padua in the exploration of the universe cesare barbieri department of astronomy university of padua...
TRANSCRIPT
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Paduain the Exploration of the Universe
Cesare Barbieri
Department of Astronomy
University of Padua
23 September 1999
Conference held on the occasion of the 31-st Annual Meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society
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Introduction
The aim of this conference is to provide a short history of the astronomical studies in Padua, and a brief (and necessarily incomplete) account of the present situation and foreseeable developments. I wish to thank the many colleagues who helped with the documentation.
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Index A brief history up to 1950 The modern epoch: Giuseppe Colombo,
Leonida Rosino , Nicolo’ Dallaporta Italy joins ESA and ESO Observations, theories, space missions Cerenkov light, gravitational waves A panoramic on the future Conclusions To know more
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Padua:
City University, Astronomical
Observatory, Research Institutes Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599)
Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti
Bishops, Colleges …...
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Old Padua XVII Century
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A Brief History - 1
Pietro d’Abano (c. 1250 - c.1315)teaching of the ptolemaic system
Giovanni Dondi dall’Orologio (1318 - 1389)
the astrarium: a mechanical model of the ptolemaic system
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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A Brief History - 2 Galileo Galilei in Padua
(1592 - 1610)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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A Brief History - 3 L’Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599)
(Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti)
Geminiano Montanari (1633 - 1687)
Comet Halley
St. Gregorio Barbarigo (1625 - 1697)
the professors
the Specola of the Seminario
the printing house
the laboratory of physics
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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A Brief History - 4
Giuseppe Toaldo (1719 -1797)the Specola (decree of the Republic of Venice, 1761), meteorology, (extra-solar planets)
Giovanni Santini (1787 - 1877)cometary orbits, Cataloghi Padovani of stellar
positions, Lezioni of Astronomy and Optics
Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843 - 1914)astronomical photometry and spectroscopy, geodesy
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The Specola of Padua (1767)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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A Brief History - 5 The Mathematicians
Gregorio Ricci Curbastro (1853 - 1925)
Tullio Levi Civita (1873 - 1941)
Tensor Calculus and General Relativity
Mechanics
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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A Brief History - 6 Bruno Rossi (1905 - 1993)Antonio Rostagni (1904-1988)
The Institute of Physics (1938)
The East - West asymmetry of cosmic rays
Cosmic rays observations using balloons
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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A Brief History - 7Giovanni Silva (1882 - 1957)The Astrophysical Observatory of Asiago (1942)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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A Brief History - 8Geodetic Astronomy
the polar motion and the International Latitude Service
the contribution to the Carloforte station (founded in 1899): Ciscato, Bianchi
Soler, Boaga, Tomelleri
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
E. Soler,Rector
G. Ciscato
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The Modern Epoch Giuseppe Colombo Leonida Rosino Nicolo’ Dallaporta Italy joins the European Space Agency and
the European Southern Observatory The space telescopes, the Center for
Space Activities (CISAS) Cerenkov light and gravitational Waves
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Giuseppe Colombo(1920 - 1984)
Celestial Mechanics, rotation of Mercury, space navigation
the GIOTTO mission and the InterAgency Consultative Group
space geodesy
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Leonida Rosino (1915 - 1997) The Schmidt telescopes and the Cima
Ekar Observatory variable stars, Novae and Supernovae open and globular clusters diffuse and planetary nebulae the Corso di Laurea in Astronomy
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Nicolo’ Dallaporta
Evolution of the Solar System, Stars and Galaxies
General Relativity Theoretical Cosmology The Anthropic Principle Science, Metaphysics, Faith
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Telescopes and their Instrumentation, Observations, Theories and Models,
Space Missions
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The Observing Station L. Rosino at Cima Ekar
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The 3.5 m National Telescope Galileo (TNG): Active Optics
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The TNG - Adaptive Optics
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Speckle mode
K-band, FWHM = 0”.35
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Detectors, Instrumentation,Controls, Data Archives
Image Intensifiers, photon counters, solid state devices, …
OIG (the visual camera for the TNG), SARG (the high resolution spectrograph for the TNG)
Data archives: Guide Star Catalogue II, ...
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
From the first CCD for the 182 cm (1984) to the OIG TNG (1998)
SARG and a first comparison spectrum
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Solar System - 1 Meteorites Lunar Sodium Asteroids and Comets
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Searching for meteorites in Antarctica
Iron meteorite
H2O+ in Kohoutek cometAcqueous Alterationin the spectra of asteroids
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Solar System - 2
Sodium in the Giovian system and in comets
Pluto
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Na tail in comet Hale-Bopp
Na cloud around Io
Pluto - Astrometry and HST-FOC image
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Solar System - 3 Formationmodels of planetesimal accumulation and
formation of planetary embryos in the terrestrial region
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
at 105 years
at 106 years
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Extra-solar Planets, Low Mass Stars
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Gliese 623 - HST FOC
formation of planets around binary stars
dynamical modelof extra- solar planets on close orbits
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Stellar Evolution - 1
The final destiny of stars depends on the initial mass of the central core
Abscissa: central temperature Ordinate: density
White Dwarfs Supernovae
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Stellar Evolution - 2 Open Clusters
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Evolution of the stars in an opencluster including the so-called overshooting process; the cluster turns out to be older than in previous theories.
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Globular Clusters - 1
NGC 6397: the cluster with the smallest distance modulus
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
The proper motions measured with HST permit to isolate the sequence of stars down to masses smaller than 0.1 Mo , namely down to the limit of the hydrogen burning reactions.
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Globular Clusters - 2
Pal 1: the youngest globular cluster in the Milky Way (about 8 billion years)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Globular Clusters - 3The Bulge-halo Connexion
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
An H-R diagram in the near IR of the galactic bulge, down to stars of mass 0.15 Mo
The ages of the bulge and of the halo,both very old systems
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Planetary Nebulae
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
M 57 with OIG at the TNG
3D Tomography in different spectral lines
H O III N II
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Variable Stars Flare stars, binaries Cataclismic variables, evolution
and connexion with solar actvity Simbiotic stars
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
M57 - TNG
Flare in the Pleiades
Simbiotic stars
Solar starsin nova GK Persei
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Novae
In the Milky Way In M31 and in M33
Recurrent Nova RS Oph
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
FH Ser 1970 25 yearsafter the explosion
Novae as extra-galactic distance indicators: absolute magnitude as function of the decline rate. Dashed line: theoretical track as function of the mass of the White Dwarf.
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Supernovae -1
Discovery and classification
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
SN 19991 - The discovery with OIG-TNG
The VST, almost hidden among the 4 VLT, for the discovery of SNsThe light-curve of SN-I
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Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Supernovae - 2 Search of SNs Associated to Gamma Bursts
Supernova 1998bw associated to the Gamma Burst GRB 980425
The discovery, the light curve, the spectum
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Supernovae - 3 The High Redshift SNs
Hubble diagram for nearby and distant SNs
Distant SNs and the structure ofthe Universe, almost surely of low density, and in perennialexpansion probably with a
positive acceleration
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Discovery and spectum of a high redshift SN
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Relativistic Astrophysics - 1SS 433 Pulsar in the Crab
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Pulsar in the Crab
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Relativistic Astrophysics - 2 The Structure of a Black Hole
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
NGC 4261
from ground from HST relativistic model of an
accretion disc
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Galaxies - 1
Morphology, rotation curves, dark mass
Theoretical models of elliptical galaxies
Growth of the apparent dimensions of M87 from 1932 to 1969 thanks to the improvements
in image acquisition and analysis
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Tidal Effect of a dark halo
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Galaxies - 2
Elliptical galaxies: halos, anisotropies, triaxiality
Counter-rotation between gas and stars
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
NGC 5128
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Stellar Populations in the Galaxies of the Local Group
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Phoenix, a nearby galaxy resolved in stars: the blue ones are young stars overimposed to an older population
H-R diagram of a dwarf galaxy formed by stars of successive generations, of ages varying from 108 to 1.3x1010 years
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Theoretical Synthesis of Spectra of Normal Galaxies
Ellipticals Spirals Sa Spirals Sc
Comparison between observations (upper lines) and theory (lower lines)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Active Galaxies: the Nuclear Region
ESO -NTT
HSTcompact emission at 0”.3
Optical jet of the Radiogalaxy (also a BL Lac)
Pks 0521-365 from ground and space
a) jet plus galaxy
b) only jet
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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NGC 6240: An Active Galaxy with Violent Star Formation
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Interaction among two galaxies. The HST image shows two nuclei resolved in a series of structures hosting an intense and rapid stellar formation.
HST-FOC 4m Mayall
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Two Clusters of Galaxies at an Intermediate Redshift
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Calibration of the extragalactic distance scalefrom the surface brightness of the clusters of galaxies
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Quasars
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999The Ly-alpha forest
Optical variability of 3C 345
The luminosity function of bright QSOs
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The Formation of Cosmic Structures
Numerical Simulation of a large cluster of galaxies having a mass of 1015 Mo/H and a scale of 6 Megaparsec, made with a parallel supercomputer Cray T3E
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect and the Hubble Constant H0
Comparison among the S-Z isophotes and the X-ray surface brightness
Direct measurement of the distance scale in the Universe
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Hubble diagram for a series of clusters of galaxies from the comparison of X-ray data and measures of the S-Z effect
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Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Background in the Far InfraRed
The background radiation between 10 and 1000 micron is dominated by a population of galaxies strongly evolving with the cosmic time. Therefore the vision in the optical band of the primordial Universe is severely limited.
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The European Giotto Mission
The Halley Multicolour Camera
The nucleus of Halley’s comet
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The European Hipparcos Mission: Astrometry at the Milliarcsec level
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
The preparatory colloquia The scientific results: calibration
of the RR Lyrae magnitudes
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UVCS on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
The instrument
The solar corona
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HASI: the Instrument for Titan’s Atmospheric Structure
In flight on the Huygens probe of the Cassini spacecraft toward Saturn and Titan
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Cerenkov Light and Gravitational Waves
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Cosmic Rays, CLUE and future expansions
Gravitational Waves
CLUE (Roque)
Auriga (Legnaro)
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Projects for the Future Wide field prime focus for the telescopes VST, LBT
and TNG The European missions Rosetta, Mars Express,
FIRST/Planck Earth Surveys from space
and (hopefully): astronomical instruments on the International
Space Station Missions to Mars e Mercury The European Astrometry Mission Gaia Astrobiology The UltraLarge Telescopes
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The Prime Focus for the Large Binocular Telescope
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
The optical design
The mechanical structure
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The Near-IR Prime Focus of the TNG
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Spectral range from 1.0 to 2.5 micrometres with a HgCdTe sensor
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The European Mission Rosetta
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Wide Angle Camera
(2003-2013)
Encounters with the asteroids Otawara and Siwa, and orbit around Comet P/Wirtanen
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The European Mission Mars Express (2003)
The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) for the study of the atmosphere and of the soil of Mars
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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The European MissionFIRST/Planck (2007)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
from COBE
to Planck
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GAIA - The Future Mission for Microarcsec Astrometry
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
Spectroscopy in the near-IR
in preparation of the mission
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Public Outreach
Catch the Stars in the Net!
www.pd.astro.it/stelle.html Voyage in the Cosmos
(the exibition of 1997, in the Internet and a CD-Rom)
Impacts (in the Internet since 1999)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Exhibitions Halley and Giotto (1985 - 1986) From Galileo to GALILEO (1996) That Night on the Moon (1999)
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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Conclusions
High visibility in the world-wide community
Possible future expansions: - the new frame of the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)
- consolidation of the structure of Space Activities
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999
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To Know More
www.pd.astro.it cisas.unipd.it www.dei.unipd.it www.infn.it
Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999