ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 1 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2

þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net

Banesh DammaQ: Sir, I am the regular follower of your lessons in Eenadu.

I can speak but slowly. How do I converse speedy withothers. Please suggest me any book to improve it.

A: It is not speedy, but speedily. The best way to learn thelanguage is to speak the language. Whenever you havean opportunity, speak in English and insist on yourfriends to speak to you in English. Listen to TV newstelecasts regularly. Read the English newspaper everyday. Read short story books in English. This is the best

way to improve your ability to speak English. Lakshmi Sandhya

Q: How much time to develop spoken English? Daily howmuch time required to learn grammar? How to practice?

A: Grammar does not help you much in speaking English.The best way is to speak in English whenever you getan opportunity. Don’t worry about making mistakes.Just speak on. Listen to English news telecasts. Readshort English story books. This is the best way toimprove your English.

A fly on the wall ÍÙç˶...?Jyothsna Aningi

Q: Please give explanation of may be, mightbe, may have, might have, may have been,might have been.

A: Refer to last Sunday’s English lesson. Thumoju Venkatesh

Q: Sir, please translate these sentences intoEnglish.1) ìª÷±y F êŸLxë]Ùvè[ªõÚÛª ÓûÁo Ú•è[ªÚÛªN?2) Ó÷ô¢ª Ó÷JêÁ ÷«æ°xè[ªêŸªû¦oôÁ û¦ÚÛª

êμLóŸªë]ª.A: 1) No correct translation in English for the

first question. The best translation is:Where do you come in the order of yourparents’ children?

2) I don’t know who is talking to who. Durga Prasad

Q: Good afternoon sir, once you have givenmeanings of public cause and public inter-est. But I couldn't understand the differencebetween them. Could you please tell medifference between them?

A: Public cause = Something that somebodydoes for the sake of the public. Publicinterest = In the interests of the people / dogood to the people.

Nampalli Jhansi Q: Respected sir, I learned all the English pro-

nunciation symbols and their pronuncia-tion. What should I do next? How can Iimprove my pronunciation?

A: If you have learnt all the pronunciationsymbols, the best way to improve your pro-nunciation is to refer to a good dictionary(Oxford/ Cambridge) and practice pronun-ciation. Listen to English news telecastsregularly. This is the best way to improveyour pronunciation.

Thaneti AbrahamQ: Sir, kindly elaborate on Suppose. How to

use it? Please give more examples. I amgetting confusion every time.

A: Suppose = 1) to think that something maybe true. eg: Suppose he comes here tomor-row, what shall we do?

2) Used to show that something is true, thoughyou wish it were not true.

3) Sometimes it shows unwillingness. Ram: ‘Can I go tonight’? Syam: Oh, I suppose so (Unwillingness)

4) What might happen if. eg: Suppose we missthe bus, what shall we do then? These arethe meanings of suppose.

Pavithra GolaganiQ: Sir, please explain the have, has uses &

how to use has been, have been in sentence.And say how to use in tenses.

A: Refer to the spoken English lessons that arebeing published now. There you will see theuses of have, has, have been and has been.Study them carefully.

Beesula RajaiahQ: Sir please define the following words.

1. Metaphysical poetry2. Non-dramatic poetry3. Ipso facto4. Canterbury Tales

A: 1) Metaphysical Poetry is highly intellectu-al poetry, very complex and not easy tounderstand. It is very difficult to under-stand the imagery and the figures ofspeech.

2) Non-dramatic poetry is poetry thathas no element of drama in it. It isjust narration of incidents without anelement of drama in it. Spencer’spoetry is the best example of non-dra-matic poetry.

3) Ipso facto = By that very fact or act(in reality)

4) Canterbury Tales – a poem written byChaucer. A group of pilgrims start on ajourney to Canterbury where ThomasBecket was buried. To pass the time on thejourney, each pilgrim narrates a story. Theseare Canterbury Tales.

Harsha ChennuboinaQ: ú£ôÂ, û¶ìª Oª ÏÙTxùà öËμú£ûÂq ÍFo ðƧö˺

Í÷±êŸªû¦oìª. Ú¥F ÚÛ·ôÚÂdÞ¥ ÓÚÛ\è… ìªÙ#û¶ô¢ªaÚÁ÷è[Ù îμ³ë]õªšíæ°dö˺ Íô¢–Ù Ú¥÷è[Ùö˶ë]ª.ÓÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# þ§dôÂd à¶óŸ«ö˺ àμGê¶ û¶ìª ÖÚÛ ûÁæÀqv퇛íô à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ìª.

A: Follow all the lessons from Lesson No 1.But the most important point is wheneveryou get an opportunity, speak only inEnglish, that is, if the other person you arespeaking to knows English. Don’t worryabout people laughing at you. The best wayto learn a language is to practice speakingit.

J. Damodar, KurnoolQ: Sir, How to understand that a sentence is in

the passive voice or not in passive voicei.e.the V3 form is an adjective form ( someadjectives are in the form of V3)?

A: When the verb in the passive voice is a ‘be’form + past participle (V3), it is in thepassive voice. For ‘be’ forms refer tothe six classes of verbs in SpokenEnglish. Sometimes a past participlemay be used as an adjective, but whenit has a ‘be’ form before it, it is not anadjective, but a passive voice verb.

P. Shankar Lingam, Shayampet, WarangalQ: Respected sir,

i) Where did the king keep bird? ii) Where the king kept the bird?

From the above which sentence is correct& why? Please explain.A: The correct form of the question is: Where

did the king keep the bird? Where the kingkept the bird is a part of a sentence and nota sentence.

Q: Please let me know the definition of"Dam". Is it different from Barrage?

A: A dam is built across a river, to control itsflow or release whenever needed, and it is alarge wall across the river, with spill waysin it. A barrage on the other hand consists ofa series of large gates, of which some willbe lifted when needed and may not be all ofthem. Sometimes, all the gates may be lift-ed too.

985

- M. Suresan

Writer

1. Vocation = A person’s profession or mainoccupation. eg: His vocation is carpentry.

H Vocation X Recreation. eg: Sheela spends most of her time on

recreation. 2. Revert = Go back to the old position.

eg: He appeared to be honest in the begin-ning, but reverted to cheating.

H Revert X Progress.

eg: His progress in studies was remarkable. 3. Immense = Huge / Immeasurable.

eg: Dharmaraja was a man of immensepatience.

H Immense X Minute (pronounced –mainyut) = very small.

eg: Bacteria are minute creatures. 4. Gratify = Satisfy.

eg: He felt gratified when he was given alot of money.

H Gratify X Disappoint. eg: He was disappointed at not being

selected as one of the players. 5. Implicit = not said directly.

eg: It is implicit in the agreement that youhave to pay the amount.

H Implicit X Explicit = clearly stated. eg: I told him explicitly that I want the

money immediately.

VOCABULARY

Srinivas, Zaheerabad

Q: Sir, what is the difference between I havefinished my work and I finished mywork?

A: I have finished my work = I have com-pleted my work at a time not mentioned.When you say I finished my work, youhave to mention the time when you fin-ished your work. I finished my work lastnight itself.

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net

O. Surya KiranQ: Respected sir, please explain the follow-

ing phrasal verbs with suitable examples1) Talk the talk 2) Walk on the talk3) A fly on the wall4) Throw the cap into the ring5) A play by the nightA: 1) Speak fluently in a way to convince

others of your point. eg: The ministerwalked the walk with the reporter.

2) Walk the talk (not, walk on the talk) =Repeat words with action. The ministerwalked, showing his action in words withthe reporter of the newspaper. This ismore powerful than walk the walk.

3) An observer of your actions who you donot notice or see. eg: He observed hisbrother’s actions like a fly on the wall.

4) To throw the hat (not cap) into the ring =to be ready to face a challenge. eg: Hethrew the hat into the ring challengingothers to fight with him.

5) It has no special meaning. It may mean adrama enacted at night.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 8 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2

Verb TensesUnlike in Telugu, tenses are very impor-

tant in English. Verbs talk about the action asubject does.

Tenses tell us about the time of action ofthe verb.

We have already seen that there are threemain tenses, and that each tense has four divi-sions – simple or indefinite, continuous, per-fect and perfect continuous. Let us now dis-cuss the present tense forms:

M. Satya Tejaswi, GokavaramQ: Sir which of them is correct?

a) Do you think you are right?b) Do you think are you right?

A: a) Do you think you are right? – This is cor-rect.

Q: Which of the following sentence have non-finite verb sir, please explain this.

a) Having finished his homework, he wentout to play.

b) He finished his homework and he wentout to play.

A: a) In your sentence, having finished, and toplay are non-finite verbs.

b) ‘To play’ in the sentence is an infinitive.Q: ''If you are ill, I will take you to hospital'' -

Let me know if the clause is adverb or notin this sentence.

A: b) The ‘if’ clause (If you are ill) here is anadverb clause of condition.

Q: Please explain the difference between afinite verb and non-finite verbs.

A: A finite verb has tenses, whereas a non-finite verb has no tenses. The Infinitive (togo, to come, etc.), the ‘-ing’ form and thepast participle (V3) are non-finite verbs.

Raqeeb ShaanQ: Respected sir, please explain the below

with examples1) adverb of manner 2) adverb of degree3) adverb of reason

A: 1) This is how he has done it. In this sen-tence, the clause, ‘How he has done it’ isthe adverb clause of manner, because itindicates the manner in which he hasdone it.

2) He has done it better than the others havedone. Here, ‘Better than the others havedone’ is the adverb class of degree, becauseit indicates that he has done it better than theothers.

3) I do not know why he has done it. Inthis sentence ‘why he has done it’ isthe adverb clause of reason. Anotherexample of the adverb clause of rea-son: He came here because he want-ed some money from me.

K. KowshikQ: Sir, please explain question formation i.e.

How much can you give (or) how muchyou can give? Which question form is cor-rect and explain those formations in detail.

A: How much can you give? – this is the cor-rect question form. Question formats areusually like this – there are two types ofquestions – a) The ‘wh’ questions and the‘Non-wh’ questions. Whether it is a ‘wh’question (starting with what, when, where,why, who, whom, whose, and how) or a‘non-wh’ question, the verb always comesbefore the subject, and if the verb has twoor more words in it, the first word in theverb (main verb) comes before the subjectand the other words follow the subject.Look at the following examples of ‘Wh’

and ‘Non-wh’ questions. Look at the fol-lowing examples:

F ‘Wh’ Questions: a) What is your name? (‘Wh’ word + verb (is)

+ Subject (your name)b) Where are you going? [‘Wh’ word +

Helping verb + subject + main verb(going)]

F Non-Wh questions: a) Are you a student? (Are (verb) + you

(subject) + etc.)b) Is he coming? (Is (Helping verb) + he (sub-

ject) + coming (Main Verb)F These are the structures of questions in

English. K. Rajvi

Q: ccOªô¢ª ඛú÷Fo Íô¢–÷ª÷±êŸªû¦oô³ee ccOªô¢ª à¶ú£ªhìo÷Fo Íô¢–÷ª÷±êŸªû¦oô³ee - Tellthese sentences in English.

A: 1) I understand whatever you do. 2) I understand all that you are doing. Q: 1. Somebody “to have" ready answer for

everything.2. We can choose compassion "over" all else,

we can choose that our time of earth.3. This caller prefers to be contacted on call

(explain "to be + possible verb forms")

A: 1) Your first sentence is meaningless. 2) We can choose compassion over all else =

We can choose pity over anything else. Thesecond part of the sentence has no meaning.

3) This caller likes more to be called overphone. To be contacted = to be talked toover phone.

986

Grammar & Usage

Oª ví£øŒoõª í£Ùð§Lqì #ô¢ªû¦÷«...þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡ NòÅ°ÞœÙ,

Ðû¦è[ª Ú¥ô¦uõóŸªÙ, ô¦îμ«@ íƇöËÀt ú‡æ©,Íû¦âËÀí£²ôÂ, ô¢ÙÞ¥·ôè…“ >ö°x.

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net

- M. Suresan

Writer

1. Pedestrian = 1) A person who walks onthe streets. (ð§ë]à¦J)eg: In India we find a number of pedestri-

ans. 2) boring / uninteresting (Nú£ªÞœª ÚÛLTÙà¶).

eg: The movie was rather pedestrian. F Pedestrian X Vehicle goer sî¦ï£°ì

ví£óŸ«é¨ÚÛªè[ªz2. Irreverent = Disrespectful s÷ªô¦uë] ö˶Ez

eg: The students in the class were irrever-ent to the teacher.

F Irreverent X Reverent s÷ªô¦uë] Ñìozeg: The students were reverent to the

teacher. 3. Monarchy = A country ruled by a king or

a queen sô¦V/ ô¦é¨ ð§LÙචë¶øŒÙz.eg: Some African countries are still

monarchies. F Monarchy X Democracy (Rule by the

elected representatives of the people). eg: India is a democracy.

4. Possess = Have/ Own sÚÛLT ÑÙè[åÙz.eg: He possesses a lot of property in the

city. F Possess X Lose sð¼Þ•åªdÚÁ÷è[Ùz

eg: Trying to invest in business, he lost allhis property.

5. Infant = A child of a very small age sGè[“zeg: She carried her infant to the movie.

F Infant X Adult sÓCTìî¦ô¢ªzeg: The movie is meant for adults only.

VOCABULARY

PRESENTTENSEFORMS

Simple I am/ he, she, it isWe, you, they are – allthese are present simpleforms – they talk aboutbeing now, regularly oralways. sÏí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ,vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[åÙ,Óí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙz

Actions: I, we, you, theygo, talk, sing etc. He, she, it goes, comes,takes etc. – these talkabout REGULARACTIONS svÚÛ÷ªÙêŸí£pÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìªõªz

Continuous I am being/ He, she, itis being/ we, you,they are being – thesetalk about being now.sví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÑÙè[åÙz

Actions: I am going,we/ you/ they aresinging, He/ she / it istalking – these talkabout actions takingplace NOW.sÏN ví£ú£ªhêŸÙáô¢ªÞœªêŸªìo í£ìªõÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³z

Perfect ContinuousI, we, you, they have been +ing; he, she, it has been +ing – these talk about anaction starting in the pastand continuing even now.sÞœêŸÙö˺ ÖÚÛ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ìªÙ#ÏÙÚ¥ ÖÚÛàÁç˶ ÑÙè[åÙz

I/ we/ you/ they have beendoing it, have been watch-ing it, etc. and he/ she/ ithas been walking, etc. –These talk about an actionstarting in the past and con-tinuing even now. sÐ tense ÞœêŸÙö˺ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªiÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ªÞœªêŸªìo í£E ÞœªJÙ#àμñªêŸªÙCz

PerfectI, we, you, they (the boys, my friends, etc) havebeen; He (Ramana), she (Sita), and it (the pen)has been – 1) these talk about being at some placefor the past sometime till now 2) being at a placejust now, if you add the words, just or just now 3) Being at some place sometime ago in the past– time not stated. (1. ÞœêŸ Ú•ÙêŸÚ¥õÙÞ¥ ÖÚÛàÁåÑÙè[åÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« 2. Ïí£±pè˶ ÖÚÛàÁå ÑÙè[åÙ, 3. ú£÷ªóŸªÙ àμí£pÚÛªÙè¯ ÖÚÛàÁå ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙz

I/ we/ you/ they have done it, and He/ she/ it hasgone – these talk about 1) an action done some-time in the past, time not mentioned, 2) an actionstarting in the past and has continued till now,and if you add just or just now, it talks of anaction just completed. (1) áJTì ú£÷ªóŸªÙàμí£pÚÛªÙè¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTì í£ìªõìª 2) ÞœêŸÙö˺vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª áJTì í£ìªõì« 3) just/ justnow ö°Ùæ¨ í£ë¯õìª î¦è…ê¶, Ïí£±pè˶ áJTì í£ìªõìªÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³.z

Ï÷Fo present tense verbs: Oæ¨ ÞœªJÙ# êμõªú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù à¦ö° Í÷ú£ô¢Ù. ÏN êμLóŸªÚÛð¼ê¶ ÷ªì ÎÙÞœxÙ êŸí£±põêÁ ÑÙåªÙC. Past tense, future tense ÞœªJÙ#÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù êμõªú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù.

þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net

Kantipudi Kameswara RaoQ: i) I wish to write to you/ I wish to write you. ii) I have to attend to a function/ I have to attend a function. - Sir, which

one is correct?A: i) I wish to write to you – correct. ii) I have to attend a function –

correct. Attend to = deal with something or someone. I have toattend to some important business at the company.

Q: He gets selected/ He is selected - What is the difference?A: He gets selected = He will be selected in the immediate future. He is

selected = He has been selected.

The movie was rather pedestrian!

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 15 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2

þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net

J. Appalaswamy Naidu

Q: Sir, I've been a regular reader of your articles in Eenadu. Now I'dlike to request you to please explain about POSSIVE ADJEC-TIVES.

A: They are not possive adjectives, but possessive adjectives.Possessive = having. Ram’s pen, Sita’s sari, the property of thecompany – these are examples of possessive adjectives. Ram’spen = the pen of Ram, Sita’s sari = sari of Sita. The property of thecompany = the property belonging to the company. These areexamples of possessive adjectives. Possess = have

In the last lesson we have seen the use of thepresent tense forms. Now we are going tostudy the use of the past tense (V2) forms: 1) The words was and were indicate being in

the past. (was, were ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[æ°Eoêμõªí£±ê¦ô³z. We use ‘was’ with I, he, sheand it (singular numbers – I, he, she, it õêÁwas î¦è[ê¦Ùz and were with we, you, andthey (Plural Subjects – were ìª ñ÷àŸìsubjects êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ùz. ‘Was’ with I, he, she,and it, and ‘were’ with We, you and theyindicate being in the past. (was/ were ·ôÙè[«ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[æ°Eo êμõªí£±ê¦ô³z.

eg: a) I/ he/ she was in Nellore last week. (ÞœêŸî¦ô¢Ù û¶ìª/ ÍêŸè[ª/ Îîμª ûμõ«xô¢ªö˺ Ñû¦oÙ.)

b) It (the book) was here last night. (ÍC/ Îí£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè…ÙC Eìo ô¦vA.)

c) We / You / they (my friends) were inHyderabad the day before yesterday (÷³/÷ªìÙ/ î¦üŒ‰x s÷« ›úo꟪õªz îμ³ìošïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oÙ/ Ñû¦oô¢ª).

d) Those books (they) were on this table lastnight. (Î í£±ú£hÚ¥õª Eìo ô¦vA ç˶ñªöËÀ Oªë]Ñû¦oô³.) So we see that was / were talkabout being in the past at a definite time.(ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÚÛ#aêŸîμªiì ú£÷ªóŸªÙö˺ áJTì í£ìªõìªÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³.)

2) Similarly, the past doing words (went,spoke, talked, etc.) talk about actions at adefinite time in the past. (Íö°¸Þ past doingwords (went, spoke, talked îμ³ë]öËμjì verbs)ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÖÚÛ ÚÛ#aêŸîμªiì ú£÷ªóŸªÙö˺ áJTì í£ìªõÞœªJÙ# àμñªê¦ô³.z

eg: a) I/ he/ she/ we/ you/ they (some stu-dents) visited New Delhi last week (vÚ¨êŸÙî¦ô¢Ù û¶ìª/ ÍêŸè[ª/ Îîμª/ Oªô¢ª/ î¦üŒ‰x Ú•êŸhCMxÚ¨ î�μü°xìª/ î�μü°xè[ª/ î�μRxÙC/ î�μü°xô¢ªz.

b) I kept these books on the table last night. c) In Delhi, last week, I/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/

they (our friends) met some of the ministers(CMxö˺ ÷³ Ú•ÙêŸ÷ªÙC ÷ªÙv꟪õìª vÚ¨êŸÙ î¦ô¢ÙÚÛõªú£ªÚÛªû¦oÙ.)

d) Some books (they) gave very good informa-tion on the subject yesterday. (Eìo Ú•Eoí£±ú£hÚ¥õª ÷«ÚÛª Î Nù£óŸªÙ Oªë] ÷ªÙ#ú£÷«à¦ô¦Eo Ïà¦aô³).

3) The past continuous form was + ing, with I/he/ she/ it and were + ing form with we,you, they talk about continuous actions inthe past. (ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ú•ìþ§Tì àŸô¢uõìª ÞœªJÙ#,was/ were + ing àμñªê¦ô³.)

eg: a) While he was singing she was dancing(ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸÙö˺ ð§å ð§è[ªêŸªÙç˶, Îîμª û¦åuÙà¶ú£ªhÙè…ÙC).

b) I was walking along the street when I metmy friend (û¶ìª ôÁè[ª“ Oªë] ìè[ªú£ªhìoí£±pè[ª û¦›úo꟪è[ª ÚÛEí‡Ùà¦è[ª.)

c) The train (it) was going at top speed, whenit met with an accident (Î ·ôjõª ÍêŸuÙêŸî�¶ÞœÙêÁ î�μüŒ‰hìoí£±pè[ª ví£÷«ë]Ù áJTÙC).

d) The buses (they) were moving very fast onthe roads last evening (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ñú£ªqõªÍNªêŸî�¶ÞœÙêÁ î�μüŒ‰hû¦oô³.)

4) ‘Had been’ is the past perfect tense. It talksabout an earlier state of being than anotherstate of being. (ÞœêŸÙö˺ ·ôÙè[ª ÑÙè[æ°ö˺x÷³Ùë]ô¢ ÑÙè[æ°Eo ÞœªJÙ# ÏC àμñªêŸªÙC.)

eg: a) He had been in Nellore before he movedto Hyderabad (šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺ ú‡–ô¢í£è˶÷³Ùë]ª, ÍêŸè[ª ûμõ«xô¢ªö˺ ÑÙè˶î¦è[ª).

b) The books (they) had been on the table,before he put them in the shelf (ÍêŸìª Îí£±ú£hÚ¥õìª šùöËÀpÄö˺ šíådÚÛ÷³Ùë]ª ÍN ç˶ñªöËÀ Oªë]Ñû¦oô³).

c) My friends (they) had discussed it with me,before they took a decision. (Eô¢góŸªÙ Bú£ªÚÛªû¶÷³Ùë]ª û¦ ›úo꟪õª Î Nù£óŸ«Eo û¦êÁàŸJaÙà¦ô¢ª.)

5) Had + PP (V3). eg: Had seen, had known,etc.) talks of an earlier past action that tookplace before another past action. (had+PP(V3) ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTì ·ôÙè[ª àŸô¢uö˺x îμ³ë]å áJTìàŸô¢uìª ÞœªJÙ# àμñªêŸªÙC.)

eg: a) He had left the place before I arrivedthere. (His leaving the place was earlierthan my arriving at the place. – Both arepast actions, but his leaving took place ear-lier than my arrival there. – û¶ìÚÛ\è…Ú¨ î�μü™x

÷³Ùë]¸ô ÍêŸè[ª î�μRxð¼óŸ«è[ª n àŸ«è[Ùè…: ÏÚÛ\è[·ôÙè[ª àŸô¢uõ« ÞœêŸÙö˺û¶ áJÞ¥ô³. Ú¥F ÍêŸè[ªî�μüŒxè[Ù ÷³Ùë]ª, û¶ìª î�μüŒxè[Ù êŸô¦yêŸ áJÞ¥ô³.)

b) By the time the doctor arrived, he had died.(His dying was earlier than the doctor’sarrival – both past actions – è¯ÚÛdô ÷à¶aö˺í£ö˶ÍêŸìª àŸEð¼óŸ«è[ª.)

c) I had seen the movie much earlier than myfriends did. (My seeing the movie and myfriends watching it – both past actions, butmy seeing was earlier than my friends see-ing it – ÷« ›úo꟪õª Î ú‡E÷«ìªàŸ«è[ÚÛ÷³Ùë¶ û¶û¦ ú‡E÷«ìª àŸ«ø‹ìª. n ·ôÙè[«ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJTìî�¶, Ú¥F û¶ìª àŸ«è[åÙ ÷³Ùë]ª, î¦üŒ‰xàŸ«è[åÙ î�μìÚÛ áJÞ¥ô³). This is very impor-tant in English. Another important point: We do not use past

perfect tense for a single past action. Theremust be two actions – both past, one takingplace earlier than the other. (Þœªô¢ªhÙàŸªÚÁÙè…:ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ö¸Ú ÖÚÛ àŸô¢u áJTê¶ ë¯EÚ¨ past perfecttense î¦è[Ù. ·ôÙè[ª àŸô¢uõ« ÞœêŸÙö˺û¶ áô¢Þ¥L,ÖÚÛë¯E êŸô¦yêŸ ÖÚÛæ¨ n Íí£±pè˶ ÷ªìÙ past perfecttense î¦è[ê¦Ù.)6) Had been + ing. This is past perfect contin-

uous tense – (ÏC past perfect continuoustense. This talks about an action startingearlier than another past action, and contin-uing till the second past action. (ÏC ÞœêŸÙö˺÷³Ùë]ª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi, ÞœêŸÙö˺û¶, ·ôÙèÁ àŸô¢uáJ¸Þ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú•ìþ§¸Þ àŸô¢u ÞœªJÙ# àμñªêŸªÙC.)

eg: a) She had been dancing, until the showclosed. (Her dancing continued till theshow closed – both are past actions, but herdancing continued till the show closed –Îîμª ví£ë]ô¢)ì ÷³Tú‡ð¼ó¶ª ÷ô¢ÚÛ«, û¦åuÙ à¶ú£«hû¶ÑÙC n ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸî¶ª, Íô³ê¶ ÖÚÛæ¨÷³Ùë]ª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡îμªi, ·ôÙèÁ àŸô¢u ë¯Ú¥Ú•ìþ§TÙC.)

b) He had been driving at top speed, when theaccident took place. (Both driving at topspeed, and the accident taking place are pastactions, but his driving at top speed contin-ued till the accident took place).These are past tense forms. We will discussthe future tense forms in our next lesson.

Grammar & Usage- M. Suresan

Writer

P.V.V. Prasad, Amalapuram.Q: Respected sir, could you please explain

how should fill the first name and the lastname or first name, middle name and lastname in application forms.

A: Most of us, that is, Telugu people do nothave middle names. The first name is ourname, and the last name is our surname, orour family name. The space for the mid-dle name should be left blank.

Murali Q: End Ú¨ ÷³Ùë]ª an Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ the Íû¶ article

ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷ú£ªhÙC?A: Because it is the end of the particular mat-

ter, we say ‘the end’ and not ‘an end’. Q: No, thanks Ô ú£Ùë]ô¢(ÄÙö˺ î¦è¯L?A: If somebody offers something that we

don’t need, we say, ‘No, thanks.’Q: û¦ÚÛª Í÷ªt ÍìoÙ AEí‡Ù#ÙC n ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Óö°?

A: My mother fed me.

Jinagala Nandini

Q: Good morning sir, I am Nandini, I havea doubt in, how to use much and many?Can you please explain me with exam-ples?

A: ‘Much’ refers to quantity, and ‘many’refers to number.

eg: How much rice did you buy? How many boys are there in the class?

He had left the place before..

987

Suryavamshi SrinivasQ: Sir, what is the difference between I went

to the bank and I had been to the bank.And I went to Hyderabad and I had beento Hyderabad.

A: When you say, ‘I went to the bank,’ youmust mention the time when you went tothe bank. I had been to the bank = I wentto the bank sometime ago and havereturned. When you say I went toHyderabad, you must mention the dateand time of your going and returning. Ihad been to Hyderabad = I went toHyderabad sometime ago and havereturned. ‘I had been to’ is preferable toI went, because if you went to someplace, who will you tell about yourgoing?

1. Spiritual = Connected with the soul(ÎëůuAtÚÛîμªiì).

eg: There are a number of spiritual gurus inIndia.

F Spiritual X Materialistic = connected withthe life in this world (Ð ví£í£Ùà¦EÚ¨ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì).

eg: He is purely materialistic and is alwaysworried about wealth and comforts.

2. Fundamental = Elementary (vð§ëÇ]NªÚÛîμªiì). eg: He is ignorant of the fundamentals of

geography. F Fundamental X Advanced (ÓÚÛª\÷ â°‘ìÙ

Þœõz eg: He has an advanced knowledge of the

subject. 3. Predict = foresee (÷³Ùë]ªÞ¥û¶ áô¢Þœò˺ó¶ªC

àμí£pÞœõÞœè[Ù / â˺ú£uÙ àμí£pè[Ù). eg: The astrologer predicted very prosperous

career for him. F Predict X Determine (Eô¢góŸªÙêÁ

àμí£pÞœõÞœè[Ù)eg: He determined his future without con-

sulting any astrologer. 4. Retrench = Remove a person from a job

(ÑëÁuޜ٠ìªÙ# ê•õTÙàŸè[Ù). eg: Because of a lack of work, a number of

employees in the company wereretrenched.

F Retrench X Appoint (ÑëÁuÞ¥ö˺xEóŸªNªÙàŸè[Ù)

eg: Because of extra work the companyappointed a number of people.

5. Indelible = Inerasable (÷«ìpö˶E n ÷ªàŸaõö°Ùæ¨N).

eg: The incident that he watched in his child-hood left an indelible impression on him

F Indelible X Forgettable (÷ªJað¼Þœõ). eg: That experience was something that was

forgettable.

VOCABULARY

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 22 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net

WWe have seen in last week’s lesson thepresent tense forms and the past tense forms.Now we are going to see future tense forms.

The future tense talks about what is goingto happen in future. Shall with I and we, andwill with you, he she, it and they indicatefuture. However, nowadays, ‘will’ is beingused even in place of ‘shall’ evn with I, we,you and they.

‘Shall’ is mostly used in legal languageand for rules and restrictions. However, it isimportant for us to know the uses of shall andwill. Shall with I and we, and will with you,he, she, it and they indicate indefinite future. a) We shall buy a car soon (not definite) ÷³

êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°Ù sÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ªz b) We shall go to Mumbai next week (not def-

inite) (÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÷³ ÷³ÙòËô³Ú¨ î�μüŒ‰hû¦oÙ nÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª)

c) He/ she/ it (the bus) will come today (notdefinite) (ÍêŸè[ª/ Îîμª/ ÍC sñúÃz Ð ôÁâ˶÷ú£ªhÙC n ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª)

d) They will be here tomorrow (not definite)(î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí‡ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª n ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª)

I) ‘Will’ with I and we, talks about, a) determi-nation, b) intention and c) promise. (I/ WeêÁ will î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªì Eô¢góŸ«Eo êμõªí£±êŸªÙCz

eg: a) I will go there tomorrow (I am deter-mined) (û¶ìª ¸ôí£ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ î�μüŒxè¯EÚ¨ Eô¢góŸªÙêÁÑû¦oìª)

b) We will not allow him to do it.(Determination) (÷³ ÍêŸEo Î í£Eà¶óŸªE÷yÙ n Eô¢góŸªÙ)

c) I will buy a car soon (Intention) (û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ڥô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ìª n Ñë¶ÌøŒÙ)

d) Don’t you worry; we will help you

(Promise) (ìªî�¶yÙ ÎÙëÁüŒì í£è[ÚÛª, ÷³ FÚÛªþ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hÙ n ÷«å Ï÷yè[Ù)

J ‘Shall’ with you, he, she, it and they,expresses order, duty and necessity.

a) You shall not do it (Command) (ìª÷±y ÍCà¶óŸªÚÛ«è[ë]ª n Îá‘)

b) He shall not come here again (Command)(î¦è…ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ô¦ÚÛ«è[ë]ª n Îá‘)

c) She shall finish the work by tomorrow(duty) (¸ôí£æ¨Ú¨ Îîμª Î í£E í£²Jhà¶óŸ«L n NCÅ)

d) They shall do it immediately or they willlose the money (necessity) (î¦üŒxC î�μÙåû¶à¶óŸ«L, ö˶ÚÛªÙç˶ î¦üŒ‰x è[ñª( ÚÁö˺pê¦ô¢ª nÍ÷ú£ô¢Ù)Usually ‘will’ is not used in questions with

I and we, and ‘shall’ is not used in questionswith you, he, she, it and they. (Will ìª I andWe êÁ, shall ìª you, he, she, it and they êÁví£øŒoõö˺ Ñí£óμ«TÙàŸÙ, þ§ëůô¢éÙÞ¥.za) Will I/ we go there tomorrow? (Wrong).Remember: Will with I and we expressesdetermination, intention and promise. Sowhen you say, ‘Will I go there?’ it depends onyour will. You know your will, and othersdon’t. (I and we êÁ will, Eô¢góŸ«Eo, Ñë¶Ìø‹Eo, ÷«åÏ÷yè¯Eo êμõªí£±êŸªÙC ÚÛë¯. ÷ªì ÷ªìú£ªö˺ ÑÙè˶Nù£óŸªÙ ÷ªìÚÛª êμõªú£ªhÙC Ú¥F, ÏêŸô¢ªõÚÛª êμLóŸªë]ªÚÛë¯?)

Shall I/ we go there tomorrow? (Right) û¶ìª/ ÷³ ¸ôí£± î�μüŒx÷«? (ÏC correct)

Similarly ‘Shall’ is not usually used inquestions with you, he, she, it and they. (You,he, she, it and they êÁ shall ÷«÷³õªÞ¥ ví£øŒoö˺xî¦è[Ù) Instead, ‘Will’ is used. (ë¯E ñë]ªõª will

î¦è[ê¦Ù) eg: a) Will he come here tomorrow? (ÍêŸìª

¸ôí‡ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷þ§hè¯) b) Will she come here next week? (Îîμª ÷à¶a

î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷ú£ªhÙë¯?) c) Will your friends (they) go back tomorrow?

(Oª ›úo꟪õª ¸ôí£± AJT î�μü°hô¦?) d) Will the train (it) reach there on time? (Ð

wçËμjû ÍÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ú£·ôjì ú£÷ªóŸ«EÚ¨ î�μüŒ‰hÙë¯?)J Shall is often used in legal language and in

rules and regulations: (EñÙëÅ]ìõÚÛª, àŸådí£ô¢îμªiìòÅ°ù£ö˺, shall ìª ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª)

a) No one shall enter the place without permis-sion (Ó÷ô¢ª ÚÛ«è¯ Ð ví£ë¶ø‹EÚ¨ Íìª÷ªA ö˶ÚÛªÙè¯ô¦ÚÛ«è[ë]ª)

b) You shall not, under any circumstances,provide this information to others. It shallbe kept confidential. (Óæ¨d í£Jú‡–꟪ö˺x ÚÛ«è¯ìª÷±y Ð ú£÷«à¦ô¦Eo ÏêŸô¢ªõÚÛª Ï÷yÚÛ«è[ë]ª).

II) Shall be + ing with I and we, and Will be +ing with you, he, she, it and they talk aboutan action continuing at some point of timein future. (I and we êÁ shall be + ing, you,he, she, it and they êÁ òÅ¡Nù£u꟪hö˺ڕìþ§ÞœªêŸªÙè˶ í£EE êμõªí£±êŸªÙC.)

eg: a) I/ we shall be going there tomorrow (notdefinite) (û¶ìª/ ٠¸ôí£ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ î�μü°hÙ nÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª.)

b) I/ we will be going there tomorrow (defi-nite) (û¶ìª/ ٠¸ôí£ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ î�μü°hìª/ î�μü°hÙ nÚÛ#aêŸÙ).

c) He/she/it and they will be going theretomorrow (not definite). (ÍêŸè[ª/ Îîμª/ ÍC/î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ î�μü°hô¢ª n ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª.)

d) He/ she/ it and they shall be going theretomorrow (order/ duty/ necessity). (ÍêŸè[ª/Îîμª/ ÍC/ î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£ÚÛ\è…Ú¨ î�μü°hô¢ª – Îá‘, NCÅ,Í÷ú£ô¢Ù.)

III) Shall have + PP (V3) with I and we, andwill have + PP (V3) with you, he, she, itand they talk about an action likely to becompleted at a point of time in future. (Iand we êÁ shall have + PP (V3), you, he,she, it and they êÁ will have + PP (V3)òÅ¡Nù£u꟪hö˺ ÖÚÛ ú£÷ªóŸªÙö˺ í£²ô¢h÷±êŸªÙë]ìªÚÛªû¶í£EE êμõªí£±êŸªÙC.)

a) We shall have reached Chennai by this timetomorrow (¸ôíˆð§æ¨Ú¨ ÷ªìÙ àμûμj¬o à¶ô¢ªÚÛªEÑÙæ°Ù).

b) I shall have completed the work by this timetomorrow. (¸ôíˆð§æ¨Ú¨ û¶ìª Ðí£E í£²Jh à¶ú‡ ÑÙæ°- an action likely to be completed in future)

c) He/ she/ it/ they will have reached the placeby this time next week (ÍêŸè[ª/ Îîμª/ ÍC/î¦üŒ‰x/ ÍN ÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù Ðð§æ¨Ú¨ Î àÁåªÚ¨ à¶ô¢ªÚÛªEÑÙæ°ô¢ª - an action likely to be complete infuture). Will be continued in the next lesson.

Grammar & Usage

- M. Suresan

Writer

1. Absolutely = a) Totally (í£²JhÞ¥) eg: He is absolutely honest.

Absolutely X doubtfully (ú£Ùë¶ï£„ú£pë]Ù). eg: His honesty is doubtful.

b) Without comparing with other things (ÏêŸô¢î¦æ¨êÁ ð¼õaÚÛªÙè¯). eg: This movie, compared with the other

movies, is absolutely good. J I am not absolutely (doubtfully) sure he will

come. 2. Relent = Change one’s mind (÷ªìú£ª

÷«ô¢ªaÚÁ÷åÙ). eg: Though at first he was very firm about

charging the fee, he relented later. Relent X Continue (Ú•ìþ§TÙàŸåÙ).

eg: He continued to trouble his enemy inspite of our requests.

3. Vary = Change (÷«ô¢aåÙ / ÷«ô¢åÙ). eg: She as not of a strong mind, and varied her

choices according to the changing times. J She never varied and continued to support

her friend even in difficult circumstances. 4. Concerned = Worried (ÎÙëÁüŒì í£è[ªêŸªìo).

eg: He is very concerned about his father’shealth.

Concerned X Cool (EPaÙêŸÞ¥ ÑÙè[åÙ). eg: He is cool and balanced even in very dif-

ficult circumstances. 5. Ecstatic = Extremely happy (ÍêŸuÙêŸ

ú£ÙêÁù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[åÙ). eg: When he heard that he won Rs. 2 lakh in

lottery, he was ecstatic. Ecstatic X depressed (Eô¦øŒ, Eú£p¬”êÁ ÑÙè[åÙ).

eg: He was very depressed on hearing thathis son had died in an accident.

VOCABULARY

988

þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net

Will with I and we expresses...

Steaphen, GunturQ: Respected sir, please guide me with the best books on History of

English for NET/ SET and short story books to improve commu-nicative English. Thank you sir.

A: What do you want? Is it history of English literature, or the Historyof English language? If it is History of English Literature, you havethe books by WH Hudson, Birjadish Prasad. If it is History ofEnglish Language, refer to AC Baugh. To improve your Englishcommunication skills, read the short story books prescribed for pri-mary, middle and higher class students.

Syed Azeez

Q: Dear sir, how to use these words? Please letme know. i) although ii) instead iii) inspiteiv) perhaps v) rather vi) probably vii) eitherviii) whether ix) literally x) had been.

A: i) Although - Although he is rich, he doesnot like to spend money.

ii) Instead - He did not come here. Instead hewent to Chennai.

iii) In spite of - In spite of his height, he cannotplay well.

iv) Perhaps - Perhaps he is there now. v) Rather = a) Indicating preference for a cer-

tain thing. eg: I would rather die than tell alie.

b) To some extent. eg: He behaved ratherstrangely.

c) Used to suggest the opposite. eg: He doesnot like to go there. Rather he would stay athome.

vi) Probably = Perhaps. eg: He would proba-bly go there tomorrow.

vii) a) Either = one of the two. eg: Either ofthem is there.

b) Used with ‘not’ instead of also. eg: He wasnot there. He was not here either (also).

viii) Whether = One of the two. We do notknow whether he has gone or not.

ix) Literally = with a word’s true meaning(exactly). eg: He is literally very lazy.

x) Had been = being at a place in the pastbefore another event. eg: He had been inVijayawada before he moved to Hyderabad.

Sowjanya Guntoju

Q: Sir, please translate the words into Telugu.1) Sort out 2) Stalking, stalk3) Walk up 4) Figure out

A: 1) NNëÅ] ô¢Ú¥õªÞ¥ NòÅ¡>ÙàŸè[Ù2) ÖÚÛJÚ¨ êμLóŸªÚÛªÙè¯ î¦üŒxìª î�μÙñè…ÙàŸè[Ù3) ÖÚÛàÁæ¨Ú¨ ìè[÷è[Ù4) Íô¢–Ù à¶ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù

Will she come here next week?

When he heard that he won Rs. 2 lakh inlottery, he was ecstatic

He is literally very lazy.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 29 Ôví‡öËÀ 2018 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 2

T. Manu, CherlopalliQ: Sir, please translate the following into

English.1) Ð ñú£ªq ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ î�μüŒ‰hÙC? 2) ÏÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# CMxÚ¨ àŦKb ÓÙêŸ? 3) Ó÷·ô÷ô¢ª ÷ú£ªhû¦oô¢ª ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨? 4) ÏÙæ¨ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÍÙë]ô¢« ò°Þœªû¦oô¢ª ÚÛë¯?5) ÔÙ í£E à¶ú£ªhû¦oô¢ª òËμÙÞœüŒŠô¢ªö˺?A: 1) Where does this bus go? / What is the

destination of this bus? 2) What is the fare from here to Delhi? 3) Who are coming to my home?4) All are well at home, aren’t they? 5) What are you in Bengaluru?/ What job do

you do in Bengaluru?P. Sreenath, Timmana Cheruvu

Q: Sir, please explain the difference betweenthe following words.

1. Mirror, Glass 2. Bottle, can3. Sign, Signature, Autograph4. Bad, sac5. Movie, Picture, Film6. Cinema, Theatre7. Super hit, block buster8. Stick, cane9. Book, hand book, manual, brochure10. Newspaper, dailypaper, magazine11. Pants, trousers 12. Lid, cap, stopper13. Rice, food, meals

A: 1) A mirror shows your face, where asglass is a sheet of glass, which may notshow your face.

2) A bottle is usually made of glass, whereas acan be made of any material, mostly plasticor tine.

3) Sign is a verb (ú£ÙêŸÚÛÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù), whereas sig-nature (ú£ÙêŸÚÛÙ) is a noun. An autograph isthe signature of a great person which you

preserve. 4) I don’t see any connection between the two.5) Movie = film = picture 6) Cinema is a hall where films are show,

whereas a theatre is a place where bothfilms and dramas are shown .

7) Super hit = block buster. 8) Stick is an ordinary stick, where as cane is

made of cane plant (›í÷³) 9) A book is any book that you read and use in

the class room. A hand book is a bookwhich contains information about a particu-lar product. A manual is a book giving youinstructions how to use a machine or thingslike that. Brochure is a special book print-ed for an occasion showing importantevents.

10) A news paper which we get every day is adaily. A magazine is a book with a numberof essays and stories.

11) Pants (American) = Trousers (British). 12) Lid is what we use to cover something – it

may be a plate, etc. A cap what we coverour head with. A stopper is something thatstops something from flowing out.

13) Rice is what we eat cooked. Food = Anytype of eatable. Meals = the food we eatevery day.

989

þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùà ð§êŸ ú£Ù#ÚÛõ ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«è[Ùè… www.eenadupratibha.net

ú£ÙêŸÚ¥EÚ̈, Îæ˺vÞ¥íÆÃÚ̈ ê¶è¯...?

Pillalamarri Ashok

Q: Sir, please explain the following: 1) Personify 2) So-called. 3) This fool was fool enough 4) I am wild

A: 1) Comparing lifeless things and animals to human beings is person-ification. eg: He was a lion in the battlefield.

2) So called = called in a particular way but not real. eg: He is a socalled hero. (not a hero really, but called so)

3) He was foolish enough to do such a thing. 4) I am very angry.

We have seen the uses of most of the tens-es in the recent lessons. Now we are going tosee the use of the future perfect continuoustense. Future continuous tense forms (Ïí£±pè[ª÷ªìÙ future perfect continuous tense ÞœªJÙ#êμõªú£ªÚÁò˺꟪û¦oÙz: Shall have been + ing (withI and we) and Will have been + ing (with you,he, she, it and they). The future continuoustense, talks about an action that may be contin-uing at some point of time in the future (future

continuous tense òÅ¡Nù£uêÂö˺ ÖÚÛ ú£÷ªóŸªÙö˺ڕìþ§ÞœªêŸªÙè˶ àŸô¢u ÞœªJÙ# êμõªí£±êŸªÙC.z Butremember once again, that ‘will’ is being usedmore and more in place of ‘shall’ even in thecase of I, and We. (Íô³ê¶ ÷ªìÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙàŸªÚÁî¦Lqì÷³Üu Nù£óŸªÙ: ô¦ìª ô¦ìª, I and we êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ shallñë]ªõª will î¦è˶ú£ªhû¦oô¢ª.zEg: a) I will have been travelling to Kasi by

this time tomorrow. s¸ôíˆð§æ¨Ú¨ û¶ìª Ú¥QÚ¨ví£óŸ«é¨ú£«h ÑÙæ°ìª.z

b) We will have been discussing this matter bythis time next week. s÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù Ð ú£÷ªóŸ«EڨРNù£óŸ«Eo àŸJaú£«h ÑÙæ°Ù.z

c) You will have been flying to the US by thistime the day after. sOªô¢ª ÓõªxÙè… Ðú£÷ªóŸ«EÚ¨ ÍîμªJÚ¥ÚÛª N÷«ìÙö˺ ví£óŸ«é¨ú£«hÑÙæ°ô¢ª.z

d) He will have been leaving for Delhi by thistime tomorrow. sÍêŸè[ª ¸ôíˆð§æ¨Ú¨ CMxÚ¨ví£óŸ«é¨ú£«h ÑÙæ°è[ªz

e) She will have been dancing at the theatre bythis time tomorrow. sÎîμª ¸ôíˆð§æ¨Ú¨ ô¢ÙÞœú£–õÙOªë] û¦åuÙ à¶ú£«h ÑÙåªÙC.z

f) The train (it) will have been going to Delhiby this time the day after. s¸ôíˆð§æ¨Ú¨ ·ôjõª CMxÚ¨ví£óŸ«é¨ú£«h ÑÙåªÙC.zDÙêÁ tenses í£²ô¢hô³ìç˶x.Tenses î¦è[ÚÛÙ

English ö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Ú¥ñæ¨d Oæ¨E practiceà¶óŸªè[Ù à¦ö° Í÷ú£ô¢Ù.

Oª ví£øŒoõª í£Ùð§Lqì #ô¢ªû¦÷«...

þ¼p·Úû ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡ NòÅ°ÞœÙ, Ðû¦è[ª Ú¥ô¦uõóŸªÙ, ô¦îμ«@ íƇöËÀt ú‡æ©,

Íû¦âËÀí£²ôÂ, ô¢ÙÞ¥·ôè…“ >ö°x.

Grammar & Usage

1. Deplore = Say or declare that somethingis very bad. eg: We deplore the central government’s

attitude to granting special categorystatus for Andhra Pradesh.

J Deplore X Rejoice. eg: We rejoice thevictory our county athletes scoring overthe athletes of other countries.

2. Decay = Cause something to rot. eg: Theegg stored for more than a week decayed.

J Decay X Flourish. eg: Because of thegood monsoon the crops flourished.

3. Stagnation = Lack of progress. eg: Some country’s economic progress is

in a state of stagnation J Stagnation X Boom. eg: There is a boom

in the economy of India.

4. Sincere = Honest. eg: He is quite honestin trying to help you.

J Sincere X Perfunctory. eg: She was quite perfunctory in trying to

help me. 5. Diminish = Reduce. eg: He has dimin-

ished the money he has been sending tohis parents.

J Diminish X Increase. eg: The government wants to increase the

quota of jobs for the scheduled castesand tribes.

VOCABULARY

- M. Suresan

Writer

A. Poli Raju, ChikkepalliQ: Respected sir, please explain the meanings

with examples.1) Dead easy 2) Dead line3) Duping 4) Medical test5) First crush 6) Bench mark7) Class appearance 8) Mass/ class9) Fire track 10) Rehearsal11) DubblingA: 1) Dead easy = very easy.

eg: The question paper was dead easy. 2) Dead line = Limit/ a time by which you

have to complete something. eg: The dead line for you to submit the exer-

cise is the tenth of the next month. 3) Duping = cheating.

eg: He duped me by offering a useless thingat a high price.

4) Medical test = A test conducted to knowwhat disease a person is suffering from.eg: The doctor conducted a number of tests

to know what disease he has. 5) First crush = The first crush is the attraction

a person feels towards a boy or a girl.6) Bench mark = A point of quality to which

something we buy may be compared. 7) Class appearance = Appearing to belong to

a high class with good taste. 8) Mass = a group of people without good

taste. Class = people belonging to a higherclass.

9) Fire track: No special meaning for this. Itmay mean the path along which fire travels.

10) Rehearsal = practicing action in a drama.11) No such word as dubbling. Q: Sir, please let me know the difference

between the following words.1) Fool, rascal 2) Perfume, scent 3) Time, timing 4) Minimum, maximum 5) Say, tell 6) Time out, time up

A: 1) A fool is a stupid fellow who cannotthink properly. A rascal is a fellow (aboy or man) who does things that you donot like but still you like him.

2) Perfume = scent 3) Time is the time of the day, whereas timing

means, doing things at sometime, whichmay be proper or improper.

4) Minimum = the lowest point/ the smallestquantity. Maximum = the highest point/quantity.

5) Say is followed by to, whereas tell is notfollowed by ‘to’.

6) Time up = the time for an activity is over.Time out = the time has passed (in therecent past).

Rajeswar Ithihas, KhammamQ: He said, 'How about having a party in the

garden?' - Please change into Indirectspeech.

A: He asked how about having a party in thegarden.

Q: Rajeshwar eats an apple – (Active voice) –If the above sentence is changed into pas-sive voice it will be ''An apple is eaten byRajeshwar'' (PV). What does it mean?Please clarify.

A: Your passive voice sentence is correct. (itmeans: ô¦â˶øŒyôÂචÖÚÛ óŸ«í‡öËÀ Aìñè[ªêÁÙC/Aìñè[ªêŸªÙC.z