Classical Civilizations

Greece• Mycenaea

• Indo-European

• City-state

• Aegean Sea

• Polis

• Democracy

• Pericles

• Athens/Sparta

• Democracy/Oligarchy

• Colony

• Grapes/olives

• Olympia

• Drama

• Draco and Solon

• Socrates/Plato/Aristotle

• Geocentric - Ptolemy

• Hellenistic

• Phillip

• Alexander

Greek Geography:

• not as favorable for settlement

• coast of peninsulas and islands.

• Greeks were dependent on the sea for

food and eventually trade.

Greeks colonize throughout Mediterranean and Black Seas

Back to Geography

Mythology

• Polytheistic

• myths about their gods to explain the mysteries of nature

• Mt. Olympus

• human qualities, both in looks and in character traits, such as love, hate, and jealousy.

Gods and Goddesses

• Zeus- king of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus

• Hera- Wife of Zeus; protector of marriage, families, children, and the home.

• Apollo- god of the sun, truth, intelligence, music, and poetry.

• Athena- goddess of wisdom

• Aphrodite- goddess of love and beauty

• Artemis- goddess of wildlife and hunting

Athens and Sparta

• Polis = city state

• different governments due to isolation

• Citizens = free adult males could be citizens and have political rights. Women, foreigners, and slaves were not citizens.

Evolution of Athenian Government

• Athens was not always a democracy.

The city-state went through 4 stages of government.

– Monarchy- ruled by a hereditary king

– Aristocracy- ruled by wealthy land owning

nobility

– Tyranny- powerful ruler who appealed to the

poor (usually achieved power by force)

– Direct Democracy- rule by the people

Sparta

• Sparta formed an oligarchy- a government ruled by a few powerful people.

• Sparta was a military state governed by 2 kings and a council of elders. Major decisions were approved by the citizens, who were male, native-born Spartans over 30 years old.

• Sparta set up a rigid social structure to control the people they conquered and who were treated as slaves (called helots)

War with Persia

• Before the Persian Wars, Persia was the strongest military power in the world.

• Persia crosses the Aegean Sea and invades Greece in 490 BC

• Athens and Sparta put aside their differences and unite to defeat Persia

• The Greek phalanx was superior to the Persian military formation

Results of Persian War

• Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom.

• Athens became the most powerful Greek city-state. They were able to continue their independence, and innovations in government, and culture.

• Athens enters its “Golden Age”

• Delian League- Athenian lead alliance of city-states (some forced to join)- around Athens, Thessaly, and areas touching the Aegean Sea, including on Thrace and Anatolia.

• Peloponnesian league- Spartan lead alliance of city-states-most of Peloponnesus, around Thebes, and Macedonia.

Pericles

Greece’s “Golden Age” of Pericles

• Occurring between Persian Wars and Peloponnesian Wars

• Under the leadership of Pericles Athens became more democratic and was known for its contributions in art and philosophy

• Athenian life and culture thrive:

– Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had equal voice.

– Rebuilt Athens and the Acropolis after Persian Wars

– Builds Parthenon- temple to Athena with a gold and ivory statue of the goddess inside

Greek and Indian Drama – pg. 63

1. What is culture?

2. What were the common uses/benefits of drama in these early civilizations?

3. How are these dramas key to cultural identity?

Socrates

• Absolute standards for truth and justice

• Encouraged people to question themselves and moral character- Socratic Method

• Wanted to force people to think about their values and actions

• “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Socrates is sentenced to

Death…

Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens…

Denying the Gods of Greece…

Plato

• Student of Socrates

• Wrote “The Republic”– Perfectly governed society---Not a

democracy•The person with the greatest intellect from the ruling class would be chosen philosopher- king

Aristotle

• Plato's most famous student

• Wrote books on astronomy, physics, politics, art, and other subjects.

• Established a school in Athens which became a model for the modern university

• Invented rules for arguing logic which was applied to the scientific method used today in biology, physics, etc.

Peloponnesian War

• Tensions grew between Sparta, and the Peloponnesian League, and Athens, and Delian League.

• War broke out in 431 BC during the “Golden Age” of Athens under Pericles.

• They fought for control over the Greek world.

• A plague broke out in Athens and killed thousands, including Pericles, which weakened Athens

• After years of fighting Athens and its allies surrendered in 404 BC thus ending Athenian dominance of Greece

• This resulted in the slowing of cultural advances and the weakening of political power. Phillip II of Macedonia took advantage and conquerored Greece.

Alexander the Great

• Alexander at 20 years old was a great soldier and great military leader.

• Conquered Egypt, Persia, and lands as far east as the Indus River.

• Spread Greek culture which blended with the local cultures he conquered resulting in the Hellenistic Age.

Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? –

pg. 65• Class Activity:

With partners read through the following documents about Alexander the Great. With a yellow or green highlighter highlight EVIDENCE from these documents to prove Alexander was great. With a pink or red highlighter highlight EVIDENCE from these documents to prove Alexander was not great.

When you are finished we will discuss as a class.

• Explain your position based on and referencing the evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge upon which you would like to rely.

Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? –

pg. 65

Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? –

pg. 65

Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? –

pg. 65

Historical Perspective – Was Alexander Great? –

• Now turn to page 65 in your SAIL book. Re-read the

historical perspective and with your partner write about

your position. Make sure you are not just summarizing

and also utilizing specific evidence to support your

argument.

• Explain your position based on and referencing the

evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge

upon which you would like to rely.

• Certain degree of unity to the post-Alexander world

o Greek culture had spread from Aegean world to rest of known world

• Same political institutions, educational systems, art forms could be found everywhere

• Uniform coinage, systems of finance, laws and even language caused development of local and international commerce

• Mixture of Greek and Mesopotamian elements into a worldwide, unifying, hybrid civilization is known as Hellenistic Civilization

HELLENISTIC AGE

Persia• Kingdoms:

o Achaemenids (558-330 BCE)

Seleucids (323-383 BCE)

Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE)

Sasanids (224-651 CE)

• Cyrus

• Darius

• Persepolis

• Tolerance

• Royal Road

• Qanat

Qanat System

Persian Empire under the Achaemenids – p.59

1. The AchaemenidPersian Empire controlled which major civilization center?

2. Describe the geographic extent of the empire.

Persian Leaders• Darius (ruled: 522 BCE-486 BCE)

o Administration

• Satraps- provinces

• Appointed local officials to

govern

• Inspectors travels as eyes

and ears of the King

• Royal Road

• Cryus the Great o Founder- (aprox 550 BCE)

o Tolerance- allowed Jews to return

to their homeland from captivity

in Babylon

Persia • Standard coin and laws

• Imperial Bureaucracyo satraps: Persian governors

• Persian Wars

• Xerxes

• Alexander = conquers 331BCE and burns Persepolis to the ground

• Semi-nomadic

• Zoroastrianism - Ahura Mazdao heavenly paradise as reward and hellish

realm as punishment

o omnipotent and beneficial deity was responsible for all creation

o human beings must strive to observe the highest moral standardsindividuals will undergo judgment

Syncretism1: the combination of different forms of belief or practice

2: the fusion of two or more originally different inflectional forms

For example, you “sync” your devices or pair them together. It is the same idea in history. How have the two blended together to create a uniquely new thing.

Example from reading packet:

#5 Discuss the syncretism that took place between Greece and Persia.

Syncretism • The many faces of Jesus

Think - Pair - Share

• With your partner go over the questions about Greece

and Persia from your Period 2 packet.

• Take turns answering the questions.

• I will be around to assign each group a question to cover

on the board with the class.

Critical Intro.• With your partner, write a prompt for and an

answer using the following terms.

• Darius

• Provinces

• Satraps

• Royal Road

• Bureaucracy

• Currency

Critical Intro.

• Identify and explain similarities

between Christianity and

Buddhism. (and not that they are

“both religions”)

Rome• Common coin

• Innocent until proven

guilty

• Mediterranean

• Slavery

• Latifundia

• Mercenary

• Diocletian

• Huns

• Aristocracy

• Punic Wars and Carthage

• Pax Romana

• Julius and Augustus

• Aqueduct/roads

• Coliseum

• Latin

• Christianity

• 12 Tables

Roman Empire

Centrally located in

Mediterranean Basin-

able to extend its

influence over the entire

Mediterranean Basin.

Beginning of Roman Republic

• 800 BCE Latins migrated and settled along Tiber River

• Etruscans – origins unknown

• Villages formed scattered over 7 hills

• Eventually united into Rome

Legend = Romulus and Remus

~ brothers and founders of Rome

~ Romulus = 1st King

Roman Republic

• Plebeians

• Patricians

• Tribunes

• Magistrate

• Consuls (2)

• Senate – 200 members

• Twelve Tables – law

codes

Slavery • Economic need

• Cheap and effective – little need for the development of

new technology

• Slowed the growth and innovation of Roman Empire

• Slaves were often conquered peoples

Problems in the Republic 1. The ever widening gap between the rich and poor.

2. Creation of large estates maintained by slave labor.

3. Small farmers could not compete with the large estates and sold their land to wealthy landowners who created a latifundia (large farms based off of slave labor).

4. Small farmers were unable to repair damage from the armies of Hannibal.

5. Growth of the urban poor as homeless farmers joined other unskilled workers in the cities.

1. A Civil War then broke out.

2. Generals began to give land to the landless

poor if they would become soldiers. Citizen-

soldiers were thus replaced with a new breed

of soldier who owed his loyalty to the

generals and NOT to the Republic.

3. Generals such as Sulla became dictators.

4. Finally Julius Caesar rose to power and

brought order to the Republic.

“Augustus” Octavian Caesar

The Pantheon

• 1st Emperor of Rome

• Began Pax Romana

• Civil Service

• Common coinage

• Secured travel

Roman Gods

• Jupiter- king of the gods

• Juno- queen of the gods

• Apollo- god of the sun

• Diana- goddess of the moon and hunting

• Minerva- goddess of wisdom

• Venus- goddess of love and beauty

• Pluto- god of the underworld

• Saturn- god of agriculture

• Neptune- god of the sea

• Mars- god of war

Virgil• Aeneid- a compelling founding myth or nationalist epic

that at once tied Rome to the legends of Troy, glorified

traditional Roman virtues and legitimized the Julio-Claudian

dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes and gods of

Rome and Troy.

VOCAB • Epicureanism - philosophy of Epicurus. Mental pleasure

was regarded more highly than physical and the ultimate pleasure was held to be freedom from anxiety and mental pain. No need to fear the gods.

• Stoicism - determining personal ethics using logic to view the natural world. Reasoning governs nature and one must live in harmony with reason.

• Martyrdom - a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs

Judaism• Synagogues

• Hanukah

• Kosher

• Yom Kippur

• Covenant

• Abraham

• Ten Commandments

• Moses

• Torah

• Yahweh

• No missionaries

• Exodus (Passover)

• Exile

• Diaspora

• Solomon and temple

Christianity• Abraham/Moses

• Ten Commandments

• New and Old Testament

• Church

• Christmas/Easter

• Sacramentso Baptism

• Jesus

• Disciples

• Messiah

• Pope

• Edict of Milan

• Paul

• Rome

• Jerusalem

• Missionary

• Schism - 1054

Essential Beliefs, traditions, and

customs of Christianity

• Monotheism

• Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God

• Life after death

• New Testament, containing accounts of the

life and teaching of Jesus, as well as writing of

early Christians

• Christian doctrine established by early church

councils

Spread of Christianity

• Carried by the Apostles, including Paul,

throughout the Roman Empire

• Slowed as a result of persecution by Roman

authorities

• Adopted and legalized by Emperor

Constantine

Christianity and Buddhism – pg. 81

1.What do the two images display?

2. How did the universal nature of Christianity and Buddhism differ from other more ethnic religions such as Zoroastrianism or Hinduism?

Historical Perspective – Why did Rome collapse? –

pg. 85-86

• Think Pair Share: take a moment and read through your

answer. Share and discuss your ideas and evidence with

your partner. Make sure you are writing utilizing the short

answer format (AP). o A = answer (the question)

o P = provide evidence (or examples)

• Choose one of the three theories presented. Explain

your position based on and referencing the evidence

presented, as well as any additional knowledge you

would like to rely upon.

Immediate Causes of the

Fall of Rome (AD 476)

• Pressure from the Huns – Leader = Attila the Hun

• Invasion by German Tribes forced in by the Huns

• Sack of Rome by the Vandals (AD 410 & 455)

• Battle of Adrianople (Visigoths kill the Eastern Emperor Valens in AD 378)

• Conquest by invaders

The Fall of Rome

• Social Reasons

– Decline in interest in public affairs

– Low confidence in the Empire

– Disloyalty, lack of patriotism

– Corruption

– Contrast between the rich and poor

The Fall of Rome

• Political Reasons– Political office seen as burden, not

reward.

– Military interference in politics

– Civil War and unrest

– Division of Empire

– Moving of the capital to Byzantium

The Fall of Rome

• Economic Reasons

– Poor harvests

– Disruption of trade

– No more war plunder

– Gold and Silver drain

– Inflation

– Crushing tax burden

– Widening gap between rich and poor, western Empire becoming increasingly impoverished.

Roman decline

• As the Roman Empire declined in the West,

the Church in Rome grew in importance,

membership, and influence

Impact of early Church

• The Emperor Constantine converted to

Christianity and made it legal

• Christianity became the official state religion

• The Church became a source of moral authority

• Loyalty to the Church became more important

that loyalty to the Emperor

• The Church became the main unifying force of

Western Europe.

Critical Intro

Discuss ways in which the social and

religious structure of South Asia were

intertwined.

I. Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley, spread to the Ganges River Valley, and then spread

throughout the Indian subcontinent. This spread continued with little interruption because of the geographic location.

A. Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian

civilization?

1. Physical barriers: Himalayas, Hindu Kush & Indian Ocean made invasion difficult

2. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian

subcontinent

3. The Indus & Ganges were most important rivers, for life & spiritual importance.

II. Indo-European Aryans migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blending their beliefs

with those of the indigenous people.

A. What impact did the Aryans have on India?

1. Aryans migrated into subcontinent, asserted dominance

2. Brought religion; holy books = Vedas – Vedic religion evolved into

Hinduism

3. Established new social order Caste System

Caste

System

Caste SystemCTQ #1

III. Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.

A. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion?

1. No single founder – evolved from Aryan Vedic traditions

2. Interconnectedness of life; Atman = individual soul; & Brahman =

world soul

3. Reincarnation – rebirth of soul through many lifetimes

4. Dharma – duties specific to each caste; pride in fulfilling Dharma

5. Karma – all thoughts & actions result in future consequences (good

or bad)

6. Moksha – spiritual goal for Hindus; release from cycle of rebirth;

join world soul

Birth

Death

RebirthDeath

Rebirth

Reincarnation

IV. Hindu GodsA. How did Hindus view their gods? Many incarnations of one god -

Brahman

1. Brahma – the Creator

2. Vishnu – the Protector

3. Shiva – the Destroyer

IV. Hinduism relied on sacred literature as a foundation of the religion.

A. What were the “Sacred Writings” of Hinduism?

1.Vedas = beginning of Hindu religion

2. Upanishads = introduced idea of universal spirit &

separation from material world

3. Mahabharata = 106,000 verse epic Indian poem;

addressing good & evil; importance of Dharma.

IV. Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today.

A. How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture?

1. Karma & reincarnation strengthened Caste System

2. Caste System influenced all social interactions & occupations

3. NO SOCIAL MOBILITY!

4. Hindu culture spread to SE Asia along trade routes.

No Social Mobility – born & die in same caste

H I N D U I S M

Buddhism• Missionary

• Yoga

• Siddhartha Gautama

• Nirvana

• Bodhisattvas

• Enlightenment

• Eight Fold Path

• Four Nobel Truths

• Oppose Caste

• Monks/Nuns

• Dali Lama

• Silk Road

Siddhartha Gautama searches for

Enlightenment

Buddhist statue – pg. 99

1. How does this statue

reflect Buddhist

philosophy?

2. How might a statue

of Jesus Christ be

viewed differently?

Question 1 From p. 95

CTQ # 2 & 3VA p. 95 #1

Asoka’s Mauryan Empire - 324-184 B.C.E. Gupta Empire - 320-550 C.E.

Two Classical Indian Empires - Mauryan and Gupta Empires

Mauryan• Subcontinent

• Chandragupta

• Ashoka

• Cotton

• Caste system

• Hinduism

• Buddhism

• Monk

o Founded by: Chandragupta Maurya, 322 B.C.E.

Autocratic rule

oAshoka (Asoka) (269-232 B.C.E.)

Grandson of Chandragupta

Conversion to Buddhism

Becomes pacific, vegetarian

Infrastructure: roads, hospitals,

and inns

Opposed by Brahmins and promoted Buddhism

The Mauryan Dynasty

• Shortly after becoming emperor Asoka fought a long, bloody war to conquer the region of Kalinga.

• Horrified by the slaughter- more than 100,000 people died- Asoka no longer wanted to fight or conquer other territories.

• He converted to Buddhism, rejected violence, and ruled by moral example.

• Most importantly, he sent missionaries to spread Buddhism across India and throughout Asia, including China.

Asoka

Ashoka’s Rock

Edicts

o Founded by Chandra Gupta

Autocratic rule

Considered India’s “Golden Age”

Overthrown by Huns in 535 C.E.

The Guptas (320-565 CE)

Gupta • Sati

• Sanskrit

• Arabic numerals

• Decimal system

• Inoculations = smallpox

• Hinduism

• Zero

• White Huns = invade

• During this time Indian people made significant

contributions to world civilizations in the area

of:

~mathematics- concept of zero

~medical advancements- set bones

~astronomy- concept of earth as round

~new textiles

~literature.

India's Golden Age -Gupta

Classical China• Zhou, Qin, Han Dynasties

Zhou• Warring states – after Zhou

• Sons of Heaven

• Mandate of Heaven

• Rice/wheat

• Confucianism

• Daoism

• Centralized government

Dynastic Cycle

Mandate of Heaven—Rulers are chose to rule by heaven and will continue to rule as long as heaven is pleased; if heaven is not

pleased, heaven will pass the mandate to another family

Confucianism

Confucianism

oPhilosopher – Confucius

oBelief that humans are good, not bad

o Code of Politeness, still used in Chinese society today

oRespect for elders and Ancestor worship – filial piety

o Emphasis on education – creation of Civil Service Exam

Confucius seeks to organize Chinese society

One of the most important of these thinkers was

Confucius.

Born in 551 BC, he became a well educated man who thought deeply about the troubles of China.

Five basic relationships:

ruler and subject

father and son

husband and wife

older and younger brothers

friend and friend

The family relationships, he thought, were the most important.

CTQ #4

Daoism/Taoism

Laozi (400s B.C.E.)o Philosopher

o State cannot solve all problems

o Nature has powerful forces:

Dao = “the way”

o Meditation

o Humility

o Inner peace

o Harmony with Nature

o Medical – herbs, acupuncture, taekwondo

CTQ #5

Legalism

o Favored a strong state, ruling through force

o Belief that human nature was basically evil

o In opposition to Confucianism in many ways

• Yet the two often combined in exercise of

power

Qin • 1st

• Great Wall

• Standardization

• Dynasty

• Silk

• Unification

• Qin Shi Huangdi

• Confucianism

• Daoism

• Legalism

o Originally nomadic

o Shi Huangdi

• Claimed himself first emperor of China

• Demands burning of books

• Great Wall

• Death of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C.E.o Leads to a period of conflict

• Terracotta Army

Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE)

Terra Cotta Army

Han (200BCE – 220CE)• Silk Roads

• Patriarchial

• Ox-drawn collar and plow

• Water mills

• Iron

• Civil service

• Confuciansim

• Daoism

• Buddhism

Han Dynasty (206BCE –220 CE)

Overthrew Qin in 206 B.C.E.

Ruled for four centuries

• Conquered northern Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia

o Tribute System = taxes

Advancements/Contributionso Technology

• Water-powered mills

• Paper

• Porcelain

• Silk

• Gun powder and fireworks

o Contributions

• Silk Road – trade from China to Turkey

• Civil Service Exam – government jobs

CTQ #6,7

VA p.95 #2

Historical perspective –pg. 105-106

• Think about Karen Armstrong’s position and discuss your

opinion on the connection between periods of social and

political instability with the rise of religious ideology.

Explain your position based on and referencing the

evidence presented, as well as any additional knowledge

upon which you would like to reply.

AP

Multiple ChoicePartner Analysis

• Think as a Historian

• Write as a Historian

Critical Intro• Identify and explain similarities

between the Mayans and the Greeks.

Terrace farming Enables farming on sloped land

Moche • 200 BCE – 700CE

• Modern day Peru

• Corn, beans, llamas

• Ayllus = small communities who share communal work –

belief that all people share a common ancestor

Teotihuacan

One of world’s largest “Classical” Cities

Teotihuacan

One of world’s largest “Classical” Cities

Maya• 1500BCE

• Slash and burn

• City-states

• Yucatan

• Caracol = observatory to

predict eclipse and

moon phases

• Calendar

• Yucatan

• Pictograms/ glyphs

• Zero

• “the Greeks of the new

world”

Image analysis – Mayan Pyramid – pg. 115

1. Why do you think cultures around the world specifically built monumental religious pyramids as seen here in Mayan culture?

2. What do these structures tell us about the level of government present and labor organization?

Virtual Tour – ChichenItza

• Video link

Historical perspective- Were the Mayans Violent? – pg 118

• What do you believe is a fair assessment of the level of

violence in Mayan culture? Think about the context of

the violence as well as the violence in comparison to

other cultures around the world.

Virtual Tour – Mayan observatory

• Video link