PR INTED BY

FORD AND SON ,

MELBOURNE.

P RO IN G SOF THE

VO L. SER I ES ) .

Edited under the Ant/writ} of the ( f orm a l

ISSUED AUGUST, 1906 .

(Co n ta in ing P apers rea d bef ore the Society during the m on th of

May ,

T l l l‘f AUTHORS OF THE SEV ERAL PA PERS ARE S EV E RALLY mesmmsmm: FOR THE

SOUNDNESS OF THE OP IN IONS G l VEN AND FOR. THE ACCURACY THE

STATEMENTS MADE TIIEREIN .

MELBOURNE

FORD SON , P RINTERS , DRUMMOND STREET , CARLTON .

AGEN TS TO THE SOCI ETY :

WILLIAMS NORGATE, 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN , LONDON .

To w hom all communications fortransmission to the Royal Soc ietv o f V ic toria ,

from all parts of Europe. shou ld be sent .

1906 .

am a

XIX. (N EW

P ART I .

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX—PT. I.

ART . I .

—Ou some Victorian Marine Moll u sca, N ew Species,and Others little-known . By J . H . GATL IFF .

(P lates I . and I I .)

II .

- Some littl e -known Victorian Decapod Crustacea, withDescriptions Of New Species—NO . II I . By S . W .

FU LTON and F . E . GRAN T , F .L .S . (P lates III .

-V . )

III—Census Of the Victorian Decapod Crustacea .

—P art I .

(Brachyu ra) . By S . W . FULTON and F . E . GRAN T,

F.L .S .

01

[P ROQ ROY . SOC . V ICTORIA, 19 P T . I .,

ART. I .—0n som e Victorian Marin e Mo llu sca ,

N ew

Sp ecies, and Others little—know n .

BY J . H . GATLIFF.

(With P lates I . and IL ) .

[Read 10th May, 1906 ]

The presen t paper contains descriptions and figuresfol low ing species

Daphne l la excav ata , sp . nov .

Scala nepeanensis , sp . nov .

Scala translucida, sp . nov .

Cyclostrema bastow i, sp . nov .

A l so figures OfTurricula tasmanica, T . Woods .Cyclopecten nepeanensis, Pritchard and Gatl iff .

Da phne lla e xc a v ata ,sp. nov. (Pl . I .

,Figs. 1 and

Shel l minute,th in

,sem i-transparent

,Of fou r-and -a -half whorls

,

the protoconch of one-and -a -half w horl s appears to be smooth,but

when examined with a one—and -a -half inch Objective,under the

microscope,i t is densely spiral ly striate. The adul t whorls are

longitudinal ly costate, costae numbering eleven on the body

whorl and extend ing to the shou lder where they sl ightly proj ectover the suture which is excavated . Spiral ly ridged , ridgesbecoming somewhat noclulous when crossing the costae. Sinus

large and deep, l ip sharp . Colour pale brownish-yel low .

Dimensions Of type—Length , mm . b readth , 1 mm .

Local ity .—Portsea

,Port Phil l ip

,in shel l sand .

Type in my col lection .

S c a la ne pe a ne sis ,sp. nov . (Pl . I .

,Fig.

Shel l minute,sem i-translucent

,apex of one-and-a -half smooth

w horl s, fol lowed by th ree-and -a—half convex w horl s,rapid ly

2 J. H. Ga tlifi'

:

increasing in size, which are crossed by nume rous erect ribs,numbering abou t sixteen on the penu l timate whorl

,with many

equ id istant spiral th reads, causing acu le a tions where they c rossthe r ibs . White . Sutu re imp ressed . Slightly umbil icated .

Aperture circu lar .Dimensions of Type —Length , m un ; b read th , . 85 mm .

Local ity—Found in shel l sand , Ocean Beach , Poin t N epean .

Observations . This smal l shel l in form recal l s S . ly ra ta,

Sowerby .

Type in my col l ection .

S c a la t ra ns luc ida ,sp. no v . (Pl . I .

,Figs . 3 and

Shel l smal l,fairly sol id , of eigh t convex whorl s, apex blunt and

rounded,p rotoconch of abou t one -and -a -half smooth whor l s

,ribs

crossing the w horl s are then gradual ly developed , on the pen

u ltimate whor l they number fifteen,and are strong and rounded

one or more of these is stou ter than the others on the laterw horl s

,p robably marking stages of growth the space between

the ribs is densely spiral ly striate the ribs do not extend acrossthe whole of the body w hor l

,the base from the j unction of the

l ip on the columel la round to the centre of the outer l ip beingsmooth

,with the exception of a sl igh t ridge crossing it and being

a continuation of the stout rib ; suture wel l -defi ned, aperturecircula r

,l ip th ickened .

White,semi-translucent

,with two very pale brown spots

,one

on the uppe r portion of the fi rst rib,and the other on the

el eventh rib .

Dimensions of Type—Length , 5 mm . bread th,2 mm .

Local ity—Found in shel l sand at Portsea, Port Phi ll ip .

Observations—The shell most closely approaching th is h ithertorecorded from our shores is S . (A crilla ) minutula , Tate and May .

Mr. Hedley kind ly compared it with S . morchi,Angas, and

states tha t it is not that species . Sixteen other specimens wereObtained immature . The type is somewhat worn , and a l ivingshel l might show the spiral striation on the ribs .Type in my col lection .

Cyc lostrema bastow i, sp. nov . (Pl . II ,Figs. 8

Shel l m inute,discoidal ; w hite . Spire sunken . Whorl s fou r

,

sutu re l inear . Rather widely and perspect ively umbil icated .

Upper su rface : the periphery is roundedly carinate, and, underthe lens

,densely transversely striate ; the carination starts from

the protoconch and continues to the lip inside of th is carinationis a raised continuou s ridge of closely compacted spi ral ly elongated granu l es . Side : bicarinate

,with a flat groove between .

Base : carinated similarly to the su rface ; insid e the carinationthe cl osely compacted granules are more elongate and continuedown the umbil icus . Outer lip thin .

Dimensions of type—G reatest diameter, mm . height,mm .

Local ity .—D redged in abou t 9 fathoms between Phill ip and

French Islands,Western Port .

Obse rvation '

s . -This l ittle shel l shows a very decided form ofscul pture

,and reminds one Of a Solarium . I have much pleasure

in naming it after Mr. R . A . Bastow,who has skilful ly drawn it

and the other species named in th is paper.Type in my col lection .

T urric u la ta sma nic a ,T . Woods . (Pl . II .

,Figs . 6 and

Referring to vol . xvii i . , p . 45,Of these Proceedings, it is stated

the re that what was considered to be the typical form had not

been found here . Since then whilst dredging in Western Port,between Phil l ip and French Islands

,in about ten fathoms

,

M r. O. J . Gabriel and I Obtained fou r l iving and one dead shel l s,and upon submitting one to M r . W . L . May of Tasmania

,he

informed me that he considered it to be the above species,but

diff ering from the type in some minor detai ls . A s it does not

qu ite agree with h is figu re of what he considers to be the type, afigure is now given Of one of those we Obtained

,so that it may

enable future col lectors to identify it . The dimensions of the

specimen figu red are : l ength, 13 ; bread th , mm .

J. H. Ga tlip“: Victorian Marin e

'

Mol lu sca .

C yc lo pe c te n ne pe a ne ns is , Pritchard and Gatl iff .(P l . I I .

, Fig.

A s the photographic figu re given w ith the original description1IS not altogether satisfactory, M r . R . A . Bastow has k indly

d rawn the shel l w ith the aid Of the m iscroscope , and the new

figu re wel l del ineates the sculptu re . The size of the shel l now

figu red is x 2 mm .

1 Proc . Roy . Soc . Victoria ,vol xv ii. (new series) , 1904 , p . 338.

DESCRIP TION OF PLATES I .

,

l,2—Daphne lla exca vata . n . sp.

3 , 4—Scala translucida, n . sp.

5—Scala nepeanensis, n . sp.

6, 7—Tu rricula tasmanica, T. Woods.

8- l o—Cyclostrema ba stow i,n . Sp.

l l—Cyc lopecten nepeanensis, Pritchard and Ga tlifi .

A ll figu res variously magnified .

[P ROO ROY . Soc . V ICTOR IA , 19 (N S ) , P T . I .,

ART. II .—Som e little kn ow n Victorian Decap od Cra s

ta cea,w ith Descrip tions of N ew Species.

—N O. I I I .

BY s. w . FULTON AND F . E . GRANT,F.L .S .

(With P lates I II .

[Read l oth May , 1906 ]

Two Of the species dealt w ith in the p resent paper are new toscience, one doubtful ly so, as wil l be seen. by the notes attached

to it. One species is ne w to the Austral ian record and one isnew to the Victorian census . The rest Of the paper deals with

the synonomy of some Of our V ictorian species.

Since reading our second paper of thi s series, our partnersh iphas been much broken

,owing to M r . F . E . Grant having been

transferred from Melbou rne.Mr. Grant recently paid a visit to London

,and took th e

Opportunity of examining the types and col lections at the

British Museum,where h e received much cou rtesy and kindness

,

which be here desires to acknowledge . The knowledge thus

gained has been of great serv ice to us.

A s much of the reference l iteratu re is d ifficul t of access at

th is end O f the wor ld,we have quoted in extenso

,for the con

v enience Of futu re workers,the descriptions of genera and species

not included in Haswel l ’s Catalogue .

Suborder—BRACHYURA .

Tribe—OXYRHYNCHA.

Family—M aiz'

dae.

Sub-family Ma i/nd e.

P a ram ithrax (C hlo rino id e s ) spa tu lif e r, Haswel l .

Hasw el l . Proc . Linn . Soc . vol . 6,1882

,p . 540.

Haswel l . Ca t . Aust. C rust.,1882

,p . 14 .

Chlorinoides cOppinge ri. Miers . “ Chal lenger B rachyura,1886

,p . 53

,pl . 7 , fig. 3 (nec Haswel l) .

A reference to the type of this species in the Australian

Museum,Sydney

,enables us to say that the form figured by

Fu lton and Gran t

Miers (loc . whose specimen has also been examined by one

of us,was incorrectly so identified by that au thor .

C . coppingeri was described from Port Mol le, Q. , and has since

been taken by one of us near the Port Curtis, Q . This form

appears to be confined to more tropical waters and is replaced incooler latitudes by C . spa tulif er. C . COppingeri, w hich has in

consequence of M iers’ incorrect figure , been more that onceidentified as occu rring in Victoria mu st therefore now beremoved from our l ist .

We may here d raw attention to a d iscrepancy in Haswel l ’sdescription Of C . spa tulif er in which he states that it has —“ Two

long subacute spines on eac h branchial region, the anteriord irected ou twards

,upwards and backwards

,

”which shou ld readtw o long subacute spines on each branch ial region d irected ou t

wards and upwards,the anter ior forward and the posterior

backward .

Le ptom ithrax a ustra lie ns is . Miers .L. austral iensis

,Miers . A nn . and Mag. Nat . Hist

,187 5

27,p . 220.

L . spinu losus,Haswell . Proc . Linn . Soc . 1880

,

vol . 4,p . 44 1

,pl . 25

,fig. 3 .

An examination Of the types of the above—the fi rst of wh ichis in the B ritish Museum Of Natural History, and the second inthe A ustralian Museum ,

Sydney—é enabl es us to say they aresynonomous . This V iew is upheld by a memorandum in thehand w riting o f the late Mr . E . J . Miers attached to specimens inthe British Museum received in exchange from Sydney .

The species is not uncommon a t moderate depths in Po rtPhil l ip and Weste rn Port

,

‘

and large specimens from Bass

Strait are occasional ly exhibited for sale in the fish shops.

Tribe—CYC LOMETOP A .

Family—X0nt/zidae .

Sub- family Xarzt/zz’

na e.

C yc loxanthus (P) punc tat us , Haswel l . (Pl .

Proc . Linn . Soc . 1882,vol . 6

,p . 7 52.

fH’asw e l l . Cat. A ust. C rust ,1882

,p . 50.

Victorian Decapod Cru sta cea .

This species is not uncommon in Western Port at mode ratedepths . It has not been prev iou sly figu red and the accompanyingdrawings are taken from a specimen d redged by Mr. C . J .

Gab riel Off Rhyl l .It has been shown by Miss M . J . Rathbun1 that the generic

name Cyc loxan thus to which Haswel l referred this crab hadbeen preoccupied and is therefore untenabl e . She thereforep roposed the name Cycloxanthops for the inclusion of the speciesof the genus known to her . I n her re definition of th is genus,2however

,she has included certain features more particu larly

those relating to the front,w hich is described as being “ hor i

z onta l,produced and d iv ided by a median fissure into two deep

lamel late lobes,which are truncated and separa ted from the

internal orbital angl es by a deepi'sh notch

,

”and which w r

submit excl ude the species under consideration .

C . punc tatus, Hasw ell , i t appears to us,wou ld be more.

proper ly included in the genus Lioxantho, A l cock .

3 Xantho

puncta tus, M .-Edw .

,hav ing, however, been transferred to that

genus, our species would,if i t is to be properly referred here

,

require a ne w ’

spec'

ifi c nam e for which we would propose that ofLioxantho ha sw e l li.

Tribe—CYCLOMETOPA .

Family

Sub- f amily

P i lumnus p i l'

osus , sp. nov . (P I. IV .,Figs . 1

Carapace transverse,

flattened,the dorsal anterior port ion

covered with a dense tomentum,posteriorly less th ickly clothed .

The frontal and anterior lateral margins carry a long silky fringewhich entirely obscures al l the marginal and orbital characterssparingly tomentose below . Regions fai rly defined .

A fte r removal of the hai rs from the su rface it is found to besmooth

,the anterior lateral margins are a l ittle shorter than the

1 Ra thbun Proc . Biolog . 800. Washington, 1897 , vol . 11 , p . 164.

2 Rathbun Brachyura and Macura of Porto Rico in the United Statession Bul l . for 1900, vol . p. 27 .

3 Alcock. Journal Asiatic Soc . Bengal , vol . 67 p. 90, 1898 .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

Victorian Decapool Cfr'

nsta cea . 9

One of us,on a recent trip to the north - east Queensland Coast

,

Obtained a specimen of the species taken by Haswel l and by the“ A l ert, but on comparison with the South coast habitant thereseems a possibi l ity that it i s not Milne-Edwards species

,and

that the South coast species is more l ikely to be P . fimbria tus,

Milne -Edwards,whose description is so meagre .

Pilumnu s fimbria tus was descr ibed by Milne-Edwa rds in hi sHist . Nat . C rust. as from A ustral ia. He appears to have beendealing at the time with nume rous species collected by the

A strolabe which vesse l cal led a t Western Port,a num

ber of his forms being characteristic denizens of Bass St rait .This ci rcumstance wou ld seem to favou r our suggestion as to the

true iden tity of Pilumnus fimbria tus. This matter can only besett led by compar ison of the tw o species with the type in the

Paris Museum .

The whol e genus requires rev ision and this species,l ike other

Australian forms,cannot remain i n the genus as a t p resent

defined . We have therefore desc ribed the southe rn form underthe name of Pilumnus pilosus

, pla teing it and the northern formside by side

,leav ing some futu re monographist to settl e the

synonomy and generic standing.

The subj ects of th ese plates have been l odged in the NationalMuseum

,Melbou rne .

Tribe CATOMETOP A .

Fam i ly Gorc /a ez'

dae,Dana .

Sub -fami ly A l cock .

Genus K inahan .

Lito c he ira bispinosa" Kinahan .

Kinahan . Journal Roy. D ubl in Soc .,vol . 1

,1858, pl . 3,

fig. 1, a .

A reference“ to D r. Kinahan ’

s specimens in the B ritish Museumof Natural History enables us to say that Melia bre v ipes

,

Haswel l (Cat . Aust . Crust , p . 72,pl . 1

,fig. 7 , 1882) i s a synonym

of the above species. Melia brevipes was recorded, _by Haswel l

from G riffi th ’s Point,Weste rn Port. The species is not an

uncommon one in Port Phil l ip and V Vestern ~ P ort .

Fa l lon. and Gra n t :

Tri l be—CA'

I‘

OM IC'

I‘

OP A .

Family Hymenoi‘

omz

'

da e,Ortmann .

Genus T”Lemmy/ax ,M -Edw .

TrigonOplax, Mi lne-Edwards . Ann . Sci. Nat . Zoo] .

A lcock . J our . A siati c Soc . Bengal , vol . lxix.,part 2, no 2

1900, p. 386.

This is best regarded as a subgenu s of Elamena,from which

it diff ers on ly in the fol lowing unimportant part iculars the

edge of the carapace is not turned up, (2) the interan tennu lar

septum is a mere ridge, (3 ) the chel ipeds in the mal e, as in thefemale

,a re ve ry sl ender .

E lame na ( T rigo no p lax) unguifo rm is , de Haan .

E lam e ne unguiform is, de Haan . Faun . Japon . C rust,

p . 75 , pl . 29, fig. 1,and pl . H . H e nderson

,J . R .

T rans . Linn . Soc . Zoo] . vol . 5,1893

,p . 394 .

Trigo nopla x unguif orm is, Milne-Edwards . A nn . Sci . N a t .

Zoo] . 20,1853

,p . 224 .

Ortmann . Zoo] . J ahrb. Syst . 7 , 1893 -94,p . 3 1 .

E lam ena (Trigonopla x ) unguif ormis, A l cock . J ou rn . A siatic

Soc . Bengal, vol . part 2,no . 2

,1900

,p . 387 .

m . 7n . S c a l e

Elam e na ung u if o rm is .

Victo rian Decap od Cru sta cea . l l

Carapace smooth, fi a t ; l amel la broadly pentagonal w ith thepostero- lateral sides about a third as long as any o f the othe rs

,

the regions not defined , the sides entire,

unarmed . Fronta broad

,horizontal

,triangu l ar lam l na . No post-ocular tooth ;

eyes not concealed by the front, though the eyestal ks are . Inte ra‘

nnular septum a mere ridge. Epistome as long as broad .

Cheliped s and legs smooth and slender . Chelipeds not stouter

than the legs, about l—é times as l ong as the carapace ; fingersslender

,as long as the sl ender sub-cyc lindrica l palm ,

their tipsspooned .

"

I‘

he a n terior border of the meropodite of al l the legs ends inan inconspicuou s denticle, the dactylus of all is long, sub—fal ciformand strongly compressed , and has two or three denticles at thetop of the posterior borde r. The second and third pai rs of legs,w hich are the l ongest, are more than th ree times the length of

the carapace .”

D redged off Rhyl ], Western Port, Victoria, by J . Gab riel .

Sub-Orde r BRACHYURA ANOMALA .

Family—D ronzifa’

a e.

P la tydromia t homso ni , nobis .

Proc . Roy . Soc . Vic toria,vol . 14 1902

, pl . 2, p . 57 .

Stebbing (Marine Investiga tions of South A frica,vol . 4

,

C rust,pl . 3

,p . 60

,1905 ) states that i t is not clear from our

desc ription whethe r it is i n tended to indicate that the ste rnalsu l ci of the female terminate between the chel ae or between thefi rst pair of ambulatory legs.To render ou r desc ription more cl ear

,we take this opportunity

of add ing that the sul ci end on the che lipede segment of sternum ,

and a l ine d ra w n across the sternum from the point of articulat ion of the basal j oint of the che l iped w ith the sternum j ust

touches the anterior margin of the cu rved ridges which meet inthe centre l ine .

Fu lton and Gran t '

Fan 1i ly Ca l/iamzssz'

dae.

Genus Ca l/zanasm ,Leach .

C a l lia nassa c e ramic a ,Sp. nov . (Plate

The cephal othorax, abdomen and appendages in d ried speci

mens are everywhere of a pale cream colour with a highly glazedsurface l ike fine ch ina. In l iv ing examp l es, how ever, and specimensp reserved i n spi rits

,the skeleton is found to be imperfectly

cal cified except i n the Chelipedes.

The cephalothorax is about one-third the total l ength of thebody

,and is late ral ly compressed . The rostral point is short

,

but is w e l l defined and extends considerably beyond the lateralangles , which are only faintly indicated . A wel l-defi ned grooveon the dorsal surface runs parall el w ith the front, extend ingdownwa rds as far as the base of the oute r antennae, and thencein two paral l el l ines

,one on each side defining the branchial

region and cu rving upwards and back w ards to meet near theposterior margin . The cephalothorax . i s otherwise perfectlysmooth .

The abdomen is much flattened dorso- ventral ly . The fi rst

segment is narrow ed ant er iorly and is membranous. The secondis somewhat more calcified

,but not so much as those su cceeding.

The longest segments are the second and sixth , w h ich are

subequal,being foll ow ed in d iminishing sequence by the fifth

,

th ird,fourth and fi rst . The fi rst two segments are quite smooth,

the fol lowing three a re fringed with strong hai r, and the

final segment also carr ies a few short hairs . N o dorsal carina orspines are present on any of the segments .The e ye - lobes are rounded ; and contiguous on their inner

margins . The eyes are smal l and only sl ightly pigmented .

The fi rst antennae are abou t th ree-fourths as long as thesecond . The fi rst j oint extends beyond the eye-lobes

,the

second is sl ightly longer than the fi rst,and the flagella which

carry a few slender setae are as long as the fi rst tw o j oin tscombined . The second . antennae are as : robust as the fi rst buthave a shorter peduncle and much longer lash .

The th ird maxil l ipeds have the third and fourth j oints rounded

and much swol len, with their line of j unction wide and truncated ,

Victorian Decatpod Ofru sta cea . 13

the tw o j oints together being subglobose . From the point of

insert ion of the fifth j oint there runs across thei r inner faces tothe articulation w ith the second joint a finely serrate ridge; A ll

the j oin ts from the third upwards are spar ingly fringed w ith

hair .Of the chel ipeds either the right or l eft may be

' the larger.

The larger chel iped has a f ew smal l serrations on the low er

margin of the th ird joint, but the upper is unarmed . The fourth

has a w el l-defined ridge running longitudinal ly down its outer

face. On its lower margin there is a long anterior crest, andnear its d istal end a wel l-defined tooth - l ike lobe. Both are

evenly serrate on the edge . The fifth j oint is only th ree-quartersas long as broad , and is clothed with a few scattered tufts ofhairs along its l ower margin . The sixth j oint is of the same

wid th as the fi f th—the palm is subquadrate and the surface isdeeply pitted in its lower half. The thumb is unarmed but

carries several scattered tufts of stiff hai rs . The seventh j oint,

wh ich also bears scattered tufts of hair,sl ightly overlaps the

thumb at its dis tal ex tremity . I t carries a faintly indicatedtooth in its d istal hal f

,and a strongly doubly crowned molar- l ike

tooth near the point of arti cu lation .

The smaller cheliped has the hand and palm of the samebreadth and app roximately the sam e l ength . The fingers areseparated by a wide interval

,and the dactylus carries a smal l

tooth in its d istal th ird .

All the pereiopods are much flattened and leaf- l ike . The last

four pairs have the shape characteristi c of the family,and al l are

Sparingly c lothed with hairs . The fifth pair are subchelate .

The telson is of the same length as the last segment of the

abdomen . It is unarmed , and has its posterior margin roundedand sparingly clothed with short ha irs on its margin .

Both of the u ropods are longer than the telson . They arerounded at their distal ends and carry a strong fringe of hai rs ontheir outer margin .

The length of the type from the tip of the rostrum to the end

of the tel son is 53 mm .

These specimens appear to us to vary sufficiently from any ofthose mentioned by Stebbing in h is recent enumeration of the

Fu lton and Grant

family1 to entitl e them to specific rank . The species in its

general appearance strongly suggests Trypaea australiensis,

Dana,from which it diff ers in the inner antennae not bearing

a deep,comb- l ike fringe of hairs, in the shape of the larger

che lipede and in other featu res .

We have taken it burrow ing in muddy flats in both PortPhil l ip and Western Port.The type w il l be deposited with the National Museum

,

Melbourne,and a co-type w ith the Austral ian Museum

,Sydney .

Genus Trypae a ,Dana .

Near Cal l ianassa in outer maxil l ipeds and feet,inner antennae

sub-pediform,flagel la shorter than last basal j oint .”

Trypa e a a ustra lie ns is , Dana .

Trypaea australiensis, Dana . U .S . Explor. Exped. Crust,

1852,1 , p . 573, pl . 32, fig. 4a

,b,c,

Trypaea porcel lana, K inahan . J our. Roy . Dublin Soc .,

1,‘

1858, p . 130,pl . 4

,fig. 2.

Fron t not triangular, anterior feet much comp ressed , arm ,

carpus and hand having an acute edge above . Larger hand broad,smooth

,but l ittle longer than carpus fingers near ly hal f as long

as hand not gaping, finely denticul ate w ithin,superior finger a

l ittle the longer, arcuate carpus somew hat smal ler than hand , armhaving a cultr iform p rocess below near the base caudal segmentabout as long as broad , nearly rounded at apex, length tw o andth ree- fou rths inches. Eyes on very sh ort peduncles . Outerantennae about half as long as body . Fingers with a few short

tufts of hair. Low er as wel l as upper edge of hand, arm andcarpus acute .

District of I l law arra, New South Wales, along shores .Trypaea austra liensis was described by Dana from a specimen

taken at I l law arra,N .S .W . It is exceedingly abundant, burrow

ing in muddy flats at many parts of our coast and in N e w South

Wales,and we have a large ser ies from numerous col lecting

grounds, incl uding the type local ity of Dana.

1 Marine Investigations of South Africa , 1903, p. 88 .

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Victorian Decapool C’P

’LtS lCtCGCt. 15

T. porcel lana was described by K inahan from Port Phil l ip . He

diff erentiates Dana ’s species from it “ in wanting the triangular

teeth on the movable finger and forearm ,in having the inner

part of the fingers finely denticulate and in not having the frontof the carapace produced as a smal l triangular rostrum .

”

The diagnost ic characters given by Kinahan for his species wehave found to be invariably characteristic of the male

,wh ile

Dana’s figu re and description correspond to the female. This wehave found to be true after examination of a large number ofspecimens and we have no hesitation in giv ing the synonomy as

above.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES .

PLATE III .

Cyc loxanthus puncta tus, showing whole animal and

chelipede and abdomen of male and of female.

PLATE IV .

l—Pilumnus pilosus . 8‘

2—P i lumnus pi losus . 9

3—Pilumnu s pilosus (Type), from which the tomen tum andhairs have been rubbed ofl

’

to al low out l ine of cara

pace to be seen .

4—Pilumnus pilosus . Side view of cheliped w ith hair

removed .

5—Cryptocae loma fimbriatum,Miers, partly denuded of

hai r.

PLATE V .

Call ianassa ceramica,sp. 11 . W hol e animal th ird max

illipede and large and smal l Chelipedes.

[P Roc . ROY . Soc . V ICTOR IA, 19 (N S ) , P T . I

ART. III—Censu s of the Victorian Decapool Crusta cea .

P art I . (Bra chyfara ) .

BY S . W . FULTON AND F. E . GRANT,F.L.S .

[Read l 0th May, 1906 ]

No catalogue of the crabs occurring in Victorian waters has sofar been publ ished . The attached l ist represents the authenticated occu rrences of species of B rachyu ra so far as we have beenable to ascertain

,either from our own col lecting or from

publ ished records . Doubtful records and inadequately diagnosed

species are excluded from the l ist,wh ich must

,however

,only be

regarded as p rov isional . Further col lecting, and more partienlarly further d redging i n deep water, wil l doubtless in the futureenormou sly increase the number of recorded species

,but it

appears desi rable to submit th is l ist as a starting point f or furtherwork . \V e may say that we have several species

,not here

enumerated,about the nomenclature of which we are not satisfied .

In the arrangement and natural sequence we have fol l owedDr . A . A l cock ’s “ Material s for a Carcinol ogical Fauna of India .

”1

BRACHYURA OXYRHYN CHA

Family—MAIIDAE .

Sub- fanl ilyu I NACHINAE .

Ac/zaeus Miers . Off Port Phil l ip,33 fathoms ofl

'

East Moncoeur Island (Chal lenger) .Gona tor/zym/zus tumz

’

a’

us, Haswel l . Port Phil l ip (fairly common) .Ha/z

'

mus trunca tz'

pes, Miers. Western Port .Ha lfw ay tunzz

’

a’us, Dana. Port Phil l ip Western Port .

Ha/z'

mus spz'

nosus, Hess. Port Phil l ip .

Mz'

crolza/z'

mus defl ex z'

f rom , Haswel l . Port Ph il l ip ; WesternPort ; Wilson

’s Promontory .

l Jour. Asiat. Soc . Bengal , 1895 -1900.

Census of V ictorian Decapocl Cru sta cea . 17

Sub-family - ACANTH0NYCH1DAE .

Huem’

a bz’

f urm f a ,Streets . Port Phil l ip and Western Po rt (i n

rock pool s ) .

Sub-family—MAI INAE .

P ara zzzz'

t/zm x stem omsfu/a tus, A . M .-Edw s. Port Ph il l ip Heads

(J . B . Wilson in Col l . Brit. Mus ) .

P aramz'

t/zm x peronz'

z’

,M .

-Edw s. Wilson ’s Promontory (KerShaw ) .

Leptm/zz'

f/zm x austra liensis, Miers . Port Phil l ip Bass Strait .spam/1767 3 Haswel l . Western Port .

M z'

ap/Ja spz'

nosa , Stimpson, var . aflinis,Miers . Off East Mon

coeu r Island (Chal lenger) .P aram/a

'

ppa tuéerru/osa ,M .

-Edw s . Port Phil lip ; WesternPort. (Fai rly common ) .M z

'

apoz'

des long z'

manus, Haswel l . Port Phill ip Wes tern Port .

BRACHYURA CYC LOMETO PA,OR CAN C ROIDEA

Family—XAN THIDAE .

Sub- family “ XANTHINAE .

L z'

oxau l/zo lzasw e/l z'

, Fu l ton and Grant . Western Port .

Sub-family—ACTAEINAE .

Ad am perom’

z’

,M .

-E ,dw s. Port Ph il l ip ; W estern Port ; OffEast Moncoeur Island (Chal lenger).

Sub -fam ily—MEN I P P IN AE .

P seudoa zra’

nus gzgczs, Lam . Port Phil l ip War rnambool Portland Bass Strait.

Sub- fam ily—P ILUMM N AE .

P ilumnus Haswell . Port Phil l ip Western Port .P ilumnus ruj opzmrta tus, Stimpson . W

’

estern Port (Hasw el l) .P ilumnus lonzentosus

,M .

-Edw s . Port Ph il l ip Western Port

Bass Strait.

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Census of Victorian Decapool C'rusta cea . 19

Sub -fam ily fi MACROP HTHALMINAE.

M z‘

cropiztfza lmus la izf rons, Haswel l . Fisherman ’s Bend,P ort

Phil l ip ; Mangrove flats,Western Port ; Wilson

’s Promontory

(Kershaw ) .Family—MICTYRIDAE .

M z'

ctyrz'

s plug/tild es, M.

-Edw s Common a t low t ide on sandy

beaches.

Family - B YMENOSOMIDAE .

Hymenosoma ovatum,Stimpson . Port Phi l l ip 5 Western Port 5

Port Fai ry 5 Lake Tyers (common )[ Jymenosoma auslra/e, Haswel l . Will iamstown

,on mud flats

mouth of Yarra River ; Lake Tyers .f lymenosoma lacustrz

'

s, Chilton . Lake Colac 5 Moorabool River 5Fraser C reek

,Wilson ’s Promontory . A fresh -water species .

[fymenosoma restra in/71,Hasw el l . Port Phil l ip 5 Western

Port. Fairly common, dredged .

E lamene ( Trigonop/ax ) unguif ormis, de Haan . D redged o ff

Rhyl l,Western P ort

l

(Gabrie l ).

Family GRAPSIDAE .

Sub-family—GRAP SINAE .

Leplograpsus varz'

ega tus, Fab. Lakes’ Entrance .

Sub -family—V ARUN INAE.

P lanes mini/fur, Linn . A cosmopol itan species .

Sub-family ~—~ SESARMINAE .

Casm'

agna t/zus lzasw ellz'

anus, Whitelegge . Port Ph il lip ; Western Port .

M.-Edw s . Port Phil l ip ; W estern Port .

Casmagna t/zus quadrz’

a’

entatus,M.

-Edw s. Common on coast

and islands in Bass Strait .Casnzag zza t/zus Inte l

'

s, Dana. Port Phil l ip 5 Western Port 5Lakes ’ Entrance .Cyc/ograpsus puncta tus, M .

-Edw s. Port Phi l l ip . (Common) .

B rae/zynotus spifl osus, M.-Edw s. Port Phil l ip . (Common ).

Cen su s of Victorian Decap od Crusta cea .

Sub - fam ily—P LAGUSINAE .

P lagusz’

a capem z’

s, de Haan . Bass Strait .

BRACHYURA OXYSTO NIA,on LEUCO SO IDEA

Family—LEUCOSI IDAE .

Sub- fam ily—LEUCOSI INAE .

M eromyp/us lambrz'

formz’

s,A . M -Edw s. Off East Moncoeur

Island (Chal lenger) 5 Po rt Phil l ip Heads (J . B . Wilson) .

E ba/z’

a finnbrz'

formz'

s,Bel l . Bass Strait (B ri t . Mus ).

E bd /z'

a massif/ms, Bel l ” East Moncoeur‘

I sland (Chall enge r) ;Western Port .

E ba/z’

a (knit/7 0725 , Miers . Western Port.E bal z

'

a Miers . Port Phi l l ip 5 Western Port.

(Common 4 to 10 fathoms ) .

E ba/z'

a luberm /osa ,A . M .

-Edw s . Ofi“ East Moncoeur Island

(Chal lenger) .

E ta/{a m za’

erz'

mspizw sa ,K inahan . Fisherman ’s Bend Port

Phil l ip .

Fizz/y a Mew }, Bel l . Port Phil l ip ; Western Port . Commonon sandy flats near low tide line .

BRACHYURA P RIMIG ENIA,OR DROMIAC EA

Family—DROMIIDAE .

Cryptodromz’

a Anew /1'

s, G ray . Port Phil l ip W ester n Port .Ca

rp/caravan w /Zsom'

,Fulton and G rant. Port Ph il l ip Heads

(J . B . Wil son ) ; W i l son’s Promontory (Kershaw ) .

D romz'

a austra liensis, Haswel l . Western Port (Sayce) .D row ia excava te , Stim pson . Port Phil l ip 5 Western Port .D rom z

’

a octoa’

enta fa , Haswell . Western Port.P /a tya

’rumz

’

a l/zomsom'

, Ful ton and G ran t. Western Port.

END OF VOL . XIX .,PART I .

[PU BL ISHED AUGUST,1906]

P RO C E E DOF THE

VOL .

Edited under t/ze Autizom’

zjy of the Council .

ISSUED FEBRUARY,1907 .

( Con ta in ing P apers rea d bef ore the Socie ty d u ring the m on ths of

October a nd December,

THE AUTHORS OI“ THE SEVERAL PAPERS ARE SEVERALLY RES PONSIBLE FOR THE

SOUNDNESS OF THE OPINIONS G IVEN AND FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE

STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN .

MELBOURNE

FORD SON , P R INTERS , DRUMMOND STREET , CARLTON .

AGEN TS TO THE SOCI ETY

WILLIAMS St NORGATE, 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN ,LONDON .

To w hom al l communications fortransm ission to the Roya l Soc ie ty of Victoria ,

from all parts of Europe , shou ld be sent.

1907 .

(“lit a

XIX. (N EW SERIES ) .

PART II .

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX- “ PT l l .

ART . IV New or Little-know n Victorian Fossil s in the NationalMuseum . P art V I I I .—Some P alaeoz oic Brittl estars of the Melbournian Se ries . By FR EDER ICKCHAP M AN ,

&c . ( P late s V L -V I I I . )ART . V .

—Description Of a N e w Spe cies of Cypridina f romHobson ’

s B ay , Me lbou rne . By F . CHAP M AN,

&c . (P late IX. )

ART . V I .—Contribution s to the Flora o f Austral ia. By ALFR ED

J . EW AR T , D. SC . , P H . D .

,F .L .S . (P lates X. ,

XL ,

XI I .)

ART . V I [ .

—Note on Ca l igorgia flabe l l um f rom P ort P hil lip . By

P ROFES SOR SYDNEY J . H ICKSON, D . Sc . ,F .R . S .

ART . V I I I .—Fou r N ew E chinoids f rom the Au stral ian Tertiary.

By T . S . HALL ,M .A . ( P lates X I I I -XV I . )

ART . IX.

—Surf ace Tension as an Aid in Canyon Formation , the

production of B ad Land, and River Captu re . By

J . A. LEACH ,M .sc . (P late XV I I )

ANNUAL RE P O RT AN D BALANCE SHEET

OFF ICE -BEAR ER S

COMM ITTEE S

L IST OF MEMB ER S

L IST OF EXCHANG ES

I NDEX

PAGE

[P ROC ROY . SOC . V ICTOR IA, 19 P T . I I .,

AR'

I‘

. I V .

—N ew or Little-kn ow n V ictorian Fossils in

the N a tion a l Museum .

PART VIII .—SOME PALAEOZO IC BR ITTL E- STARS OF THE

M ELBOURN IAN SER IES .

BY FREDERICK CHAPMAN ,ac

,

National Museum .

(With P l ates V I .-VI I I .)

[Read l 1th October,

I N T R O D U C T O R Y R E M A RK S .

An examination of the Silu rian Ophiurids and A sterids in theNational Mu seum affords ampl e proof that our Victorian palaeozoic rocks are near ly as rich in these forms of life as the Ludlowseries of Herefordshire and the Lake D istrict in England , or theclosely correlated strata of N . America. Both the mudstones and

the argil laceous sandstones of the Melbournian d iv ision of ourSilurian rocks have fu rnished numerous remains of the formergroup, the B ritt l e—stars, and perhaps needless to say, the mudstonesretain the Sharper imp ressions of the fossil s . SO fine -

grained ,however

,i s some of the sandstone rock that a sharp positive in

wax or plasticine can often be obtained from it,shewing the

finer ossicles or even the spines .The genus newly described here under

'

the name of Gregoriura

i s represented by a large and ornate species possessing somew hatremarkable characters, and for which a

'

place —may be found,

provisional ly, in the fam ily P rotasteridae . Another Oph iurid,

of which further detail s are now made know n,was described

by Prof. J . W . Gregory in 18891 under the name of Pro

taster brisingoides, and w as at the time the only describedspecies of th is particular group from Vic tor ian palaeozoic rocks .

1 Geol . Mag. , dec. iii. , vol . V I 1889, p . 24 .

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Victorian Fossils, P art VI [ 1 23

Observations—An extensive series of the above fossi l was

col lected by the first Victorian geological surveyors, fromMoonee Ponds Creek, Flem ington , then compr ised in “ Royal

Park these were deposited in the National Museum col lection,

and bore the MS . name given by McCoy—“ Taeniaster au

stralis”1 McCoy also referred to these fossi ls i n the Progress

Report of the Geological Survey of Victoria2 unde r the sameMS . name

,and they were reported to have come from Melbou rne

and the Upper Yarra . The latter local ity reference would

imply that these Ophiurids al so occu rred in the Yeringian series .

I had,however

,been unable to find any specimens of th is group

in the Museum col lect ions as from the Upper Yarra district unti lquite recently

,w hen two examples from the Parish of Yering,

Sect. XII .

,were discovered

Whilst examining in detai l the various fossils found in the

sandstone at Flemington their general negat ive character w as

noticed and upon taking a w ax impression from a remarkablysharp sandstone cast of P . brisingoides, the shape of typical

protasterid ossicl es was revealed, together with a deep sinuousventral canal . This impression satisfactor i ly explains thepresence of the “ m edian ridge,

” the natu re of w h ich,Prof.

Gregory observed , is doubtful . 3 Since th e fossils appear to bein the form of negative casts, the ossicl e structu re of thearm requires a d ifferent explanation . Prof . G regory, kindlyrep lying to a letter giv ing my ow n explanation of the

structure of th is fossi l , writes, under date July, 1906,as

fol lows If the specim en can be interpreted as by your

d rawing it becomes very much easier The sinuous r idgeI coul d not understand , and if it can be explained away so much

the bette r.

E mended and Additiona l D escription.

A s in P . bifori s,Gregory,4 the ambulacral ossicles consist of a

thick body and a cu rved w ing, and are in some portions of the

1 See Gregory op. cit , 1889, p . 26 ; also R . Etheridge , Junr. Records Australian

Museum , vol . i. , No. 10, 1891, p . 199.

2 No . 1 , 1874 , p. 34 .

3 Geol . Mag. , dec. iii., vol . V I 1889, p . 25 , fig. 2.

4 Proc . Z oo] . Soc. 1897, p . 1033, w oodcut , fig. 3.

F. Chapm an

arm almost halberd-shaped . The distal margin is twice notched,and the proximal margin is ci rcu lar ly excavated , so that thepodial area is almost el l iptical . The podial or ifices are thusrepresented in the negative cast by a double series of el l ipticalto subquadrate rounded prominences

,separated by the sinuous

ridge- l ike cast of the ambulacral furrow . The ambu lacral ossiclesare fusiform and cu rved

,the pointed p roximal end being directed

inwards. The ambulacral canal is flexuose and bordered by thecurved inner margins of the ambu lacra ls. The ambu lacralossicles are sometimes th icker than here d rawn

,and have the

notches more pronounced . The adambu lacral plates are general ly so close as to form an almost uninterrupted marginal border .No trace of a disc has been detected in the specimens before us

,

and the Spines,if any

,have not been p reserved .

M easurements of specimens in N a tiona l [l/nsenm .

Spec . A . Spec. B . Spec . 0.

Length of arm 20 mm . 24 mm .

’.l

Diameter of arm at base 3 mm . 2 mm . mm .

D iameter of arm near d istal end 2 mm . mm .

‘

l.

Occurrence —This species is of frequent occur rence in the

Silu rian (Melbou rnian ) sandstone of Moonee Ponds Creek,Flemington . It also occu rs rarely in the Yeringian series at

Yering.

G enus Gregoriuralnov .

Generic characters—A P rotasterid in which the u sual boot

shaped ambulacra ls are lateral ly developed, and modified into asubtriangular form . Ossicl es on each S ide of the ambulacral

canal subal ternate,excepting at the j unction with the mouth

frames,where they are paral lel . Adambulacral ossicles narrow

,

S lender,extending lateral ly in a l ine with the p roximal border of

the ambulacral ossic le . Spine-bearing plates, slender, at rightangles to the adambulacra ls, carrying (in the genotype) two conspicuous spines . Oval skeleton having j aw -plates the length of

the month -frames 5 teeth thick and prominent . No t races of a

disc preserved in the specimen on which the genus is founded .

A rms very sl ender and very flexible.

Named afterProfessor J . W . Gregory , w ho has devoted so much attention to

the elucidation and classification of this group of the echinodermata.

Victorian Fossils, P art VI I I . 25

G regoriura spryi, gen . e t sp. nov .

(Pl . V I .,Fig. 1 ; Pl . VIII .

,Figs . 1,

Description—This species is qu ite the largest ophiurid knownfrom A ustral ian rocks

,since it mu st have covered a circu lar area

hav ing a diam e ter of at least 7 2 mm . . The oral framework iswel l -preserved as a l imonitic cast

,the five rhomboida l groups

being distinctly separate . The angl e made by the j unct ion of

the el ements composing the mouth - frame and the j aws is stronglymarked . The jaw plates are lateral ly sl ightly concavo - convex .

The mouth -frames near the j unction of the arms are partlysupported by the embracing character of the ambulacra ls. The

ossic les of the a rm consist of subtriangu lar ambulacra ls hav ing asinus on the distal face for the passage of th e podia, wh ilst the

proximal face is broadly excavated 5 extending from the proximalend of each ambu lacral is a slender ambulacral, and apparentlyfused to this

,and at right angl es, i s a spine-bearing plate, having

general ly two strong spines, one directed outwards, the othertowards the arm tip .

Dimensions .

Length o f longest arm 3 2 mm .

Wid th of arm at base 3 mm .

Length of ambulacral ossic les circa 1 mm .

Length of syngnaths mm .

Observations—The above type Specimen is named in recogni

tion of its finder,Mr. F . P. Spry

,w ho has k ind ly presented it to

the National Museum . This specimen is very nearly perfect,as

it shows the whole of the oral framewo rk and the fi ve arms,one

of the latter being only slightly damaged by fractu re . The

oph iurid l ies on the slab of mudstone w ith the arms undu lateand grouped toward one side . The fi exure of the arms points tothe particu lar ly free character of the ossicl es in regard to movement . The deposition of sediment upon this b rittle-star musthave been very quiet and gradual , for even the superficial contour of the central area of the animal has been p reserved

,show

ing it to have been st rongly convex .

Horizon and Local ity—Silu rian (Melbournian) . In the blue

and och reous shale of the Yarra Imp rovement Works,S . Yarra.

F. Chapm an

Family—P a/w op/zinridae.

Genus—S turtz ura ,Gregory, 1897 .

S turt z ura Ie ptosomo ide s , sp. nov .

(P I. V I I .,Pl . VIII .

,Fig

Description—A rms ve ry flexible,moderately broad in the

m iddle, very slender towards the dista l end . Disc not visible i n

specimens now described . Mouth -frames S l ender,separate

,

shorter than the j aws. Oral framework having a diameter of

4 mm . in our examples . Ambulacral ossicles subquadrate,

broader p roximal ly,with a podial sinus on the distal and outer

faces . Adambulacra ls narrow,curved

,fusiform

,and disposed

obl iquely , extending outw ards tow ards the arm - tips . Intermediate

sp ine-bearing plates with two or th ree prom inent spines .Measurement of type specimen .

Length of arm 10 mm.

Width of arm at b roadest part,viz .

,3 mm .

fmm .

rom j unction W ith mouth -f rame

Diameter of o ral pentagon mm .

Observations—P . brisingoides w as selected by Gregory as the

type of the above genus,l but since that species appears to require

a somewhat diff erent explanation as to its arm structure,w hich

is related to that of the protasterids, as al ready shown here,Sturtz ura leptosoma

,Sa l ter sp.

,

2 must now be regarded as thetype form . The present species resembles

,at fi rst sight, S . l ep

tosoma of the Lud low beds of the Welsh border so closely thatthe Engl ish and Victorian fossils appeared to be one and the samespecies. Upon examining thei r arm -structu re

,how ever

,i t is seen

that although generical ly related , the f orms are specifical ly d istinct (see pl . viii . , figs. 4

,

Horizon and Locality“

.—Silurian (Melbournian ), Moonee Ponds

Creek, Flemington . Geol . Surv . Col l .

1 Proc. Zool Soc . 1897, p . 1034.

2 Ann . Mag . Nat. Hist , serii. , vol . xx 1857, p. 331 , pl . ix. ,fig. 5.

P roc . R .S . Victoria ,1906. P late VI .

I“

. C .

S ilurian O phiurids .V ic toria .

P roc . R S . Victoria,1906. P la te

F.C. P HOT.

S ilurian O phiurids , V ict oria .

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P roc. R .S . Victoria ,1906. P late VI I I .

“0 EPSk

LX IO

Struc ture o f S ilurian Ophiurids , V ic toria .

Victorian Fossils, P art VI I I .

EXPLANATION OF PLATES .

VI .

l .—Gregoriura spryi, sp. et gen . nov . Silurian . S . Yarra .

N at. size.

2.

—P rotaster brisingoides, G regory . Negative cast in

sandstone of tw o examples . Silur ian . Flemington .

Nat . size.

VII .

Fig. 1 .—Sturtz ura leptosomoides

,sp. nov . Silu rian . Flem ing

ton (Moonee Ponds Creek) . Type . x

2.-S . leptosomoides, sp. nov . Silurian . Flemington . x 15

VIII .

1 .—Arm - structure (ventral aspect) in Gregoriura spryi,

gen . e t Sp. nov . Silu rian . S . Yarra . x 8 .

2.—Oral and arm -structure in P rotaste

'

brisingoiders,

G regory . Silu rian . Flemington . x 6.

3.—Oral and arm - structu re in Gregoriura spryi, gen . e t

sp. nov . showing emb racing ossic les in the oralregion . Si lu rian . S . Yarra. x 6.

4 .—Arm - structu re in S turtz ura leptosomoides

,sp. nov .

Silu rian . Flem ington . x 10.

—A r in- structure in S turtz ura leptosoma,Sal te r sp. ,

from

specimen in N a t. Mus. Col l . from the Lower Ludlow Series of Leintwardine

,Hereford shire

(A l fred Marston col l ) . x 10.

EXPLANATION OF LETTERING .

a ambulacral ossicl es : ad , adambulacral ossicles : c, ambulacralcanal 5 f, mouth -frame ; j , j aws 5 p, podial aperture

s,syngna th 5 s p.

,spine-bear ing plate ; t,

[P ROC . ROY . SOC. V ICTOR IA , 1 9 P T . 11 1906 ]

ART. V .

—Descrip tion of a N ew Sp ecies of Cypridina

from Hobson’

s Bay,Melbourn e.

BY F. CHAPMAN, so.

(With P late IX) .

[Read 13th December,

PREL IM INARY REMARKS .

The - species now described,al though hitherto not specifical ly

determined, is one o f the most abundant of the Os tracodainhabiting Hobson

’s Bay and the adj acent waters of Port Ph il l ip .

In the “ Victorian Natu ral ist for M r . J . Shepherd gav e

an interesting account of the phosphorescence caused by anostracod

,in al l p robabil ity the present species

, off B rightonBeach

,Port Ph il lip . In this notice it w a s stated that the l ight

em itted,when the water was agitated , flashed out from distinct

points,each about the size of a th reepenny. piece .” The Ostracoda

w ashed up on the sandy beach also show ed phosphorescence w hen“ the ground w as trodden near to them .

” Mr. Shepherd further

m entions that “ a dozen or so in a l ittl e water,w hen shaken

,

emitted suflicient l ight to read a w atch -dial .”

It was this phosphorescent property which l ed M r. A . O .

Thiel e to gather the specimens I am now describing. In order toascertain w hether th is form w as similarly phosphorescent, andbeing aw are of the phosphorescence of the Cypridinads general ly,as wel l as to endeavou r to establ ish the identity of M r

,

Shepherd ’s ostracod I wrote to M r . Thiele,who rep l ied as

fol lows In reply to you r query I may mention that it was

their extraord inary phosphorescence that attracted my attention .

While fiShing in the Bay about one mile from the shore in abou t

fou r fathom-s of water,I noticed in pu l l ing up the l ine that the

bait was so luminous that I w a s able to note the t ime on my

watch . I d rew the bait through the part ial ly closed hand and

1 Vol . xi. , p . 131 .

N ew Species"

of Cypridina . 29

thus fel t that it was covered with a mass o f granular substancewh ich I wiped off and took home . It was diffi cul t to get the

phosphorescence off the hands .

It is noteworthy that Mr. Shepherd observed the phosphorescent ost racods at Brighton about the end of October, on a calmhot night. M r . Thiel e also procured his gather ing in w arm

weather in the beginning of February,and -

a fu rther supplywhich he kind ly p rocured for me

,in the l iving condition, he

obtained early in J uly (midwinter) , when the v were apparentlynot so numerous in such shal low wate r as was then explored.

DESCRIPTION .

Genus—CYPRI D INA .

“

Cyprid ina t hie le i,sp. nov . (Plate IX . )

M a le—Carapace seen from the side,subovate

,and widest

(highest) in the centre . Dorsal margi n strongly arched 5 ventral ,evenly but l ess strongly cu rved , and - depressed at the anterior

Anterior extremity with a rounded,blunt beak

,curving

over the antenna] sinus,which is central and not very deeply

incised . Pos terior extremity produced in to a beak—l ike process,convex on the ventral side

,concave on the dorsal . Edge V iew,

elongate-ovate, ends nearly equal .

Figured specimen .—Length, mm .5 height, mm .

Fema le—The form of the carapace nearly resembles that ofthe male

,but is larger, and higher. near the m idd le, with th e

antero—ventral margin d istinctly depressed . The antennal notch

is deeper and more open ; posterior extremity rounded at theventral corner

,and sub -truncate on the dorsal s ide

,with only the

faintest indication of_

a posterior beak .

Figured specimen . mm . 5 height, mm . ; thickness of

carapace j ust below the m iddle, 1 mm .

Genera l e/zaraeters.—Shel l th in

,pol ished

,and very finely punc

tate ; in places showing opaque spots wh ich apparently increasein size on d rying, due to the deposition of phosphate of l ime at

certain centres. A ntennae moderately long for th is genus.

30 F. Chapman

Mandibular foot with the conical p rocess at its base,charac

teristic of Cypridina as defined by G . O . Sars . Ve rmiform l imbwith about 6 pairs of fine spin es towards the extremity

,and two

long te rminal ones . Caudal lam ina with about 13 ungues, gradu ‘

al ly dec reasing in size from the extrem ity backwards the books

are beset with numerous short spines on‘

the inner surface,to

within one-fourth of the tip. Pai red eyes large, with about 12l enses seen in the same plane . Muscle impressions situated aboutthe m iddle of the ante rior th i rd

,forming a sub—oval cluster of

rounded and elongated spo ts .

0bseroa lions.—The p resent species is a typical Cyprid ina

,not

only because of the p resence of th e conical proce ss at the base ofthe mandibu lar foot

,but al so on account of the absence of the

ungu inal process seen in A sterope ; i t al so shows the blunt, beakshaped point a t the poster ior extremity usual ly possessed by

Cyprid ina . Upon examining l iv ing examples of Cypridinathie lei under the mic rosc ope encl osed in the l ive-box

,they we re

seen to em it a strong s teel -blue ligh t for about 10 minutes, andwhen the luminosity became faint it cou l d be speedily increasedby the appl ication of sl igh t p ressu re . The heart-pulsations

,as

observed in some l iving specimens wh ich had been captured about24 hou rs p rev iously, and in winter, averaged about 56 per

m inu te .

The carapace of C . thielei,has a very interesting structu re, fo r

most of the val ves,when mounted in med ia and placed between

crossed nicol s under the m ic roscope,Show various centres of c ry

sta lliz ation due to the loca l formation o f ' radia l groups of crys tal sof phosphate of l ime . These groups Show the usual dark cross ofcrystals hav ing a straigh t ex t inction . This cal cification may be

seen on the d ried valves as Opaque white patches . Sorby men

tions th is c rystal l ine radia l stru cture which is so eminentlydeveloped in crab shel l s

,as occu rring al so in Entomost raca .

1

The same structu re is al so seen,and in a m ore advanced stage , i n

the valves of a species of Crossophorus, w hich M r. J . H . Gatlifl'

found at Portsea,Port Phi ll ip

,Victoria

,and kind ly favoured

me with some short time ago .

1 Quart . Journ. Geol . Soc . ,vol . xxxv . , 1879, p . 61 .

N ew Sp ecies of Cypridina . 31

A lthough it is assumed from an exam ination of the al readyknow n species of Cyprid ina that the males only are endowedwith sw imming power,

1the p resent occurrence of females in some

abundance on the bait l et down off Will iamstown seems

to Show that this species may prove an except ion . That

the turgid forms were females there can be no donbt, since theeggs were seen in some instances within the valves ; thefemales of this genus hatching thei r young within the carapace,and not depositing them on water plants l ike most other Ostracoda

. As in the species whose females are non-natatory,the

terminal j oint s of the first pai r of antennae in the females of C .

thielei are not tufted , but the males bear long tufts, which

undoubted ly give them greater sw imming power .Afi m

’

tt’

ey of Me Spea'

es.—I n the form of the carapace C . thie lei

appears to be quite d istinct from any hithe rto described species .C

.formosa

,Dana

,

2 may be considered one of the nearest al l iedf orms, diff er ing i n hav ing subequal extrem ities viewed lateral ly,in the sharp anter ior beak

,and strongly p ronounced punctations

or depressions on the surface of th e val ve . B rady ’s figure of a

specimen referred to Dana ’s species exhibits a blunt beak,as in

ours,but the carapace is al together higher .

The e longate oval ou tl ine of the above species i s somewhat l ikethat of C . mediterranea, Cos ta ,

3 bu t the latter has a sharp an

terior beak, and the edge V iew shows the carapace to haverounded ends .

0. megalops, Sars,4 also resembles our species in general form ,

but this al so has an acum inate beak,and in the lateral aspect the

valves are higher . In its ovately pointed edge-v iew C . megalops

agrees w ith C . thie lei,but i ts greatest th ickness is below the

region where it occurs in the latter .Habitat—In moderately shal low water in Port Ph il l ip andHobson ’s Bay

,feeding upon decaying animal matter .

1 Brady ,G . S . , Rep. Chal lengerZool . , pt. iii. , 1880, p . 1 51 .

2 United States Exp] . Exped ., Crustacea 1855 , p . 1296, pl . xci. , fig. 5 ; also Brady , G . S . ,

Rep. Chall . Zool . , pt. iii. , 1880, p . 155, pl . xlii. , figs. 9-11 .

3 Fauna del Regno di Napoli, 1845 pl . iv . ,figs. 1 -14. See alsoG . S . Brady, Mon.

Marine and Freshw aterOstracoda of the N . Atlantic and N .W . Europe . Trans. R. DublinSoc . , vol . v . , ser. ii. , part. xii. , 1896, p 650, pl . liv . , figs. 1 , 2 ; pl . l v . ,

figs. 1 -11 .

4 Unders’

dgelserHardangerFj ordens Fauna, i. Crustacea . V idensk-Se lsk, Forhandl ,

p. 278 ; also Brady , op. supra cit , pl . l iv . , figs . 5, 6.

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P roc . R .S’. Victoria , 1906. P late IX.

”0° A“ N“ DEL C yprid ina t hie le i,

sp. no v .

[P ROC . ROY . Soc . V ICTOR IA, 19 P T . II . ,

ART. VI .

—00ntriba ti0n s to the Flora of Au stra lia .

BY ALFRED J . EWART,D .s0 .

,P H.D . , P .L.S .

G overnm ent Botanist and P rof essor of Botanyin the University of Melbourne .

(With P lates X., XL ,XI I ) .

[Read 13th December,

AESCHYNOMENE ASPERA,L . var . OLIGARTHRA

,

’ F. v .

‘

M .,Herb

.

(Leguminosae ) . Port Dar w in,M . Holtze

,1891 .

This plant w a s o riginal ly conside red by von Muel le r to be anew species

,but was subsequently referred by h im to A . aspera

,

Linn .,to which it undoubtedly belongs. It differs in the fru it

having only 1 to 3 rather large segments, each usua lly l cm .

broad by Ii cm . long, and wi th near ly smooth side wal ls, whereasthose of the type species are usual ly covered with warts orpapil lae

,and are 7 to 8 min . broad by 8 to 10 mm . long . Fruits

of a f e w segments appear also on the type Species, and in suchcases the segments tend to become large r than in the longer pods .The variety is

,how ever

,a strongly marked one , and apparently

hitherto un recorded . A . aspera is new to A ustral ia . The stems

of the plants are used by the Chinese for making paper, and it i sj ust possible that the plant may have been introduced by them .

A LBIZZ IA (AROHIDENDRON ) P ENTZ KEANA,F . v . M .

,Herb.

vail lantii,F . v . M . Fragm . ,

v . 60,

variety P entzkeana .

A number of specimens of the apparently unpublished speciesA . pentzkeana w e re found a t

' the Herbarium . A specimen

submitted tO ' Ke w was marked by Dr. Stapf “

genus correct,species unpubl ished .

”

Close comparison wi th A . vail lanti i,however

,reveal s so many

features in common that the plant can only be classed as a

variety Of that species, d i ff ering ch iefly in the shape and large

A lfred J. Ew art '

size Of the leaves and leaflets. Each leaf has a stout common

stalk of abou t 5 cm . l ength , forking into t w o paripinnate

branches of 30 cm . or more , and bearing 3 or 4 pairs of large

e longated ovate leaflets averaging 30 cm . l ength by 10 cm . broad,

on short thick pu l vi ni of about 1 cm .

Fruits and seeds as in A . vail lantii,but the former w ith m ore

numerou s and minute yel low hairs on the outer surface .

A RENAR IA AXILLAR IS,Luehm . Stel laria glauca, With .

,var. axi l

l aris,Luehm . (Caryophyl leae ) .

From material col lected by M r . Reader on the same local ity,

there can be no doubt that the plant is to be referred to Stel lariaglauca, var . The specimens are identical

,and have the cleft

petals of Stellaria,a point which can not be satisfactor ily deter

mined in Luehmann’s or iginal specimens .

ASTER DUMOSUS,L . (Compositae) .

A North American weed which appears to be spreading inVictoria

,and which has ev idently reached this State from N ew

South Wales,where it has long been recorded . Our specimens

were identical w ith those in the Herbarium label led Tripol iumconspicuum

,Lind l .

,from the Paris Museum . A s th is species

apparently stands in the Kew Index in Spite of the reference toA ster

,specimens w ere sent to Ke w and determined as above .

Synonyms for A . dumosus,

‘

L .

,are T . conspicuum ,

Lind l . , A ster

imbrica tus,Walp . (but no t of A . a renaroides

,Eaton .

Be llida ,new genus (Compositae) .

Annual s or perennial s w ith radical l eaves,and inflorescences a t

the end s of long simpl e stalks, leafless, or with a smal l bract onthe shaft . Bracts of the involuc re imbricate

,scar iou s in a doubl e

ser ies,the inner ones larger. Florets al l al ike, regularly 5 - toothed

,

tubular and yel low,with no scales betw een them . A nthers with

w ell -marked appendices and with rounded bases . Style and

stigma of A sterae . Fruit on a distinct sta lk,and obl iquely

inserted on the head . Pappus of tw o small , separable, cup - l ike

scales,each bearing a singl e row of stiff bristl es.

Flora of Au stra lia . 35

Relationsh ips—The obliquely l ateral insertion of the fruitreminds one of the Cynareae -Centaurineae

,from which the plant

d iff ers widely in other respects. The charac ter Of the bracts andthe homogamous inflorescence s suggest the Gnapha leae , but the

anthers hav e rounded bases and no tai ls .The sl igh t resemblance to a young stage of B artlettia lSeneci

onideae) is of no importance, since th is plant has female ray florets

and d iffers in the pappus and unstalked achenes. Among the

A sterae -Solidaginae the genu s shews a certain degree of rel ation

ship to Le ssingia , but the florets are al l al ike, the outer ones notbeing more deeply s l it

' on the outside . The general habits and

leaves are l ike those Of A chnophora tatei, F. v . M .

,w h ich

would bring the plant between Calotis (A sterae -A sterinae ) andB rachycome (Asterae—B e l lidinae ) . The plant difl

'

ers,however

,in

the pappus, stalked achenes, and absence of ray florets,and

among the Asterae -B e l lidinae only one species of G reene lla has

homogamous heads .‘ The general charac ters agree best with the

A sterae -Asterinae,although the genu s shewn also approaches to

the Solidagineae and Be l lidina e sect ions, and also th rough thebracts to the Anthemideae .

B ELLIDA GRAMINEA,n . sp. J ibberding, W .A .

,1905

,M . Koch .

A smal l tufted annual he rb,from 6 to 18 cm . high w hen in

f ru it,and with a short slender tapering tap root . Leaves rad ical

in a grass- l ike tuft, unstalked , flat, l inear, contracted to an obtu setip

,2 to 7 cm . l ong, about 1 mm . broad

, g lab rous, or occasional lywith a few smal l scattered hai rs

,ch iefly at the margins . A ll other

subaerial parts glabrous excepting the fruit . Flower heads conical with a rounded top, on separate stalks,the oute r ones curved ,l onger than the leaves (6- 18 arising at the top Of the rootamong the leaves . A singl e l inear b ract about 2 mm . long with

scarious‘

edges i s usual ly, but not al ways“

,present an inch or tw o

below the head,but sometimes near the base and then easily

overlooked .

Inflorescence of 40 to 50 smal l yel low tubular hermaphrodite

florets (no rays), su rrounded by a double set of scarious bracts,the outer series smal ler in 2 imbricate rows of 6 or 7 in each

,the

inner layer w ith 7 or 8 in each row , and w i th broad overlapping

A lf reol J. Ew art

scarious margins, and a central dark l ine usually p roj ecting as apoint a t the tip . The young flowe r heads are about 15 cm . dia

meter,but enlarge to 1% or 2 cm . diameter in fruit

,the bracts

,

especial ly Of the inner se t, d oubl ing in size .

Florets abou t 5 cm . diamete r,wi th a slender ovary but no

stalk and no scales between . Co rol la tubular,with 5 regu lar

free points,and the append ices of the anthers p roj ecting beyond

them . The slender style is bifid, with conical or truncate ends

papil lose on the outer side, the stigmatic l ines on the edges of thebifid portion with in the anther- tube. Pollen grains g lobular and

m inutely spiny . Fruits 1 cm . long or‘

more,the achene con

tracted to a short stalk a t its base,which is hol low and has an

Oblique basal opening below one edge Of the flattened achenial

part of the fru it . The sides of the achene are finely sculptu redw ith transverse grooves, and bear a pair of smal l brow n scales,whose upper margins are d rawn out into a fringe of stiff bristl esto 1 cm . long, themsel ves fr inged with minute teeth , the

upper two-th irds b right pink , the basal th ird white .

BURTON IA MULT I JUGA, F. v . M .

,Forrest ’s Expedition = Bur

tonia polyz yga , Benth .

,var. mu l tij uga, F . v . M . (Legum

inosae) .

The specimens are rather larger, coarser and stou ter thanthe type species

,which they otherwise closely resemble. The

hairs are sho rter forming a dense bu t thin wool ly cover ing. The

leaflets average 30 in number, and vary from 3 to 6 mm . in

length , and from 2 to 4 mm . in b readth . The common petiole

usual ly averages 6 to 8 cm . in length . The specimens bear no

flowers, and from the other characters can only be classed asa variety of B . polyz yga , Benth .

CALOTHAMNUS‘

G ILRSII, F . v . M . w atheroo sandy plains,W .A .

,

M . Koch,1906.

Of this rare plant described in 1876 (Fragmenta X.,p . the

Herbarium only possessed two fragmentary spec imens withoutany fruits . These are usual ly in cl ose sessi le c lusters Of 2 to ' 5 ,

near ly cy l indr ical, greyish -brown to bufl

'

colour,2 of the persist

ent calyx teeth Often growing larger than the others“

in Old f ruits,“

Flora of Au stra lia . 3 7

w hich attain a heigh t and bread th of 1 cm . The fruits open by3 valves within the cup . The l inea r seed s are angular withoutany perceptibl e wing, usual ly sl igh t ly curved , numerous , l ight todark brown

,and j ust exceed 1 mm . in length .

COMMERQON IA REDUCTA, F . v . M . and Tate, MS . (Stercu l iaceae),

(Dec ,1887 , Port Lincoln) = C . Tatei

,F . v . M .

,T rans.

Royal Society S . Austr. ,x .

,1888 .

The desc ription here given is insu fficient to identify eitherplant. but specimens of C . Tatei, obtained from Adelaide

,are

identical w i th those named C . reduc ta in the Nat ional Herbarium,

the former name standing .

CON OSTYLIS ACULEA'

I‘

A,R . B r.

,var . bromelioides (C . brom e lioides,

M . Koch,Cowcow ing, 1904 ; J ibbe rding, W .A .

1905 .

Specimens from these local ities show al l stages Of transi tionbetween C . acul eata and C . brom e lioides

,some specimens hav ing

the inflorescence of C . acu leata wi th the l eaf of C . brome lioides,

others the l eaf margin Of C . brome lioides, with the number of

flower b racts and length of leaf of C . aculeata . The distribution

seem s to preclude the formation of hybrid s,and hence Bentham ’s

suggestion1 that C . brome lioides might prove to be a variety of

C . aculeata is confirmed .

CONOSTYLIS AUREA,var . longiscapa , 11 . var. M . Koch

, J ibber

ding sand plains, W .A .,1905 .

Scapes (14 - 18 cm . ) longer than the leaves ( 10- 14

Leaves narrow,barely more than 2 mm . diam . ( instead of half a

In this respect the specimens approach var. hum i l is,F.

v . M .,but the marginal setae are finer and more hair- l ike . A

doubtful specimen from the Mu rch ison R . has the same charac

teristics as this var iety, but the bracts are much longer both onthe scape and in the flower head .

CROTALAR IA MITCHELLI , Benth , var. tomentosa, new var .(Leguminosae) .

Between Finke River and Charlotte Waters,Kempe. Densely

covered with fine hairs in everypart except the corol la and f ruit .

1 Flora australiensis, vol . v i. , p. 438 .

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Flora of Au stra lia . 39

term inations to the branches,

and by the occurrence of theflowers in clusters

,They may however also be solitary

,

and one specimen exh ibits both characteristics. Bentham in factsuggested that the sol itary flowers of D . m icrophyl la might not

be a constant feature,and a specimen named by Bentham D .

m icrophyl la,but original ly named D . incrassata

,Sm .

,has

leaves approaching closely to those of D . m esophylla . Un

fortunately Bentham ’s specimen has no flowers,hence it can not at

p resent be definitely determined whether we are deal ing witha strongly marked variety D . microphyl la or with a recently

evolved species,stil l connected to the parent type by inter

mediate forms.

DAV IES IA ULICINA ,Smith

,var . subumbe llata (Leguminosae ) .

V icto ria desert, Elder Expedition, R . Helms

,1891 .

Not previously recorded from W . Austral ia .

DODONAEA ADENOPHORA,Miq .

,var. ovata

,n . var . (Sapindaceae ).

Specimens were sent,in 1884

,from Adelaide by J . H . B rown

to von Muel ler,and laid aside for future examination . The

specimens have a very d ifferent superficial aspect to the typespecimen of Miquel w ith which

,however

,they agree in al l essen

tial featu res . The l eaves differ in hav ing a large r number ofleaflets

,commonly 11 5 the leaflets are relatively broader (usual ly

3 mm . long by 1 broad) , more regular ly arranged and more ovate,and hence the p lant may be distinguished as variety ovata .

DRYANDRA FRASERI,R . Br. Watheroo sand plains . W . Aus

tralia . Max Koch,Aug. 1906,

The only specimens prev iously in the Herbar ium w ere thoseexam ined by Bentham .

ERIOSTEMON BRUCE I,F . v . M . M . Koch

,Cowcow ing (Victoria

district of S . W . A ustral ia), 1904 .

Very rare .

ER IOSTEMON TUB ERCULOSUS, Benth , var . m egaphyllus, 11 . var.

Cow cow ing, 1904 .

Leaves d istinctly bi—lobed at thei r apices,and averaging 15 mm .

by 3 mm . ( 10 to 20 mm . long, and 2 to 4 mm . broad) . Short

4 3

A lfred J. Ew art°

narrow petioles from 2 mm . to 1 mm .

,or less in length , but

al ways more distinct than in type species. Other specimens haveprogressively small er leaves, some bi- lobed and some not, formingin termediate conditions between this variety

,the type species

,

and even var. microphyl lus,which have otherwise very distinct

aspects,and of wh ich the latter form was recognised by Bentham

as a d istinct species (P hebalium microphyl lum ) , but as a variety byMuel ler. The variety microphyl lu s has the leaves shortly stalked

,

but not bi- lobed at the apex, and smaller and narrower thanth e variety m egaphyl lus.

ERIOSTEMON (P HEBALIUM) INTERMED IUS, n . Sp.

This plant is interesting since it forms a connection betweenthe Leionema section and Eriostemon proper

,thus j ustifying

v on Muel ler ’s inclusion O f P heba lium in E riostemon .

Leaves 2 or more cm . in length , usual ly 2,near ly l inear

,

tuberculate with smal l glands, narrowed at the base to a stalk ,pointed at the apex

,but the poin t not curved . Channell ed above

,

rounded below,no mid rib shewing, and less than 1 mm . diam . at

the broadest part. Sepal s very smal l (abou t gmm . long), sp reading,

green or brown , rather obtuse or sl ight ly pointed , edges entire o rfr inged with extremely minu te hai rs, and bearing a few small ,sl ightly-proj ect ing glands . Petals 5

,white

,narrowed near thei r

bases,and 3 to 4 mm . long. Stamens 10

,with minute wh ite or

no append ices,the fi laments not hairy or ci l iate

,with broader

flattened bases . Base of the ovary w ith a th ickened disc,and

each coccu s of the fru it containing one rather large, flat, b rown ,apparently—winged seed , about 2 mm . in l ength .

Cowcowing, M . Koch,1904 ; W .A .

,between Upper Black

wood R . and L . Lefroy,Miss C ronin

,1893 .

The lat ter specimens were placed by von Muel ler w ith E . Brucei

appai’

ently from superficial examination only, since the plant s

are readily distinguished from that species by the longer l eavesnot recurved at their tips

,by th e smaller sepal s not perceptibly

broader a t their m iddles,and mm . l ong instead Of 1 mm . Or

more,by the fi laments flattened at their bases and not cil iate

,by

the less d istinct appendix, and by the style being not short but

about 5 the length Of the petals. The species resemble One

Flora of Austra lia . 4 1

another,however

,in general habit, i n the flowers sol ita ry

,

in the

axil s of the leaves,on ped icels of about 2 mm .

,w ith the bases

su rrounded by m inute bracts . From E . scaber it is readilydi stingu ished by the absence Of any articu lation of the pedicel toa peduncle

,and from E . l inear is by the stigma being entire and

not lobed .

EUPHORBIA HYPER IC IFOL IA, L.,var . bracteolaris

,Boiss (Euphor

biaceae ). E l der Exploring Expedit ion , 1892, la t . 27 deg.

5 m . S .

,long. 119 deg . 15 m . E .

This pl ant was considered by Luehm ann to be a new Austral

ian species . Specimens sent to K ew were determined as E .

i nd ica,L .

,from which the plant differs only in the Seeds being

smooth instead of shal low ly pitted . E . indica,L. ,is probably an

error,for E . indica,

'

Lamk. ,which is placed under E . hypericifol ia

as var. indica by Hooker variety bracteolaris has the smoothseeds of ou r specimens, and agrees in othe r respects w ith in a

varietal range. The Species is ne w to Austral ia and undoubted lyindigenous .

LE P IDOP ETALUM (BL) TENAX, Benth .

Specimens o f Lepidope ta lum austral is,F . v . M .

,MS ,

col

lected by Hil l a t Moreton B ay, were sent to Ke w and

retu rned marked , “

genus correct, species not at Kew .

” Onfu rther exam ination they were found to be identical w ith speci

mens named Ratonia tenax,Benth .

,by Bentham himself

,and

from the same local ity and col lector. The species , therefore,becomes Lepidope ta lum tenax, Benth .

,f or which Cupania tenax

,

A . Cunn .

,Ra tonia tenax, Benth . , and LepidOpetalum austral is,

F . v . M .

,are synonyms .

LEPYRODIA SCARiOSA, R . Br . (Restiaceae) . Grampians,H . B .

Will iamson, 1903 .

New to Victoria .

MELALEUCA CORDATA Benth .,var . ovata., F . v . M . M . Koch

,

Western Austral ia .

These specimens with almost Oblong l eaves, al l regularly3-nerved

,d iverge more strongly from the type species than those

42 A lfred J. Ew art '

On which v on Mueller ’s variety was founded . The leaves on the

latter have mostly 5 nerves,and only a few smal ler ones have 3 .

MYRS INE (RAPANEA) B ENTHAMIANA,Mez . 1884

,Port Darw in

,

M . Holtze ,

Named at Kew,and not previously recorded f or Austral ia.

NEPH EL IUM B ECKLERII, Benth .

,v an ? (Sapindaceae) . Logan R .

Scortechini.

The leaflets are smal ler than the type,averaging 7 cm . by 2

,

and the venation finer . New to Queens land .

PERSEA BAI LEYANA, F. v . M. Ined. (Lauraceae) , given in

Bai ley ’s Flora Of Queensland,p . 13 10.

The Specimens in the National Herbarium are marked “

pro

bably Cinnamomum Tamal a,Nees

,

” in the handw riting Of von

Muel ler,and queried as Cinnnamomum virens

,R . T. Baker

,by

R . T. Baker . One specimen of C . v irens is marked by R . T .

Baker as very close to C . propinquum,Bailey

,which Bailey

considers to be closely al l ied to C . oval ifol ium , Wight, 10. 125 .

A type specimen Of C . prOpinquum , Bai ley, agrees closely with

the figure of C. a lbiflorum ,Nees (Laurus cassia, Roxb . ) in Wight,

Icones 140,and th is species is an accepted synonym f or C .

Tamala,Nees. This disagreement of experts probably resul ts

from the fact that al l these “ species are so closely connected w ith

C . Tamala by intervening forms as to render it advisable to

extend the boundary of this species so as to include C . virens,

Baker,C . propinquum ,

Bail ey,and C . Ol iveri, Bail ey, of which

plant we have specimens from the same local ity (Lismore) as C .

propinquum . In any case there appears to be no j ustification forthe name Persea Bai leyana

,F. v . M .

,as a MS . name on the

au thority of Baron von Muel ler.

P ETROPHILA . ERICIFOLIA . (Proteaceae) . J ibberding. M . Koch .

Intermediate forms re sembling var. glabriflora in their smal ler

leaves and smal ler cones,but w ith a hairy not glabrous perianth,

in this respect resembling var . scabriuscula .

Flora of Austra lia . 43

R ICHARDSONIA STELLARIS, Charm. e t Schlect.

Specimens were found in the Herbarium sent in 1885 by

Betche from Mossmann’

s Bay,N . S . Wales

,with a letter by

von Muel ler add ressed to Kew but never sent . On referenceto

'

Kew the plant was determined as above,the species being

from S . America, and evidently an introduced weed to N . S .

Wales, where R . humistrata is al ready recorded as an intro

duetion .

ROMULEA (TRICHON EMA)i

CRUCIATA,Ker-Gawl ( = R . cruciata

,

This widely-spread Irid with rose- l i lac flow ers, and tough

grass- l ike leaves is commonly known as the Gui ldford grass or

Onion grass, and was original ly re ferred by F. v on Mueller as R .

bulbocodium,L. I t is given in Rodw ay

’

s Flora of Tasmania as

R . rosea,a S . A frican plant . Both these species

,how ever

,have

the style l onger than the stamens, whereas our plant resembles

the R . cruciata,distinguished by Ker-Crawl . (Bot. Mag ,1802, pl .

575) from R . bu lbocodium , and R . rosea,by the sty le shorter than

the stamens and the hai ry fi laments . Baker,in the Flora

Capensis,makes th is species R . l ongifol ia, Baker, but the th ree

purple str ipes on the outer periant li segments given by Bake r areabsent or very feebly developed, and the spathe segment s aresmal ler cm . long in flower to 1 cm . in fru it), the inner segment

hav ing a broad scarious margin. The leaf,as in the type speci

mens of R . cruciata, Often has a fifth groove on one edge fo r aportion of its l ength , giv ing the appearance in t ransverse sectionshown in Plate XII . (a) . O therwise the transverse section (b)resembles that of R . rosea (d ) more closely than that of R . bu lbo

cod ium whereas the transverse section O f the leaf of a type

specimen of R . cruciata,closely resembles that of R . bulbocod ium

This fact and the character Of the spathe segments j ustifies the

recognition of an A ustral ian variety of R . cruciata.

There can be no doubt that the short style with its six veryshort stigmatic arms, which separate s as the stamens shed thei r

pol l en,i s an adaptation for self-pol l ination. The flow ers

,which

are st rongly thermonastic, only open on w arm s unny days, and do

not seem to have any regular insect v isitors. The plant -

grew

A lfred J. Ew art °

abundantly in the neighbourhood Of the Botanic Gardens over 40years ago, and may date much fu rther back stil l , fo r itsincrease is favou red by the conditions attendant on the pre

'

sence of civ i l ized man . Probably if specimens had been col lected

from the ear ly part Of l ast century,w e wou l d have received evi

dence Of adaptive modification on the part of this plant,but

whether R. c ruciata,var . austral is, is der ived from R . bulbo

codium or R . rosea is impossibl e to say . In any case the whole

genus of Romu lea is bad ly in need of rev ision .

Exper iments on the extermination of this weed are in progressat the Herbarium and in the d ain grounds. The useof pigs

has been suggested to root out the corms from the ground, andMr. T . S . Hal l has recorded before the Field

.

Natu ral ists’ Clubthat white cockatoos com ing North from the Otw ays have

performed the same Office,and by digging out the corms have cleared

patches of ground infested by the weed . M r . C . French, J un .

,

reports that he has Often seen children’

ea ting the bulbs, although

to the nov ice the taste is by no means pleasant. A quantity Of

the corms crushed and w ashed th rough a fine sieve yielded on

settl ing an abundance of fine -quality starch,so that

,were it not

for the expense of col lect ing the bu lbs, they might form a profi table source Of starch . The seeds are al so h ighly nutritious, andit is owing to the sparrow s and other bi rds wh ich eat the seedsthat the plant is so rapidly and widely spread . Futu re investiga tion may show some use for the seeds . The stal k Of the fruit

capsule is strongly geophi lous, and curv es down towards theground during ripening. In loose ground it is sometimes partiallyor completely covered before the seeds are shed .

SCAEVOLA LAC IN IATA,Bailey . Flora of Queensland .

This plan t resembles the variety pal l ida of S . microcarpa in the

gl abrous style and the corol la near ly glabrous outside, but has thelarger flo w ers of the type . species and the l eaves Somewhat m orecut

.

‘

I t can only be c lassed as a variety laciniata, Bailey, of S .

microcarpa,intermediate between the type species and variety

pal lida .

Scaevola scandens,Bail ey

,Flora of Queensland

,seems to

resemble S . e nantophyl la closely in al l specific points except

P roc . Victoria , 1906. P late X .

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Flora of Austra lia . 45

as regards the cl imbing habit, which a straggl ing plant of th ischaracter may easily develop in a shady situation . Since not

more than one or tw o specimens seem to be in existence, the

plant can only be classed as a var ie ty Of S . enantophylla, F. v.

M . (var. scandens, Bai ley), unti l more mate rial is available .

T INOSPORA WALCOTTI I,F. Muel l , Herb.

= T. smilacina, Benth .

(Menisperm eae ).

The only reference to this plant in the Fragmenta IX .,p . 83 ,

1875, is that it is possibly a variety of T . smilacina . The

specimens in the H e rbarium are in leaf only and are imperfect,

but the leaves vary from the shape characteristic Of “ T. W alcotti”

(cuneate base, to the normal cordate shape of T . smilacina

on one and the same specimen . . It i s more than doubtfu l,there

fore,whether th is plant even forms a distinct variety of T . sinila

cina,Benth .

,and though it was retained in the census

,von

Muel ler evidently had doubts as to i ts val idity .

EXPLANATION OF PLATES X.,XI . ,

XII .

X.- Be l lida graminea .

—Plants sl igh tly reduced .

XI . —Be l lida gram inea .

— (a ) flore t ; (b) one of the inner bracts ;(c) and (01) tw o of the outer bracts (e) and (f) stamen, with(o) pollen grains, one magnified strongly (g) and (h ) stylew ith marginal stigmas and te rminal papil lae ; (i) and (j )side and back view of stalked achenes with (k) tw o Of the

lateral ridges magnified (1) one hal f of the pappus , and

(m ) one hair of the pappus magnified , and (n ) a portion of

a pa ppus hai r h ighly magnified .

XII .—Romulea.—(a) Transverse section of leaf of R . cruciata,var. austral is

,through lateral groove ; (b) th rough m idd le of

leaf ; (e) stigma and fruit (f) long. section o f j ust Opened

flower ; (0) transverse section leaf Romulea bulbocodium(d) transverse section l eaf Romulea rosea.

[P ROC . ROY. Soc . V ICTOR IA, 19 P T . II . ,

ART. VII . N ote on Ca ligorgia flabellum from P ort

P hillip .

BY PROFESSOR SYDNEY J . HICKSON ,D .so. ,

F .R .S .

[Read 1 1th October,

In the Proceedings Royal Soc . Victoria, V ol . II .,1890

,p . 138,

I gave the name P rimnoe l la austra lasiae , Gray, to a specimen

belonging to the A l cyonar ian family P rimnoidae , Obtained byM r. J . B . Wilson at Port Phil l ip . Mr. J . V ersluys, of

Am sterdam,has examined a fragment o f the colony that is

stil l in my keeping, and informs me that the species is m oreclosely related to Caligorgia flabel lum of Ehrenberg. I have

carefu l ly re—examined the specimen wi th the help Of M r .V ersluys

’

s recent memoi r on the P rimnoidae of the SibogaExpedition

,and I am convinced that 1118 ‘ opinion is sound .

I ask therefore to correct my report by substituting the nameCa ligorgia flabe l lum (Ehrenberg) for P rimnoe lla austra lasiae

(Gray) , in the l ist Of species Obtained at Port Phil l ip .

[P ROC . ROY . SOC . V ICTOR IA 19 P T . II .,

ART. V III—Four N ew E chin oids f rom the Au stra lian

Tertiary.

BY T. s. HA LL,M .A .

,

University Of Melbourne .

(With P lates X I I I -XV I ) .

[Read 13th December,

The present paper contains descriptions ofEchinoneus dennanti, n . sp.

P renaster a ldingensis, n . sp.

Brissopsis tatei, n . sp.

Schiz astersphenoides,n . sp.

A dvantage Of the Opportunity has been taken to figu re and redescribe Schiz aster abductus

,Tate

,which was not very ful ly

diagnosed by the author, and was not i l l ustrated .

A l l the species are of Barw onian age, that is, belonging to the

oldes t Of ou r Tertiary series .

Ec hinone us de nna nt i,n . sp.

Test elongate, sl ightly wider j ust behind the apical system .

Flattened dorsal ly and actinal ly,dep ressed

,with a thick ly

rounded ambitus . Of the fou r geni tal Openings the poste riorlateral pair are sl ightly the largest and are separated by aboutthei r ow n width .

Ambulacra similar,flush , continuous from apex to peristome,

broadest at the ambi tus . Poriferous zones narrow,straight, not

sunken . Pairs of pores very numerou s . On the abactinal su rface a line joining the pores Of each pai r i s normal to the l engthof the zone. Towards the ambitus and actinal ly this l ine

becomes more and more Obl ique,so that near the pe ristome the

pores tend to,but do not quite

,become ar ranged in a singl e l inear

series,the pores of each pai r bein'

g closer together than‘

th-ose of

the next succeeding pai r .

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N ew E chin oiols f rom Au stra lian Tertiary. 49

Only one basal pore is v isible , and that doubtfu l ly . It is the

right posterior lateral, and i s cl ose to the inner side of a largeprimary tubercle

,as above mentioned .

The madrepor ite is l ong and narrow and separates the posterio rbasals and radials

,as wel l as the righ t anterior radials . The

radial pores are as large a s the ambu lacral pores, and are five innumber.

The fascioles are very narrow and consist of tw o close-set rowsof m iliaries. The peripe talou s IS slightly pointed posterior ly inthe posterior interradius . Anterior ly it disappears before reaching the an tero- lateral ambu lac rum ,

and it i s uncertain W hether itj oins the marginal . The marginal fasciol e dips below the am

bitus anteriorly,and runs close to it in front of the peristome .

A S the posterior truncation i s h idden by matrix its course hereis not visible .

M EASUREMENTS .

Length , 21 . Bread th,

Height, 14 .

Distance of front edge of peris tome from anterior, 5 mm .

Width of posterior l ateral ambulacrum near fasciol e,

Length of anterior lateral petal , 6.

Length of posterior lateral petal ,The genus is typical ly Eocene, bu t ranges into the Miocene in

Europe,one spe cies

,P. excentrions

,W right, occu rring in the

Tortonian of Mal ta .

1 The present species i s V ery unlike it,

j udging by _Dr. Wright

’s figure2 and descr iption ?

The genus is new for our tertiar ies .Local ity .

—A ld inga (B arw onian,i? Eocene) . A single specimen

col lected by M r . R . H . Cummins, B .Sc .

BriS S O ps is ta t e i , n . sp.

Test th in,broad ly ovate

,dep ressed . Ve rtex about a third of

the length from the poster ior end . A pical system nearly central .Ambulacra sunken. An te rior groove broadly indenting the

ambitus . Lateral ambulacra curved . The antero and posterolateral of the same S ide forming a segment of a circ le

,the

1 Gregory, J . W . , Trans Roy. Soc . , Edinburgh , 36 p. 630.

Q. J. G. S . ,20 pl . 22, fig. 3 .

3 Ann. Mag . Nat. Hist. , 5 . ii. , vol . 15 pp. 195, 196.

T. S . Ha ll

segments of the opposite sides tou ching a t the apex. The outer

ends of the postero—lateral s are half the d istance apart that theoute r ends of the an tero- laterals are . A ctinal ly the ambulacra

are broad “ and bare . Per istome c rescentic . Labrum not

prominent .

Peripetalous fasciole crossing the anterior groove at about half

the diameter of the test from the apex . It runs back paral lel to

the groove for about 8 mm .

,and then bends out to the outer end

of the ante ro- lateral pe tal . Thence it curves inwards fol lowingthe curve of the petals

,and between the outer ends of the pos

terior petals is straight . Its form is almost exactly that figured

by A . Agassiz for B . lyrif era i n his Rev ision ” (pl . xix .

,fig.

The subanal fasciol e is concave above . The presence of an anal

branch is doubtfu l .

There are fou r perforate basa ls.

MEASUREMENTS .

Post lat. Ant. lat. Apical Syst.Length. Breadth. He ight.

petal . petal . from Anterior.

46 4 1 24 6 6 27

47 4 1 23 7 27

The fine cal careous matrix is close lv adherent to al l the

numerous Specimens befo re me,and many are crushed and broken .

Professor R . Tate has recorded Toxobrissus sp. from our O lderTertiary . This is a synonym of B rissopsis, and the recordperhaps refers to the present species .In the curvatu re and mutual relat ionships of the ambulacral

petal s and in the Shape of the peripetalous fasciole,the affinities

of the p resent species are not with such an Eocene form as theSind ian B . sufflatus

,Duncan and Sladen

,bu t rathe r w ith the

existing B . lyrif era and B . luz onica , aud more especial ly with the

latter. From it,however

,it is d istinguished by the closer

approximat ion ) f the outer ends of the postero- lateral petals andby its more broad ly oval form and less pointed posterior end . It

also c losely resembles B . crescenticus,Wright, from the Malta

O l igocene, but is easi ly separable by the closer approximation of

the posterior petals posteriorly,and by the greatest W idth being

behind the apical system,and not in front of it.

N ew E chinoids from Au stra lian Tertiary. 5 1

Loca lityfi—Clifi'

s at mouth of Sherbrooke River (type),and atvarious local ities along the coast in the neighbourhood . A l so a

cast from the clays of Grice’s C reek . Barw onian (2Eocene) .

Sc hiz aste r sphe no ide s , n . sp.

B road ly ovate,depressed

,somew hat pointed posterior ly . An

teriorgroove indenting the ambitus to a depth of about 8 mm .

in specimens the size of the type. Dorsal surface r ising steadi lyto the vertex w hich is on a rather sharp median keel

,and about

one -th ird of the total length from the posterior end .

Lateral petals in rather d eep grooves the anterior laterals atfirst curved and then straight . The posterior straight, lanceolate,and very Short . Odd ambulacrum in a deep groove, 6 or 7 mm .

deep in Specimen s the size of the type,with a flat floor and over

hanging edge, so that the pai red pores are not V isibl e from above .Sternum flat

,lanceolate

,fol lowed posterior ly by a pair of

tumidities,between w hich a shal l ow groove runs up to a subanal

concavity . Hind end truncate, overhang ing above, the oval per iproct near the summit of the t runcat ion . Peristome l unate

,

v isible from the front,with a wel l-developed labrum . A ctinal ly

the posterior l ateral ambu lacra are on b road a reas that slopestrongly up to the ambitu s med ial ly and posteriorly .

There are fou r perforate basa ls . Tube rcl es l arger on thesternum

,and crowded not so crowded

,but as large on the other

interambulacra actinal ly . Smal l on the dorsal su rface .Peripetalous fasciole c rossing the anterior su lcus, in Specimens

the size of the type,at about 5 mm . from the ambit-us ; thence

straight to outer end of anterior lateral petal . A deep re -entering angle between the a ntero and postero- lateral petals, andstraight between the posterior petals . Lateral fasciole given o ff

from the peripetalou s at about a quarter of the l ength of the

anterior lateral petal from its outer end,crossing the ambitus at

about 10mm . from the periproct,and passing below it at about

the same distance .MEASUREMENTS .

Antero-Lateral Postero-Latera lBreadth. He ight. Petal . Petal .

60 38 25

60 ? (damaged ) 35 8

47

(No. 1 is the figured specimen. )

52 T. S . Ha l l :

Local ity—Base of cl iff s at mouth of Sherb rooke River, com

mon,but usual ly crushed . Asso

'

ciated w ith Eupatagus laubei,

Maretia anomala and B rissopsis dennanti. A t a higher levelLov enia f orbesi is common

,but I have not found it below .

Most of the specimens in the lower bed have patches of spinesstil l attached . These and the matrix adhere very closely

,and I

have not been able to clear them with the dental engine.

Exposed portions are usual ly sandpolished by . the act ion of the

surf. B arw onian (Cl Eocene ) .

S c hiz a ste r a bduct us , Tate.

1891 . Tate,Tr . and Proc. Roy . Soc . S . Austral ia , p . 281 .

Tate ’s description consists mainly of a comparison of thespecies w ith S . austral is, Gray, and is unaccompanied by a figure

A specimen in my col lection from the type local ity,Morgan,

given me by Master Frank Cudmore, is in a much better state ofpreservation than Tate ’s tw o examples

,the larger of which is the

type . For the loan of these I have to thank Mr. W . How chin,

actual comparison being necessary for identification .

The species is broad-ovate, pointed posteriorly . In lateral

view the dorsal su rface rises regular ly from the anterior end tothe vertex

,wh ich is on a median ridge, tw o-third s of the d istance

between the apex and the posterior end . Base sl ightly tumid .

Subanal area vertical . Perip roc t its o w n height below the topof the overhanging posterior proj ection and

'v isibl e from below .

A nterior ambulacrum in a deep groove wh ich only sl ightlyindents the ambitus . Lateral petals in grooves as deep as that ofthe anterior ambulac rum . Anterior lateral a t fi rst w idely

diverg ing and then running forwards at about 40 deg. w ith the

mid-dorsal l ine . Their length sl ightly less than one -third of the

transverse diameter. Length of posterior petals about a fifth of

the transverse diameter of the test . Less d ivergent than theanterior ones. Peristome lunate

,posterior l ip prominent . Peri

petalous fasciole crossing the anterior ambulacrum at a d istancefrom the apex equal to

'

the semi-diameter th rough the apex.

From here it runs w ith a scarcely perceptible re - ente ring angl eto the anter ior lateral petal . Between the

‘ lateral petals it

forms a deep re -entering angl e, keeping close to the edges of the

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N ew E chinoiols f rom Au stra lian Tertiary. 53

grooves . Between the posterior petals i t i s almost straight . Thelateral fasciole l eaves the peripetalous a t about one—th ird of thelength of the anterior lateral petal from its outer end , and keepswel l on the dorsal su rface til l opposite the outer end of theposterior petal

,when it bends downward to pass under the

periproct at a distance below it equal to the l ength of the

posterio r petal . There are fou r perforated basa ls.

MEASUREMENTS .

1 2 3

Length 58 (damaged) 48 61

Breadth 55 45 56

Height 35 28 35

Post . lat . petal 13 12

A nt. lat petal 20 15 20

1 Tate’

s type ; 2 his smal ler specimen ; 3 the author’

s sp ecim en. Al l from MurrayRiver cliffs at Morgan. N o. 3 is the figured specimen.

I have specimens of what I bel ieve to be th is species from

Table Cape and S pring Creek , but both are somewhat crushed .

Mr. J . Dennant also has the Species from Table Cape .

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XII L—XVI .

Figures 1,2.—Echinoneus dennanti, n .sp. Sligh tly obl iquely

crushed .

3 4 ,—P renaster a ldingensis, n . Sp. Outl ine sketches

showing fascioles. A .,apical system . P s.

,

peristome. P r.,Perip roct .

5,6.—Briss0psis tatei, n . sp.

7, 8 ,- 12.—Schiz aster sphenoides

,n . sp. Slightly d istorted .

9,10

,l l .—~ Schiz aster abductus

,Tate.

A ll the figures are about natural size .

[P ROC . ROY . Soc . V ICTO R IA , 19 P T . I I . ,

ART. lX.- Surface Tension a s an Aid in Canyon Form

a tion,the produ ction of Bad Lands, and in

River Capture .

BY J . A . LEACH,M .Sr.

(With P late XVI I ) .

[Read 13th December,

Being attracted by a statement made by Professor Mia l l thatthe surface fi lm of water was a veritable death-trap to many

small animals,my thoughts turned much to phenomena con

nected with that remarkable fi lm .

This statement was soon seen to be true,mosquitos

,water

fleas (Daphnia) , and many smal l pond animal s have been seenheld close prisoners by this wonderfu l “ top of the water .” Otheranimals

,such as mosqu ito larvae and pupae

,pond snails

,hydra

,

etc. , were seen, how eve r, to take advantage of it.It is wel l known that soap bubbles are due to th is phenomenon,

w hile the Sphericity of rain -d rops is also caused by its action.

The necessity of d roppers for medicine,of lips and spouts for j ugs,

teapots,and other v essel s is al so due to the tendency of th is su r

face fi lm to adhere to any body it might happen to wet . This

tendency to adhere instead of fal l ing vertical ly downward is, Ih0pe to Show ,

a most important factor in the denudation of theearth ’s su rface

,especial ly in canyon production

,by causing rapid

undercutt ing where there are softer beds.A hard su rface layer covering softer rock w i l l p resent conditions

favourable to the formation of a w aterfall . The wate r rushes overthe hard ledge, and fal ls to the earth beneath . The swirl and the

splash soon wear out a circular hole—a pot hole. If the ledge is of

some height, the w ater leaps over. The spray is splashed around

and the softer material under the ledge is w orn out. Sooner or

later,the surface ledge breaks off and fall s in. Thus the canyon

or gorge travels up stream .

Surfa ce Ten sion and Denuda tion . 55

This is the explanation usual ly given, and probably it is correct

in most cases . However,at Cobu rg one day, when examining

the head of some “b ad lands ” with canyons nearly 20 feet deep,

this explanation was seen to be unsat i sfactory for three reasons .1 . The quantity of water that w as doing the w earing out was

very smal l . It was only the smal l amount that flowed from a

few square yards of a uniformly S l oping h il lside, fo r there was nostream

,not even a gutter or runnel . It was too smal l a quantity

to Splash about.

2. This smal l amount of water cou ld not have splashed highenough to wash the softer subsoi l from ju st below the surface

crust (a hard band several inches th ick ), which was at the heighto f eleven feet (Fig.

3 . There was no ev idence of any fal l of water at al l . If a fal l

took place from that height, there would be a pot hole at the footof the fal l , or stones showing some signs of w ater splashing orfal l ing. But there was no trace of this .

The usual explanation cl ear ly did not account for the w earingou t

,and the ev ident recent advance up h il l of th is gorge . A s

no water w a s then running over, no other explanation presented

itsel f at the time .

Shortly afterwards when at Heidelberg, the usual hol low was

noticed under the su rface crust ; but it d id not reach down tothe bot tom . The crust was six inches th ick . Then a

sem icircular hol low about ten inches in diameter led to

a gentl y sloping piece of about fifteen inches down to th e bottom

(Fig. Here,as no S ign of any fal l ing water could be seen on

the sloping base, there w as obviously no splash a t al l . Thus the

w ater did not fal l over . Close examination Showed that the

water trick led down the surface crust and then adhered under

neath it,the water surface forming the outer wal l of a kind of a

pipe . The w ater then ran down,fol lowing under the surface

crust,over the soft material underneath

,and so trick led th is

dow n as l iquid mud . Thus the earth w as hol lowed out right

under the crust,but it had not yet been w orn aw ay dow n to

the l evel of the bottom . Many little grooves could be plainly

seen w here the water had trickled down, and carried off the

material . 54

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Surf a ce Tension and Denuda tion . 57

evaporated . I t i s material w hich was in m echanical suspension,

being carried down and acting in its tu rn as a fi le to wear awaystil l more of the loosely cemented h il l - side .Even where there is water fal l ing over into the canyon, some

of it al ways tr ick les down adhering to the su rface. It then

quietly trick les out any softer band . Surface tension,therefore

,

greatly helps the Splash in the wear ing under by a waterfal l .In canyon formation

,especial ly in the advance of the main

canyon upstream and in th e lateral w iden ing of the canyon,su rface tension is seen to be an agent of the fi rst importance byenabl ing the water to adhere to the rock . This water thu s runsove r the softer bands

,otherwise protected from water action .

These are quickly worn out and remov ed . The harder bedsbeing unsupported , now break off and fall in

,and so the canyons

grows . Thus the undercutt ing can in many cases be said to bedirectly due to the eff ect of the su rface fi lm of wa ter .A recent v isit to the Cobu rg bad lands, east of Pentridge,showed many canyons

,varying i n depth up to nearly 20 feet .

In not one singl e case could any trace be d iscovered of a splash

at the bottom of the fal l at the head of any of the several canyons.As a teacher

,d ifficulties have been experienced in leading a

class to understand how on a slope,say N . and S .

,a lateral

tributary might cut across this s lope from E . to W . ,and the

streams flowing on it be captu red and dive rted . There is somereason for bel ieving some of the present rivers have so cut acrossthe old sou therly flowing rivers of Central Victoria.

To il lustrate this an excursion was undertaken to K i lbyLagoon, near Kew . Here on the h i l lside is a canyon with

several lateral tributaries . These carry but l ittl e w ater—j ust atrick l e after rain in fact—yet the softer material has beenqu ick ly tr ick led down unti l now a lateral tribu tary

,flowing

entirely underground (for the su rface crust, supported by theth ick mat of grass roots, has not yet fal len in ), d rains much of

that hi l lside,though it is sloping north , out to the w est .

This wearing-out has been accomplished in a very short spaceof t ime

,for

\

the hil lside has been ploughed, as the old fu rrowsplainly show .

Thus su rface tension,acting indirectly, i s seen to be an agent

in r iver capture by quietly but surely work ing a side tributary

J. A . Leach

gorge back across other stream s . The original streams are

beheaded,and thei r waters d iverted into the subsequent streams .

There has been a considerable boom in surface tension . It

has been cal led in to explain, or at l east to be held in some w ay

responsible for,many divergent phenomena . The geologist, so

far,has not claimed much from it

,but here we can see it i s

proving a remarkably eflicient aid in the rapid denudation of

parts of the earth ’s surface .

In many parts of Victor ia,even away from the coast

,where

there has been possib ly a recent upl ift to rejuvenate the streams,

canyons are being formed . On the gold-fi e lds the softer al luv iald rifts also are being rapidly w orn into canyons and bad lands.

In conclusion,we have seen that in at least th ree ways su rface

tension i s an important aid in denudation by enabling water to

adhere to an undercu t face.1 . Even where there is a waterfal l

,with its consequent Splash

,

some w ater at least trickles down,adhering to the face th rough

out. By this means soft beds are trickl ed out . The harderbands

,being unsupported , then break off .

2. Where there is not a permanent stream,surface tension is

a most important agent (especial ly if there is only a smal lquantity of water ), in assisting in the wearing-back of the head

of a gorge . It is also of great importance in w idening out a

canyon and in the formation of tributary gorges and bad lands.3 . It is an important agent in river- captu re by enabling a smal l

quantity of water to attack the softer underlying layers, and so

remove them . Thus it cuts back and across other streams .It is to be distinct ly understood that the general ques tion of

denudation and denuding agents is not discussed here . The

point is the importance of the surface fi lm as an agent in under

cutting, as opposed to the sp lash from a waterfal l . Thus the

surface film becomes an aid in corrosion and erosion .

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Surf ace Tension and Denudation . 59

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X V I I .

A t Coburg, East of Pentridge. The surface crust is

18 inches th ick, then comes softer material—a

mixtu re of coarse sand and clay . There is no

ev idence of fal l ing water or of splash .

The head of a canyon at the same local ity . The

harder bands proj ect . No w ater fal ls over .

A lso a t Cobu rg. The surface“

crust i s 4 inches th ick .

A t Heidelberg. There is no evidence of a splash .

At Coburg . The su rface crust is 2 feet thick . There

is a much softe r band 18 inches w ide near the

bottom .

AN NUAL REP ORT OF THE COUN CIL

FOR THE YEAR 1905 .

The Council h erew ith presents to Members of the Society the

Annual Repo rt and Detai ls of Receipts and Expe nditure for the

year 1905 .

The follow ing m eet ings w ere he ld

March 9.—Annua l Meeting and Election of Officers . Ordi

nary Meeting . The fol low ing paper w as read z—“A Palaeozoic

Serpent ine Conglome rate , North Gippsland ,” by A. E . Thiele .

Exh ibits : 1 . Spec imens in illustration of his paper, by A. E .

Thi ele . 2 . Mode ls of Foram inifera, by F . Chapm an . 3 . A

serie s of pen and ink sketches , the property of the Society,being caricatures of the Herschell—Babb-ag e Exploring Expedi

tion in South Austral ia in 1858 . They appea r to be the w orkof a Germ an. Dr. A. W. How i tt , w ho had exam ined the

sketches,thought they must have originated about the year of

the expedit ion, and have been drawn by someone familiar w ith

the country and the membe rs of the expedition , as the l ikenesse s

w ere recogni sable .

April 13 .—Paper read : N ew or L itt le-known Fossi l s in the

Nationa l Museum ,Melbourne , Part 5 . The Genus Recep-t

l ites, w ith a note on

”

R. Austral is , from Mount Wyatt , Queensland , by F. Chapman . Exhibits : 1 . Lial is burtonii, mimickinga young brown snake

,Diemenia textilis (Furina bicucullata,

McCoy) . 2. Rabbit ’s Sku ll,w ith very long upper incisors, by

T . S . Hall . 3 . Fresh w ater po lyzoa (Plumatel la) , from Yan

Yean water pipe , by J . Shep ‘hard .

May 5 .—Professor W. Baldw in Spencer del ivered a Lecture

on“

Totems and Totem Ceremonies Amongst the Central Aus

tralian Aborigines,” il lustrated by lantern sl ides .

June 8 .—Paper read : “

N ew or Little-known Fossils in theNational Museum ,

Melbourn e , Part 6 . Some Devoni an Spiri

fers,

” by F . Chapman . Professor W . C . Kernot exhibited a new

steam gauge , and made remarks on the v a lue of steam and gas

engines.

P roceedings of the Roya l S ociety of Victoria . 61

July 13 .-Papers : 1 . Victorian Grapto lites

,Part 3 , from

Mount Wel l ington. With descr iptions of N ew Species, by T.

S . Hal l . “

The Mineralogica l Characters of Victorian Auriferous

Occurrences,

” by T . S . Hart . L ecture : Professor A. W. Osbornelectured on The Ne rvou s System ,

” i l lustrated by lantern vi ew s

and blackboard draw ings .August 10.

—Professor T. R. Lyle lectured on The Conduc

tiv ity of Gase s and Radioactivity .

”

September 14 .—Papers : l “

The Sea Mill s of Argostol i, by

Professor W C . Kernot. 2 . A Photographer in North~Western

Tasmania, by J . H . Harvey (i l lustrated by numerous sl ides) .October 12.

—Mr. E .

‘J . Dunn lectured on“ Centre Country

and How to Find It . " On the introduct ion of Professor Kernot ,Mr. Finucane , w ho knew Argosto li, gave a description of the

Sea Mill s.

”

November 16—Mr. P . Baracchi lectured on Th e Chartingof the Heavens, i l l ustrated by lantern sl ides.

December 14 .—Papers : 1 . Catalogue of the Marine Shel ls of

Victor ia, Part IX. ,by G . B . Pritchard and J . H . Gatlifl . 2.

N ew or Little-know n Fossi l s from th e National Museum , Part

7 . A N ew Cephal asp id from the Si lur ian of Womb-at Creek,”by F . Chapman. 3 .

“

Som e Geologica l Features of the Otw ayand Neighbouri ng Districts, illustrated by lant ern sl ides, by

T . S . Hal l . Professor W. C . Kernot read a letter from the

Brit ish Legation at Athens, referring to the Sea M il ls of ‘

A rgo

stol i and con fi rm ing the p rev ious info rmation given . By request ,Professor E . W . Skeats described the “ horn ” of Mount Pele .The Printing and House Comm ittees for the next year w ereappointed .

A series of lectures w as inaugurated during the year , w hen

five lectures, enumerated above , w ere del ivered . The Council

record its hearty thanks to the lecturers for their kindness indel ivering them . The innovation w as a great success, large

audiences attended , and the interest of members in the Societyw as revived.

During the year six Members and ten Associate s w ere e l ected .

One Country Member and five Associates resigned , and the

Society regrets the death of two Associates, Messrs . H . T .

Tisdall and Hugh Bul l en.

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63P roceedings of the Roya l S ociety of Victoria .

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1 9 06 .

matronSIR REGINALD TALBOT, K.C .B .

firesibm t

E . J . DUNN, F.G .S.

Rice-fin a lising

c . E. OLIVER, M.c .E .

P. BARACCH I ,

Eldon .

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PROF. w . C . KERNOT, M.A . , M.C .E.

350m glibrarian

R. D . BOYS , B .A.

36011 . §ecrctarg

T. s. HALL, M.A.

Qtouncil

J . DENNANT, F.C .S . PROF. W . BALDWIN SPENCER ,

P . Dr. J . GRUT. M.A. , F.R .S .

DR . J . JAMIESON , M.D . G . SWEET, F.G .S .

J . A . KERSHAW , F.E .S . R . H . WALCOTT , F.G .S .

PROF. T. R . LYLE,M.A. E. J . WHITE,

J . SHEPHARD. F. WISEWOULD.

PROF . E . W . SKEATS , D.SO.

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1 906 .

L I S T OF M EM B E R S ,

WI TH THEIR YEAR OF JOINING .

M ob -1 c

PATRON .

His Exce l lency Sir Regina l d Talbot , K.C .B .

HONORARY MEMBERS .

Forre st, The Hon . Sir J . ,West Austral i a

He ctor, Sir Jam e s, M .D .,

Wel l ington,

Liversidge , Professor A.

,LL .D . , University,

Sydney, N .S .W.

Neum ayer,Prof . George , P h.D. , Neustadt a .d.

Haardt, Germany

Russel l , H . C . ,B .A. , Observatory ,

Sydney, N .S .W.

Scott, Rev . W. ,M.A.

,Kurrajong He ights , N .S .W.

Todd , Sir Charl es , Adela ide , S A.

Verbeck,Dr . R. D . M. ,

Buitenz org, Batavia , Java

L IFE MEMBERS .

Butters,J . S . ,

F Empire Bui ldings, Coll ins- streetw est

Eaton, H . F .

Fow ler, Thos. W Colonial Mutual Ch. ,421 Col

l ins—street, Melbourne

1888

1888

1892

1857

1860

1857

1879

68 P roceedings of the Roya l S ocie ty of Victoria .

Gi bbons, Sydney,

3 1 Gipps- street, Ea st Mel

bourne .

Gilbert,J . E . ,

Melrose, Glenferrie-road , Kew

Love,E F . J . ,

M.A. ,213 Victoria Terrace ,

Royal Park

Nicho las, Wil l iam ,F.G .S .

Rusden, H . K. , Glenhuntly- road, E

'

lsternw ick

Selby , G. W. , 99 Queen—str eet , Melbourne

White, E . J Observatory,Melbourne

ORDINARY MEMBERS .

Balfour,Lewis

,B .A. , M.E . ,

B .S . ,Burwood—road

,Haw thorn

Baracch i,Pietro

,F Observatory

,Melbourne

Barnes,Benjamin, Qu een

’s T errace , South MelbourneB-a-vay

,A. F . J . de , Foster Brewery , Co'll ingw ood

Boese,C . H . E .

,159 Hoddle- street , Richmond

Boys,R. D . ,

B .A. ,Publ ic Library

,Me lbourne

Cherry, T. ,M .D . ,

M.S . ,Departm ent of Agricu lture , Mel

bourneCohen

,Joseph B . , Publ ic Works Department ,Melbourne

Chapman , F.,

National Museum,Melbourne

Dennant, John,Stanhope -

grove , Camberw el l

Dunn , E . J Roseneath ,”P

'

akington—street

,Kew

E llery , R . L . J . , Observatory ,Me lbourne

Ew art , Prof . A. J .,D .Sc.

,University, Melbourne

Field , W. E . , 65 Sutherland- road , ArmadaleFox

,Dr . W . R. ,

“ York House,Brunswick-street

,North Fitzroy

Fryett, A. G . ,care Dr . F . Bird, Spr ing- street

,Me lbourne

Gault,Dr . E . L. ,

M.A. ,M.E. ,

B .S . , Coll ins- street , Melbourne

Gillott , The Hon . Sir S . ,Edensor,

Brunsw ick- street , FitzroyGrut

,P . de Jersey, 125 O sborne-street, South Yarra

List of Mem bers.

Hake , C . N ., Melbourne Club

,Melbourne

Hal l , T . S . ,M.A.

,University , Me lbourne

Hartnel l , W. A , Irrew arra,” Burke-road Camberw el l

Harvey,J . H.

,128 Powle tt- street

,East Mel

bourneHeffernan , E . B .

,M .D . ,

B S , 10 Brunsw i ck- street , FitzroyHogg, E . G .

,M.A .

Hooper,Dr . J . W. Dunbar, etc . , Col l ins- street ,Melbourne

How at,Wm . ,

458 Will iam -street,Melbourne

Jam ieson,James, M .D . , 96 Exhibition-street , Melbourne

Jenk ins , H . C.,

Kernot,Professor W. C . M.A. ,

University , Melbourne

Kernot,W. N . ,

Working Men’s College , Melbourn e

Kershaw , J . A. , National Museum , Sw anston—streetKitson

, A. E . ,F Departm ent of Mines, Melbourne

Lyle , Prof . T . R. , M.A .

, University, Melbourn eLoughrey, B . , M.A.

, M .D . , Ch.B . , 1 Elgin-street ,Haw thorn

Masson , Prof. Orme , M.A. ,D .so. , Univers ity, Melbourne

Michel l,J . H. ,

M.A. , F University , MelbourneMoors , H.

,498 Punt- road , South Yarra

Muntz , T . B . , C .E . ,Wattletree-road, Malvern

Mil l s,A. L . , University, Melbourn e

Nanson,Prof . E . T. ,

M.A. , University, Melbourne

Ol iver, C . E . , Metropol itan Board of Works,Melbourne .

Sch lapp , H . H. , 3 1 Queen- street , MelbourneShephard

,John,

268 City-road,South Melbourne

Skeats, Prof. E . W. , D .so. , University, MelbourneSpencer , P rof. W. Baldw in , M.A. ,

University, Melbourn e

Sugden, Rev . E . H. ,M.A. , E .sc . , Queen’ s Coll ege , Carlton

Sw eet , George , Wilson-stree t, Bruns ickSw inburne , The Hon . G .

,

“ Shenton,

’ Kinkoraroad , Hawthorn

Tait, Thos Orw ell, Robe-street,St . Ki lda

69

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List of Members.

Etheridge , Robert , Junr. , Australian Museum , Sydney,N .S .W .

Lucas, A. H . S . ,

M.A. ,B .Sc .

, Sydney Grammar School,

Sydney, N .S .W.

Stirton, Jam es, M .D . ,15 New t on-stree t, Glasgow

ASSOCIATES .

Anderson, J .,225 Beaconsfi eld Parade, Middl e Park

Bage , Mrs. Edw ard, Fulton-street, St . KildaBage, Miss F. ,

B .Sc . , Fulton- stree t,St . Kil da

Baker, Thomas , Bond- street, Abbotsford,Victoria

Bale, W. M. ,Walpole-street, Hyde Park, Kew ,

VictoriaBennetts , W. R. , 184 Brunsw ick- street , Fitzroy, VictoriaBoyd, R. M. ,

Glynderbourne ,” Boundary- road , Toorak

Booth,John , 62 Drummond- stre-et, Carlton

Bo lton, G. J . , M.A. , 87 Mt . Al exander-road, FlemingtonBrow n, A. A. , 124 Liardet-stree-t, Port Me lbourneBrook, R. H. T. ,

Tongio West , N . Gippsland

Cresswell, Rev . A. W. , M.A. , St. John’ s Parsonage,Camberw e-l l , Victo ria

Clendinnen, Dr . F . J Wil l iams-road, Toorak

Danks, A. T., 391 Bourke-stree t West, Melbourne

Ferguson , W,H.,

Maryland Vill a, Camberw ell—road,Camberw e ll

Finney, W. H. ,40 Merton-street , Al bert Park

Fison,Rev . Lo-rime r, M.A.

,D.D . ,

Essendon, VictoriaFulton, S . W. , 369 Col l ins—street, Melbourne

Gabriel , J Victoria—street , Abbotsf -ord, Victor iaGatlifi , J . H.,

Comm ercial Bank of Austral asia, Lygonstreet, Carlton

Grant, Kerr, M.sc . , Ormond College, ParkvilleGreen, W . Heber, D .so. ,

University, MelbourneGrayson , H. J Univers ity, Melbourne

Hall , Robt , , Elgar-road, Box HillHardy, A. D. ,

Lands Department, MelbourneHenderson, A. A.

, B .Sc.,Department of Mines , Me lbourne

6A

7 1

72 P roceedings of the Roya l Society of Victoria .

Herman, Hyman , Waratah,Tasmania

Holmes , W. A. ,Te legraph Engineer

’ s Office,Rai lw ay

Departm ent,Me lbourne

Ingam e lls, F . N . , Observatory, Me lbourne

Jobbins, G . G .,Electr ic Lighting and Tract ion Co . ,

GeelongJutson, J . T. , Oakw orth

,Smith- stre et , Northcote

Kenyon, A. S . He idelberg .

Kernot, Frederick A , 57 Russell street , Melbourne

Lambert, Thomas , Bank of N ew South Wa l es, Col linsstreet, Melbourne

Larking, R. J . ,

“ Woorigoleen , Gl endon-road,Toorak

Law ,R.

, Royal Mint , MelbourneLe SO-uef , D . , C M.Z .S .

,Royal Park , Melbourne

Lidgey, E

Luly,W. H. ,

Department of Lands Treasury, MelbourneLeach, J . A. ,

Continuat ion School , MelbourneLowe , Dr . W .

Maclearn,C . W. ,

Bronte , Strand , Wi lliam stow nMahony, D . J . ,

B .Sc . , Departm ent of Mines , MelbourneMatt ingley, A. H . E.

, 6 Alf red - street,N. Melbourne

Mathew , Rev . John , B .D .,Coburg

MOEw aii, John , 37 1 Co ll ins- street .

Me lvil l e,A. G. ,

Mull en s L ibrary , COIliiis-street East ,

Melbourne

Nichol ls, E.B., 164a Victo ria- street , N . Melbourne

Odl ing, F . J . , Metal l urgical Laboratory, PrincesBridge , Melbourne

O Ne il l,W. J . Lands Department , Me lbourne

Phillips , A. 396, MelbournePritchard

,G . B . ,

Mantel l- street, Moonee Ponds

c e , O . A. Harcourt- street, Haw thornNapier- street

,Essendon

Shaw,Alfred C. , Bond- street , Abbotsford , Victoria

Sm ith, F . VossSm ith , G. P .

,

“

Earlscourt, Glenferrie—road, Haw t ho rnSm ith, J . A.

, 15 Coll ins-place , Me lbourne

1897

1879

1902

1902

List of Mem bers. 73

Stephen,Rev . R.

,M.A. ,

Holy Trinity Vicarage, Dickensstreet , St. Kilda

Stewart, C . , Sh ire Hal l , Preston

Summ ers,H. , E .Sc .

, 67 Leopo ld-street , S . YarraSutherland

,Ian M. ,

Novar ,” Dandenong

Sutton, E . H.,Survey Branch

,Tit le s O ffice

,Melbourne

Sw eet,Miss G . ,

D.Sc . ,Wi l son- street , Brunsw ick

Thiel e , E. O. ,Heimruh, Finlayson-street , Malvern 1898

Trail l,J . C . ,

B .A.,

“ Osmington ,” Domain-road, 1903

South Yarra

Wedeles, James , 23 1 Flinders—l ane , Melbourne 1896

Woodward,J . H.

, Queen ’ s Bui ldings , Rathdow ne - street,

1903

Carlton

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List of I n sti tu tions. 75

Legi slative L ibrary Victor ia , B C.

Natural History Soc iety of Montreal MontrealNova Scotian Institute of Science Hal ifaxOttawa Literary and Scientific Society OttawaParl iamentary Library Ottaw aRoyal Society Of Canada Montreal

CAPE COLONY .

Albany Museum GrahamstownGeological Comm i ssion Cape tow nSouth African Museum Capetow nS . Af rican Assoc . for the Advancement of Science Cape-tow nSouth Afr ican Phi losophical Society Capetow n

D ENMARK.

Kon . Danske V idenskabernes Se lskab Cope nhagen

ENGLAND .

Agent-General of Victo ria LondonAnthropo logical Inst itute LondonBalfour Library CambridgeBodleian Library . OxfordBristo l Natural i sts ’ Society“ Bristo lBriti sh Museum LondonBr it ish Museum (Natural History) LondonColonial Office Lib LondonConchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland Man chesterForeign Offi ce Library . London ,

Free P ublic L ibrary LiverpoolGeologi cal Society . LondonGeologists

’Associ ation London

‘

Institute of Mining and Mechanica l Engineers New castl eL innaean Socie ty LondonLite1 ary and Philosophica l Soc i ety ManchesterLiverpoo l Bio logical Society . Liverpoo lLiverpool Literary and Philosophical society LiverpoolManchester Museum ,

Ow ens Col lege ManchesterMarine Biological Laboratory PlymouthNational Physi cal Laboratory Teddingt on, MiddlesexNature LondonOw ens Col lege Library ManchesterPatent O ffi ce

,25 Southampton Buildings London

Phi losophical Soci ety CambridgePhysical Society LondonRadclifi e Library ‘ Oxfor'd

76 P roceedings of the Roya l Society of Victoria .

Royal Col lege Of Science South KensingtonRoyal Colonial Institute LondonRoya l Bo tanic Gardens KewRoyal Geographical Society LondonRoyal Microscopica l Society LondonRoyal Society LondonScience Abstracts LondonUniversity Col lege LondonUniversity Library CambridgeUnive rsity of Leeds LeedsZ oo logical Soc iety London

FRANCE .

A cadémie deS Science s , Belles Lettres et ArtsFacu l té des SciencesFeui l le des Jeunes Natura l i ste sObservatoire Météorol ogique du Mont BlaiicSociété des Sciences Naturel les de 1’Ouest de la France

Nan tesSociété Geologique du Nord . Lil l eSociété Nat ional e de Ch e rbourg CherbourgSociété Zoologique de France ParisStation Zoologique de Cette Cette (Herault)Univers ite de Rennes Rennes

G ERMANY .

Deutsche Geo logische Gese-Ilshaf t

Ge sel l schaf t fur ErdkundeJenaische Z eitsch . f . Medicin und Naturw i ssenschaftKOnig1.

-baye r .,Akadem i e der Wissenchaf ten

KOnigl . Biologische AnstaltKOn . Zoologisches Museum ”

KOnigl . Ofi'

entl . Bibliothek .

KOnig1. P reussische Akademie der WissenschaftenKOnigl. Sach s . Gese ll schaft der WissenschaftenKOnigl . Gesel l schaft der Wissensc haftenM useum f iir Natur-und Heim atkundeNaturf orschende Gesel l schaftNaturf orschende Ge sel l schaf tNaturforschende Gese l l schaftNaturhistori sch-Medicinischer VereinNaturhi stori sche Gesel lschaftNaturh i stori sches MuseumNaturw issenschaf tl iche r Vere inNaturw i ssenschaf tl icher Verein

Ber l inBerl inJena

MunichHelgoland

DresdenBerl inLeipzig

GOt tingen

MagdeburgEimden

Fre-iburg i . BreisgaruLeipzig

HeidelbergN iirnberg

Frankfurt a . d . OderBremen

List of Institu tions. 7 7

Oberhessi sche Gese l lschaf t f u t Natur u . HeilkundePhysikal i sch-m edicinische Gesel l schaf tSch lesische Gesel lschaf t f iir v aterlandische Cu1turSenckenbergische N aturf orschende Gesel lschaft

Frankf urt am M .

Verein fur Erdkunde DarmstadtVerein fur Erdkunde Ha ll eVerein fur Kassel

HAWA I IAN ISLANDS .

Be rnice P aIuahai Bishop Museum Honolulu

HOLLAND .

Musée Teyl erNatuurkundig Genootscliap . .

N ederlan dsche Botan ische VereenigingKon . Akadem ie v an Wetenschap

-

pen

Rijks Geologi sch—Mineralogisch MuseumSociété Hol landaise des SciencesSociété Provinciale des Arts et Sciences

INDIA .

Asiatic Society of BengalGeologi cal Survey of IndiaIndian MuseumMadras L iterary SocietyRoyal Asiat ic Society, Ceylon Branch

IRELAND .

Belf ast Natural History and P hilisophical SocietyRoyal Dublin SocietyRoyal Irish AcademyTrinity Col lege Library

ITALY .

Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio EmanueleIst ituto Zoologico , R. UniversitaMusei di Zoologia ed Anatom ia Comp ,

R . Univer sitaMinistero dei Lavori Pubbl iciReale Accademia dei LinceiR. Accadem ia delle Scienze del l ’ Isti tutoReale Accadem ia di Sc ienz eReal e Accadem ia d i Sc ienze, LettereedArtRegia Accademia di Sc ienze, Lettere ed Arti

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List of Institu tions. 79

N EW ZEA LAND .

Auckland Institute and MuseumColonial Museum

MuseumN ew Zeal and InstituteOtago InstituteParl iamentary LibraryPubl ic Library

NORWAY .

Archiv for Mathematik o-

g Naturvidenskab

Bergens MuseumKon. Norsk Fred ricks Univ ersite t

Nyt Magaz in for N aturv idenskaberneV idenskabS-Se l S-kabet

PERU .

Cuerpo Ingen i ero s de Minas del P eru Lima

PH IL I PP I NE ISLANDS .

Bureau Sc i ence (Department of Inte rior) Mani la

PORTUGAL .

Sociedade de Geo-graphia Lisbon

QUEENSLAND .

Geological Survey OfficeP aliamentary LibraryPubl ic Library and MuseumRoya l Geograph ical SocietyRoyal Society of Queenslan d

RHODES IA .

Rhodesia Museum Buluw ayo

ROUMANIA .

Institut Météorologique de Roumanie Bucharest

RUSS IA .

A cadémie Impériale des Sci ences St . PetersburgGomit-é Géologique de Russie St . PetersburgComm ission Géologique de Finlande Helsingf ors

80 P roceedings of the Roya l Society of Victoria .

Jardin Botaniqu e Imperial St . PetersburgMiniste i of Agricu lture , St Petersburg, c/ORussian

Consulate MelbourneSocietas Scientiarum Fennica Helsmgfors, Finl andSociété des Natura l i stes de l Univ ersité de Kasan Ka sanSociété des Natura l istes KiewSociété des Natural istes de la NouvelleRussie OdessaSociété Impé i ia le des Naturalistes MoscowSociété Impér iale Russe de Geographie St . Petersburg

SCOTLAND .

Botanical Soc ietyGeo logical Society “

Royal Col lege of Physicians ’ Laborato ryRoyal Philosoph ical Society “

Royal Physica l Soc ietyRoyal Scotti sh Geographical So cietyRoyal Scottish Society of ArtsRoyal SocietyUniversity LibraryUniversity Library

SOUTH AUSTRAL IA.

Parl iam entary LibraryP ublic Library and MuseumRoyal Geographical Soc ie tyRoyal Society of South Austral iaUn iversity Library

SPA IN .

Real A cademia de Ciencias exactas,tisicas y naturaes . .Madrid

SWEDEN .

Entomolgiska FOreningen Stockho lmKongl . Un

iv ersitets Bibliotek . Upsala

Kongl . V etenskaps Akadem i Sto ckholmKongl . V itterhets Historic och An ti

'

quitet-S Akademi Stockho lm

Kungl . V etenskap-s och V itterhets Samh

'

al le GoteborgSve riges Geologiska Undersokning StockholmZ ootom ische s Institut der Univ ersitat Stockho lm

SW ITZERLAND .

Ge ographisc-he Gese l l schaft

Naturf orschende G esse llscha f t

Naturforschende Gese llschaftSchw e izeri sche Naturf orschende Gesel l schaftSociété de P hysique et d’Histoir’

e Naturelle

List of In stitu tions. 8 1

TASMAN IA .

Geological SurveyParl iamentary Library ”

Publ ic Library .

Royal Society of Tasman iaUN ITED STATES OF AMER ICA .

Academy of Natural Sciences PhiladelphiaAmerican Associat ion for Advancem ent of Science

L ibrary, Cin cinnatiAmer ican Institute of Mining Engineers N ew YorkAm erican Microscopical SocietyAmerican Monthly Microscop ica l Jou rnal Washingt onAmer ican Museum Of Natural History, Central Park N ew YorkAm e ri can Academy Of Arts and Sciences BostonAmer ican Geographical Society N ew YorkAm erican P hilosophica l Society PhiladelphiaAugustana Library ROck Island, Il l inoi sBureau of Ethnology , Sm ithson ian Ins titute . Washington , DC .

Bureau of Standards Wash ingtonCal ifornia Academy of Sc iences San Francisco

,Cal .

Cooper Union for the Advancement of Sc ience and ArtN ew York

Davenport Academy of Natural Sc i ences Davenport , IowaDenison Sc ientific Associ ation Granvil le , Oh ioDepartm ent Of Agricu lture Wash ington ,

DC .

Field Museum of Natural History ChicagoGeogi aphical Society of Philadelphia Phi ladelphiaGeological Survey . Iow aIow a Academy of Sciences Iow aJohns Hopkins University Bal timoreL loy d Museum and Library Cincinnati , OhioMaryland Geological Survey BaltimoreMissouri Botanical Garden St . LouisMuseum of Brooklyn Inst itute Of Arts andSciences

Brookl yn , N .Y.

N ew York P ubl ic L ibraryOhi o State Univers ity . Columbus, OhioPhi ladelphia Comm ercialMuseum Phi lade lph iaPhilosophical Society Washington, DC .

St . Louis Academy Of Science St . Loui s“ Sc i enceSm ithsonian Inst itution Washington , DC .

Society of Natural HistorySociety of Natural Buff alo

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List of I n stitu tions.

Roya l MintSchoo l of Mine sSchool of MinesSchool of Mine sSchool of MinesSchool of MinesSchoo l of MinesPrahran Public LibraryUniversity L ibraryVictorian Chamber of Manufac turesVictorian Institute of EngineersVictorian Institute of SurveyorsWorking Men’s Col lege

WESTERN AUSTRAL IA .

Geological Survey OfficeVictoria Publ ic Library

83

I N DEX .

(The nam es of new genera and species are printed in I ta lics.)

Ae schynomene aspera, v ar. oligar

thra . 33 .

Arenaria axil laris,34 .

Aster dum osu s, 34 .

B el lida gramin ea ,3 4 .

Brissopsis tatei, 49.

B urtonia mu ltij uga, 36.

Ca l igorgia flabe l lum ,46 .

Cal l ianassa ceramica ,12 .

Calothamnus gilesii, 36 .

Canyon f ormation , 55 ,Chapm an , F . ,

2 1,28 .

Comm erconia reda cta, 37Conostyl is acu leata, v ar. brome l

ioides, 3 7 .

Conostylu s aurea, v ar. longiscap a ,

37

Crotalaria m itchel li, v ar. tom en

tosa, 37

Cru stacea, 5, 16.

Cryp tocae loma , 8 .

Cyc lopecten nepeanensis, 4 .

Cyclostrem a ba stow i, 3 .

Cycloxanthus punctatu s, 6 .

Cypridina thie lei, 28 .

Daphne l la excav a ta,1 .

Daviesia mesophyl la ,38 .

Daviesia ul icina , v ar. subumbe l

Iata, 39.

Dodonaea adenophora, v ar. ov ata,

39 .

Dryandra f raseri, 39.

E chin oids, Tertiary, 47E chinoneus dennanti, 47 .

E lamena unguif orm is , 10.

E riostemon brucei, 39.

Eriostem on interm edius, 40.

Eriostemon tubercu losu s, v ar. me

gaphyl lus, 39.

Euphorbia hypericif olia, var. bra

cteolaris , 4 1 .

Ewart, A . J . , 33 .

EN D OF VOLUME XIX .

[P ART II . I SSUED FEB RUARY,

Flora, 33 .

Fossil s,2 1

,47 .

Fu lton , S . W . , and Grant, F . E . ,

5 , 16 .

Gatliff , J . H . , 1 .

Gregoriura spryi, 25 .

Hal l , T . S .,47 .

Hickson , S . J .,46.

Leach , J . A .,5 5 .

Lepidopeta lum au stral is, 4 1 .

Lepidopetalum tenax, 4 1 .

Leptom ithrax austral iensis, 6 .

Lepyrodia scariosa, 4 1 .

Litoche ira bispinosa, 9.

Mol lu sca , new ,1 .

Me laleuca cordata, v ar. ovata, 4 1 .

Myrsine bentham iana , 42 .

Nephe l ium becklerii, 42 .

Ophiurids, Silurian, 21 .

P aram ithrax spatu lif er, 5 .

P ersea bail eyana, 4 2 .

P etrophila ericif ol ia ,42.

P ilumnu s p ilosu s, 7 .

P lants, 33 .

P latydromia thomsoni,P renaster a ldingensis, 48 .

P rimnoe l la australasiae , 46.

P rota ster brisingoides, 22.

Richardsonia ste l laris, 4 3 .

Romul ea cru ciata, 4 3 .

Scaevola laciniata, 44 .

Scala n ep eanensis, 1 .

Scala translucida , 2 .

Schiz aster abductus, 52 .

Schiz aster sp henoides, 5 1 .

Sturtz ura brisingoides, 22 .

Sturt z ura leptosomoides, 26.

Surf ace tension in geology, 55 .

Tinospora w alcottii, 4 5 .

Trypaea australiensis, 14 .

Trypaea porce l lana, 14 .

Turricul a tasmanica, 3 .

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