overview of forest and land governance in...
TRANSCRIPT
THINKING beyond the canopy
Overview of forest and land
governance in Indonesia
Daju Pradnja Resosudarmo
The Forest Dialogue
Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan
March 16-19, 2014
THINKING beyond the canopy
Outline
Land and forest administration
Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation
Political economy and governance of forests
Opportunities and challenges
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The forest area
Under the purview of the MOF
Local govt and National Land Agency
188 MHa land area
134 MHa Forest
Estate(71%) 43MHa
Not Forested
91 MHa Forested
54 MHa Non-Forest
Estate (29%)
45.6 MHa
Not Forested
8.6 MHa Forested
1.87
3.51
1.08 1.17
0.83
0.45
1.37
2.83
0.78 0.76 0.61
0.50
0.68
0.30 0.41
0.22 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1990-1996 1997-2000 2001-2003 2003-2006 2006-2009 2009-2011
Mill
ion
s H
a
Deforestation rate
Indonesia Forest Estate Outside of Forest Estate
Sumber: Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia 2011 - Hasil Penafsiran citra Landsat 7 ETM+ liputan tahun 2009/2010, Direktorat Inventarisasi dan Pemantauan Sumber Daya Hutan (Data Hasil Pencermatan per Desember 2011) - Data digital kawasan hutan dan perairan berdasarkan SK Penunjukan Kawasan Hutan dan Perairan, TGHK serta mutasi kawasan hutan per Desember 2010, Direktorat Pengukuhan dan Penatagunaan Kawasan Hutan
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Direct drivers of deforestation and degradation (DD)
Forest conversion and land use change
• Development and other sectors
• Community needs
• Planned and unplanned
Logging (legal & illegal)
Forest and land fires
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Underlying causes of DD
Reliance on NR for economy and people’s livelihoods in
their various forms
Demographic dynamics
Gap of timber supply and demand
Market demand of timber and commodity >>>
Local politics and governance
• NR = political capital
• At the expense of NR governance
Tenure uncertainty and complications in spatial planning
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Political economy of forests
Forest industry
• 1960 – 1982 --- logging
• 1982 – 1990s --- plywood
• 1990 – 1998 --- pulp and paper
• > 1998 --- small-scale logging, timber
plantation for pulp and paper
Sectoral contribution to national budget
Mining in forest areas
Food and energy security
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Master Plan for the Acceleration and Extension of Indonesia’s economy
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The green gold: trend of oil palm activities
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-
5
10
15
20
25
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Billion Rp
x 1
00
0
x 1
06
Area (ha)
Production (tonnes)
Export (tonnes)
Bank Credit for agriculture, forestry,fishery and livestock
Resosudarmo et al., forthcoming
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The black rock: Mining (e.g. coal)
Indonesia fifth largest coal producer
National production doubled in the last 6 years
Investment increased exponentially
Small in terms of area but significant implications on forests
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
Bill
ion
Rp
x
10
00
ton
ne
s
x 1
,00
0,0
00
Year
Trend of Coal Mining Activities
Production
Exports
Production Kalteng
Production Kaltim
Consumption
Bank Credit for mineral mining
Resosudarmo et al., 2013
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Challenges
•‘Competition’ for land use •Authority for land allocation with MOF (forestry) and local governments (agriculture, mining) - - lack of coordination among and within levels of government •Forest area definition: a small portion gazzetted to date •Multiple maps used as reference by different agencies/stakeholders •Spatial planning/land use plan slow process •Simultaneously, land allocation for various uses continue •De facto vs de jure tenure
• Uncertainty and contestation in land use and
allocation • Unclear and
ineffective accountability relations and mechanisms
•Conflict •High transaction costs •Business uncertainty •Sub-optimum and ineffective management of forest lands and resources
Challenges Resulting in Leading to
THINKING beyond the canopy
Use of various maps: E.g., Oil palm and mining in forests - East Kalimantan
Purple circles: oil palm in forests; Black circles: mining in forests Resosudarmo et al., 2013;
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Logging of natural forests: East Kalimantan
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Acacia plantation: East Kalimantan
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Oil palm: the green gold – Central Kalimantan
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The green gold – West Kalimantan
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Illegal logging and smallholder encroachment: Southeast Sulawesi
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Early smallholder encroachment: Southeast Sulawesi
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Progressive encroachment: Southeast Sulawesi
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Changing landscapes: Coal mining East Kalimantan
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Changing landscapes: Gold mining Central Kalimantan
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Opportunities
Legal framework: Constitutional Court rulings
• The designation of forest area and
• The relinquishment of customary lands
Technical aspect: E.g., One map initiative
Governance:
• Recognition of the problem among stakeholders
• Commission Eradication Commission tackling corruption cases, including in the forestry and land-based sectors
THINKING beyond the canopy
Opportunities
• National: Towards improved recording and transparency of forestry and land use data and licenses
• Regional and local levels: Forest management units
• On the ground: provision of community management rights
• Principles of good governance mandated in several cross-cutting laws (Law on Disclosure of Public Information, Law on Spatial Planning)
• Environment included as an element in development planning and activities
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(Big) homework
• Demands and incentives to convert forests for economic
development and improve livelihoods will continue
How to accommodate needs vs maintaining ecological
integrity.
• Lack of interconnected and integration of land-related
policies within and among levels of governments
• Ineffective management of forest lands at the ground
level.
• De facto dual system of tenure and implementation of the
Constitutional Court Decisions
• Governance in general continues to be a challenge
THINKING beyond the canopy
Thank you