overview of education in health care chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
Objectives
By the end of this discussion, YOU will be able to:
• Be familiar with the evolution of the teaching role of nurses
• Recognize trends affecting the healthcare system in general and nursing
practice in particular
• Identify the purposes, goals, and benefits of client and staff/student
education
Objectives
By the end of this discussion, YOU will be able to:
• Define the terms education process, teaching and learning
• Compare the education process to nursing process
• Discuss the barriers to teaching and obstacles to learning
The evolution of the teaching role of Nurses
• Sine the mid-1800s, when nursing was acknowledged as a
profession
• Patient education has been recognized as an important role of
nurses as caregivers
The evolution of the teaching role of Nurses
• Florence nightingale was the ultimate
educator
• She developed the first nursing school
• She educated nurses, physicians in hospitals
and home care to improve health
The evolution of the teaching role of Nurses
• She taught patients the need for
adequate nutrition, fresh air, exercise,
personal hygiene to improve their well-
being
https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/florence-nightingale-1
The evolution of the teaching role of Nurses
• In 1918 the National league of nursing education (NLN)
identified health teaching as a function within the scope of nursing practice
• In 1950 the NLN identified course content in nursing school
curricula to prepare nurses to the role
The evolution of the teaching role of Nurses
• In 2010 American nursing Association was issued a statement
on standards of nursing practice, patient teaching was a key element
• All nurses in the united states are by legal mandate expected to provide
instruction to the patients, and clients
The evolution of the teaching role of Nurses
Professional nurses are responsible for:
• Educating patients, clients, families, and communities
• Educating and training their colleges through continuous education and in-
service programs
• Educating and supervising nursing students in the clinical settings (clinical
instructors)
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
Client Education:
• A process of assisting people to learn and adopt health-related
behaviors that can incorporated into their everyday life with the
goal of optimal health and independence of self-care
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
• The purpose of patient/client education is to increase the competence and
confidence of client for self-management (maintaining, and promoting
health)
• The goal is to prepare patient/client for self care
• Studies showed that informed clients more likely to comply with medical
treatments and to cope with their illnesses.
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
• The benefits of client education:
• Improve quality of life
• Ensure continuity of care
• Decrease client anxiety
• Effectively reduce the complications
• Reduce the morbidity and mortality rate
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
• The benefits of client education:
• Promote adherence to treatment plans
• Energize and empower client to become actively involved in their care
planning
• Promote health
• Restore and protect health
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
Staff Education:
• It’s the process of influencing the health behaviors of health
professionals by producing changes in their knowledge, attitudes,
and skills to help maintain and improve their competencies for
the delivery of quality care to their consumer
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
• The purpose of staff and student education is to increase the competence
and the confidence of nurses to function independently in providing care to
the consumer.
• The goal is to improve quality of care provided by nurses
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
• The benefits of staff education:
• Increase the competence and the confidence of nurses to function
independently in providing care to the clients
• Improve quality of care provided by nurses
• Enhance the professional developments (keep their knowledge and skills
updated and advanced)
Purposes, Goals of Client and Staff Education
• The benefits of staff education:
• Increase job satisfaction
• Enhance patient/client nurse autonomy
• Encourage conducting evidence based practice
• Increase accountability in clinical practice
• Improve the nation’s health
The Education Process
• Its a systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically:
based, planned course of action consisting of two major
interdependent operations:
- Teaching and learning
• It involves two interdependent players:
- Teacher and the learner
The Education Process
Learning:
• A change in behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and or skills) that can be
observed or measured and that occurs at any time or any place as a result of
exposure to environmental stimuli
• The success of nurse educators in teaching is measured by how much the
person learns
The Education Process
Teaching:
• Is giving lessons about a particular subject to a group of learners
Teacher Learner
The Education Process
Nursing process and Education process consists of:
Assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
ASSURE Model
• Is a useful model developed to assist nurses to organize and
carryout the education process (Rega, 1993)
• It is appropriate for all health professional educators
The contemporary Role of the Nurse as Educator
Nursing Alliance for Quality Care (NAQC) established four goals addressing
key areas to support excellence in the delivery of health care:
1. Consumer centered health care:
- Focusing on nursing health and safe goals to achieve safe, effective,
timely, efficient, and equal patients-centered care
2. Performance measurement and public reporting:
- Advocate for the development, implementation, and public reporting of
performance measures that reflect nursing’s contribution to patient/client care
3. Advocacy:
- Establish policy reform focused on evidence-based nursing practice to improve
patient/client care
4. Leadership:
- Promote nursing’s capability to serve in leadership roles that advances
patient/client care standards
The contemporary Role of the Nurse as Educator
Principles of professional nursing practice, according to the NAQC:
• Quality care is based on a dynamic partnership between healthcare
providers, patients and families (privacy, decision making and ethical
behaviors)
• Established confidentiality: patients’ own decisions
The contemporary Role of the Nurse as Educator
• Mutual responsibilities and accountabilities between patients must be
effective
• HCPs must understand to what level the patients must participate in their
own care and advocate for those who don’t participate
• Respect the boundaries that protect the patients and HCPs in all interaction
The contemporary Role of the Nurse as Educator
The contemporary Role of the Nurse as Educator
Patient advocacy
Respect patients’ rights.
Mutual decision making
Health literacy & diversity of cultural backgrounds
Barriers to Teaching and Obstacles to Learning
Barriers to teaching: factors imped the nurses’ abilities to deliver
educational services
Obstacles to learning: factors that negatively affect the ability of the
learner to pay attention to and process information
Barriers to Teaching and Obstacles to Learning
• Learning takes place by the teacher removing or reducing the obstacles to
learning
• The evidence supports that the interaction between teacher and learner is
the central to the development of a teachable moment, regardless of the
obstacles or barriers that may be encountered
Factors affecting the ability to teach
• Lack of time: The greatest barriers, schedules and responsibilities of
nurses are very demanding
• Lack of competent and confident of the Health care providers with
their teaching skills as a result of no specific course on the principles of
teaching and learning.
Factors affecting the ability to teach
• Personal characteristics of the educator which play an important role
in determining the outcomes of a teaching-learning interaction.
• Lack of motivation: motivation to teach and skills in teaching are main
factors in determining the success of any educational endeavor
Factors affecting the ability to teach
• Lack of priority to patient and staff education by administration
and supervisory personnel
• Budget allocations for educational programs can lead to
innovative and time-saving teaching strategies and techniques
Factors affecting the ability to teach
• Inconvenient teaching environment for conducting education to
prompt the teaching-learning process, such as space, lack of privacy,
noise and frequent inferences affect the nurses’ abilities to concentrate
and effectively interact to learners
Factors affecting the ability to teach
• Some HCPs question whether patient education is effective
as a means to improve health outcomes; particularly if they do not display
an interest in changing behavior, demonstrate unwilling to learn, or when
their ability to learn is in question
Factors affecting the ability to teach
• The type of documentation system used has an effect on the quality
and quantity of patient teaching. Example, formal and informal teaching
are not written down because of insufficient time, inattention to details
and inadequate forms (simply check of the areas addressed)
Factors affecting the ability to learn
• Lack of time to learn because of rapid patient discharge from care
and amount of information a client is expected to learn can discourage
and frustrate the learner.
• The stress of patients’ health problems (Type of disease) impetus
for patients to attend to learning, make contact with the HCPs and take
positive action to improve their health status.
Factors affecting the ability to learn
• Low literacy and functional health illiteracy
• The negative influence of the hospital environment itself which lead to
loss of control, lack of privacy and social isolation.
• Personnel characteristics of the learner (e.g. readiness to learn,
motivation and compliance, developmental-stage characteristic, and
learning styles).
Factors affecting the ability to learn
• The extent of behavioral changes (number and complexity) needed can
overwhelm learners and dissuade them from attending to and accomplishing
learning objectives and goals
• Lack of support and lack of ongoing positive reinforcement from
the HCPs serve to block the potential for learning
Factors affecting the ability to learn
• Denial of learning needs, resentment of authority and lack of
willingness to take responsibility (locus of control) are some
psychological obstacles to accomplishing behavioral change
• The healthcare system (e.g. inconvenience, complexity,
inaccessibility and fragmentation) results in frustration and abandonment
of efforts by the learner to participate in and comply with the goals and
objectives for learning
Summary
• Nurses can make the significant difference in how patients and families
cope with their illness and disabilities
• The teaching role is becoming even more important and more visible as
nurses respond to the social, economic and potential trends affecting
healthcare today