dec-15 3:00

5-Dec-15 3:00

6-Dec-15 1:00

7-Dec-15 2:00

8-Dec-15 3:00

9-Dec-15 4:00

10-Dec-15 6:00

11-Dec-15 1:00

12-Dec-15 4:00

13-Dec-15 9:00

14-Dec-15 2:00

15-Dec-15 7:00

16-Dec-15 2:00

17-Dec-15 3:00

18-Dec-15 2:00

19-Dec-15 4:00

20-Dec-15 4:00

21-Dec-15 3:00

22-Dec-15 2:00

23-Dec-15 -

24-Dec-15 -

25-Dec-15 -

26-Dec-15 -

27-Dec-15 -

28-Dec-15 3:00

29-Dec-15 2:00


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

30-Dec-15 3:00

31-Dec-15 3:00

subtotal 84

1-Jan-16 2:00

2-Jan-16 4:00

3-Jan-16 -

4-Jan-16 4:00

5-Jan-16 3:00

6-Jan-16 9:00

7-Jan-16 7:00

8-Jan-16 3:00

9-Jan-16 3:00

10-Jan-16 1:00

11-Jan-16 4:00

12-Jan-16 2:00

13-Jan-16 3:00

14-Jan-16 2:00

15-Jan-16 5:00

16-Jan-16 5:00

17-Jan-16 -

18-Jan-16 -

19-Jan-16 -

20-Jan-16 -

21-Jan-16 -

22-Jan-16 -

23-Jan-16 -

24-Jan-16 -

25-Jan-16 5:00

26-Jan-16 2:00

27-Jan-16 2:00

28-Jan-16 1:00

29-Jan-16 4:00

30-Jan-16 2:00

31-Jan-16 -

subtotal 78

1-Feb-16 3:00

2-Feb-16 3:00

3-Feb-16 7:00

4-Feb-16 3:00

5-Feb-16 1:00

6-Feb-16 -

7-Feb-16 3:00

8-Feb-16 4:00

9-Feb-16 3:00

10-Feb-16 3:00


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

11-Feb-16 3:00

12-Feb-16 2:00

13-Feb-16 2:00

14-Feb-16 -

15-Feb-16 7:00

16-Feb-16 2:00

17-Feb-16 3:00

18-Feb-16 3:00

19-Feb-16 1:00

20-Feb-16 3:00

21-Feb-16 -

22-Feb-16 4:00

23-Feb-16 4:00

24-Feb-16 4:00

25-Feb-16 4:00

26-Feb-16 3:00

27-Feb-16 3:00

28-Feb-16 6:00

29-Feb-16 4:00

subtotal 91

1-Mar-16 6:00

2-Mar-16 4:00

3-Mar-16 5:00

4-Mar-16 5:00

5-Mar-16 5:00

6-Mar-16 -

7-Mar-16 4:00

8-Mar-16 4:00

9-Mar-16 4:00

10-Mar-16 5:00

11-Mar-16 10:00

12-Mar-16 5:00

13-Mar-16 -

14-Mar-16 4:00

15-Mar-16 5:00

16-Mar-16 4:00

17-Mar-16 5:00

18-Mar-16 -

19-Mar-16 6:00

20-Mar-16 -

21-Mar-16 4:00

22-Mar-16 6:00

23-Mar-16 4:00

24-Mar-16 4:00

25-Mar-16 4:00


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

26-Mar-16 6:00

27-Mar-16 -

28-Mar-16 5:00

29-Mar-16 5:00

30-Mar-16 4:00

31-Mar-16 3:00

subtotal 130

1-Apr-16 5:00

2-Apr-16 4:00

3-Apr-16 -

4-Apr-16 4:00

5-Apr-16 4:00

6-Apr-16 4:00

7-Apr-16 5:00

8-Apr-16 4:00

9-Apr-16 3:00

10-Apr-16 -

11-Apr-16 7:00

12-Apr-16 4:00

13-Apr-16 3:00

14-Apr-16 6:00

15-Apr-16 7:00

16-Apr-16 10:00

17-Apr-16 5:00

18-Apr-16 4:00

19-Apr-16 6:00

20-Apr-16 10:00

21-Apr-16 11:00

22-Apr-16 10:00

23-Apr-16 4:00

24-Apr-16 5:00

25-Apr-16 5:00

26-Apr-16 14:00

27-Apr-16 6:00

28-Apr-16 11:00

29-Apr-16 10:00

30-Apr-16 11:00

subtotal 187

1-May-16 7:00

2-May-16 7:00

3-May-16 8:00

4-May-16 8:00

5-May-16 4:00

6-May-16 4:00

7-May-16 3:00


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

8-May-16 -

9-May-16 7:00

10-May-16 7:00

11-May-16 8:00

12-May-16 10:00

13-May-16 14:00

14-May-16 12:00

15-May-16 12:00

16-May-16 11:00

17-May-16 13:00

18-May-16 13:00

19-May-16 11:00

20-May-16 14:00

21-May-16 15:00

22-May-16 14:00

23-May-16 15:00

24-May-16 22.00

25-May-16 14:00

26-May-16 15:00

27-May-16 18.00

28-May-16 11:00

29-May-16 12:00

30-May-16 14:00

31-May-16 11:00

subtotal 329


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Appendix D

RET screen Inputs/outputs

Start sheet


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Load and Network design


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Energy model


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Cost analysis


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Emission Analysis


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Financial analysis sheet


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Sensitivity Analysis

Appendix E

HOMER simulation inputs/outputs

Hourly load input values for Homer

Hr. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

0 10.0

5 10.0

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

1 10.0

5 10.0

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

2 10.0

5 10.0

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

3 10.0

5 10.0

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

4 10.0

5 10.0

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

5 7.65 7.65 4.35 4.35 4.35 1 2.55 1 4.35 7.65 7.65 7.65

6 7.65 7.65 4.35 4.35 4.35 1 2.55 1 4.35 7.65 7.65 7.65

7 9.15 9.15 5.85 5.85 5.85 1.37

5 4.05 1 7.35 9.15 9.15 9.15

8 22.4

5 21.3

5 9.95 8.45 10.95 1 5.15 3.25 9.95 11.75 11.75

11.75

9 76.7

5 34.7

5 24.85 22.85 27.55 1

10.85

9.3 23.3

5 31.55 30.75

30.75

10 77.9 37.4 27.55 63.05 72.25 1 25.9 13.5 26.0 34.25 33.45 33.4


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

5 5 5 5 5 5

11 71.0

5 66.5

5 59.85 59.35

101.35

1 31.0

5 12.6

5 64.1

5 72.35 71.55

71.55

12 71.8

7 67.3

7 60.67

5 60.17

5 102.1

8 1 39.6 23.9

64.98

73.175

66.775

66.78

13 19.7

7 55.7

7 45.87 48.57 54.57 4.2

28.43

12.5 8.37 16.57 10.17 10.1

7

14 18.1

5 18.1

5 6.75 46.95 52.95 4.2

17.75

23.9 6.75 8.55 8.55 8.55

15 18.7

5 18.7

5 7.35 7.35 53.55 4.2 7.25 12.5 7.35 9.15 9.15 9.15

16 7.65 7.65 4.35 4.35 4.35 1 5.75 5 4.35 7.65 7.65 7.65

17 9.15 9.15 5.85 5.85 5.85 1 2.55 2.5 5.85 9.15 9.15 9.15

18 7.65 7.65 4.35 4.35 4.35 1 2.55 1 4.35 7.65 7.65 7.65

19 9.15 7.65 4.35 4.35 4.35 1 2.55 1 4.35 7.65 7.65 7.65

20 7.65 7.65 4.35 4.35 4.35 1 2.55 1 4.35 7.65 7.65 7.65

21 10.4

5 10.4

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

22 10.4

5 10.4

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

23 10.4

5 10.4

5 7.15 7.15 7.15 3.8 5.35 3.8 7.15 10.45 10.45

10.45

Homer most feasible options

Architect

ure/CS6X-

310 (kW)

Architect

ure/Gen4

0 (kW)

Architect

ure/IND3

3-2V

Architect

ure/Grid

(kW)

Architect

ure/Conv

erter

(kW)

Cost/COE

($)

Cost/NPC

($)

Cost/Operati

ng cost ($)

Cost/Initial

capital ($)

System/Re

n Frac (%)

Gen40/Pr

oduction

(kWh)

CS6X-

310/Prod

uction

(kWh)

IND33-

2V/Annu

al

Throughp

ut (kWh)

Grid/Ene

rgy

Purchase

d (kWh)

Grid/Ener

gy Sold

(kWh)

100 100 100 0.08 214166 7671 115000 76.03 174127.6 49410.93 76998.74

100 40 500 100 0.08 215132 7667 116016 76.03 0 174127.6 49411.32 76998.74

100 100 100 100 0.12 264857 6951 175000 90.62 174127.6 41936.9 15442.02 35455.67

100 40 100 500 100 0.12 265822 6947 176016 90.62 0 174127.6 41936.9 15442.41 35455.67

100 500 100 0.23 390928 23665 85000 0.25 393.8643 128808.5 2.40E-06

40 100 500 100 0.23 391893 23661 86016 0.25 0 393.8643 128808.5 2.40E-06


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Appendix F

Building photographs Electronic lab

Class Room


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Roof Front view


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Appendix G

Renewable resource data at subject site Solar resource

Wind resource

Monthly Averaged Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kWh/m2/day)

insolation 3.3 4.16 5.09 6.21 6.37 7.1 6.2 5.8 5.21 4.59 3.69 3.08

cleaness

index0.54 0.55 0.53 0.55 0.52 0.56 0.5 0.5 0.52 0.56 0.57 0.55

DecJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Monthly Averaged Wind Speed At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth For Terrain Similar To Airports (m/s)

at 10m

Lat 32.681 Annual

Lon 71.792 Average

10-year Average 3.48 3.79 4.09 4.38 4.19 3.97 3.61 3.31 3.46 4.03 3.91 3.44 3.8

DecJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov


MURDOCH UNIVERSITY

Appendix H

Summary of monthly average electricity load

categories power source area description quantityrating

(W)

average

usage

(hrs/day)

total

watt

per day

KWh

22

working

days

24 hr

load

include

weekend

s 30days

annual

use

proportion

of total

energy

consumptio

n



grid electricity florescent bulbs 25 100 4 2500 10 220

grid electricity tubelights 150 20 4 3000 12 264

grid electricity tubelights 45 40 4 1800 7.2 158.4

grid electricity outdoor Tango Light 7 400 8 2800 22.4 492.8

402 99.6 1663.2 720

grid electricityGuest Room Fridge 1 0 0 0



6 31.2 0 936

diesel gen used when electricty available24 1,500 6 36000 216 4752

grid electricity 4 1,500 6 6000 36 792

28 252 5544 0

grid electricity fans 40 80 7 3200 22.4 492.8

grid electricity exhaust 5 50 24 250 6 180

45 28.4 492.8 180

grid electricity Dishwasher 1 1800 1.5 1800 2.7 59.4

grid electricity Oven 2 2000 1.5 4000 6 132

3 8.7 191.4 0

water pump grid electricity 50HP 3phase 1 1500 5 1500 7.5 165

1 7.5 165 0

grid electricity 2nd floor 10ltr 70 deg 1 1500 0 1500 0 0

grid electricity 1st floor 12ltr 70 deg 1 1800 0 1800 0 0

grid electricityground floor 35ltr 70 deg 1 1800 24 1800 43.2 1296

3 43.2 0 1296

IT rooms grid electricitylabs+officescomputer, it equipment 180 200 2 36000 72 1584

180 72 1584 0

Room Heaters grid electricity 0 offices 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

grid electricity Ice Maker 1 1000 8 1000 8 240

grid electricity Water Cooler 3 500 8 1500 12 360

grid electricity Vegetable cutter 1 350 0.5 350 0.175 3.85

grid electricity Grinder 1 350 0.5 350 0.175 3.85

grid electricity Electric kettle 1 1500 0.5 1500 0.75 16.5

grid electricity Power Supply 30 45 1.5 1350 2.025 44.55

grid electricity Oscilloscope 30 40 1.5 1200 1.8 39.6

grid electricity Function Generator 8 85 1.5 680 1.02 22.44

grid electricity Projector 3 300 2 900 1.8 39.6

subtotal 7 27.745 170.39 600

lab

5.69%

Miscellenaious

(plug loads and

office

equipments)

kitchen

hot water

equipment

9.57%subtotal

11.70%subtotal

0.00%subtotal

kitchen equipment kitchen

1.41%subtotal

1.22%subtotal

Airconditons offices

41%subtotal

fan and exhausts

4.97%subtotal

lighting

outdoor/

indoor

17.60%subtotal

refregration

6.91%

cafeteriaFridge /

deepfreezer

subtotal

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