Outline:Britain’s advantagesFour features of early

industrializationElsewhere in EuropeImpact of

industrialization

TermsEnclosuresCanal EraCombination ActsLuddismBritish RadicalismPeterloo

The Industrial Revolution: A Brief Introduction

Britain’s Seven Advantages• Agricultural Revolution• Population growth• Ready capital in entrepreneurial hands

– Bank of England• Access to minerals• Improved transportation

– “The Canal Era” (1760-1830)• Governmental support• Foreign trade via empire & naval

dominance

By 1800, some 600-700 miles of canals connected existing navigable rivers.

This created some 2,000 miles of navigable inland waterways.

The Canal Era (1760-1830)

Four Features of Early-Industrial Britain

• New ways to make things: shift from animate to inanimate forms of energy

• New ways to organize production• Concentration in three main industries:

textiles, mining & iron• Concentration geographically

– Advantages– Disadvantages

Industrial Revolution & Economic Transformations

• Cotton, Coal and Railways• Cotton and Textiles

– Role of Indian calicoes and British Navigation Acts– Trade and Connections between Harvest and Textile

Production (distinction from Sugar)– Increasing Mechanization In Production by 19th

century

The CottagerWomen Spinning (1790s)

Steam Engine: James Watt: 1777, First used in coal industry

Changing Technology, Changing Production

The Spinning Jenny1760s

Textile mills-late 1800s

Steam enginge

Geographical Connections between coal and iron deposits and Manufacturing districts

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1831 1850

Coal Tonnage inMillions

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1770 1800 1850

Coalminers

Late 19th century coal mine

Coal Industry

Coal, Railroad, & Industrialization

Coal Transport:1825: Stockton-Darlington Line (9 miles)

Passenger Travel:1830: Manchester-Liverpool (32 miles)1840: 2000 miles of track1850: 7000 miles of track

Industrial Development on the Continent

• Certain important areas– Belgium– Northern France– Northern Italy

• Differences from Britain– Ruhr Valley in Germany– Less concentrated geographically– Cultural variations– Market approaches

Pop. Growthin millions

1831 1850

France +9.3%

32.5 35.8

Germany +21%

26.5 33.5

England 22%

16.3 20.8

Understanding European Industrialization:Population Change Across Europe

• Certain important areas:Belgium, Northern France, Ruhr Valley in Germany & Northern Italy

Before 1850

Industrial Development on the Continent

Changes in Time and Space

•Perception of time changes by 19th century•Regularized, mechanized, uniform•Role of factory time•Time = money•Role of railways:

•1884: Prime Meridian ConferenceGreenwich: zero meridianDivision of 24 time zonesStandard time

•Experience of space changes with railroad

Industrial Labor of Women and Children

•Is Child Labor New in the 19th Century?•No.

•Women & children work in pre-industrial period•What has changed?

•Family economy disrupted•Breakdown of paternalism•Idea of childhood emerges

•Moral outrage, reform & Factory and Mines Act

Expectations of Change:New Faith in Progress

1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition“industry of all nations”

Initial Impacts of these Changes

• Breakdown of paternalism– Development of “class” ideology– Luddism: hatred of technology

• Radicalism/Reform Movements– Response to economic dislocation– Middle-class reformers & working men

together– Government unresponsive, political

action leads to repression (Peterloo 1819)

Peterloo Massacre (1819)