our english heritage 2

Our English Heritage Our English Heritage 22

Mrs. CoxMrs. Cox

Paisley IBPaisley IB

Civics/EconomicsCivics/Economics

What Influenced Colonial What Influenced Colonial Government?Government?

►English citizens made many legal English citizens made many legal traditions as they dealt with powerful traditions as they dealt with powerful monarchs. In 1215, nobles forced King monarchs. In 1215, nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. This John to sign the Magna Carta. This gave nobles certain privileges such as gave nobles certain privileges such as a trial by their peers and equal a trial by their peers and equal treatment under the law.treatment under the law.


► In time, officials grew into a lawmaking In time, officials grew into a lawmaking body, or legislature, called Parliament. body, or legislature, called Parliament. England’s Parliament removed King England’s Parliament removed King James II from power in 1688-an event James II from power in 1688-an event called the Glorious Revolution. It also called the Glorious Revolution. It also created the English Bill of Rights. This created the English Bill of Rights. This document promised Parliament free document promised Parliament free elections and fair trials, and it stopped elections and fair trials, and it stopped cruel punishments.cruel punishments.


►English common law was based on English common law was based on many court decisions. Judges looked to many court decisions. Judges looked to precedents to see how similar cases precedents to see how similar cases had been decided. Common law had been decided. Common law applies to our modern laws.applies to our modern laws.

►People who were excited by scientific People who were excited by scientific discoveries shaped the movement discoveries shaped the movement called the Enlightenment.called the Enlightenment.


►Enlightenment writers wanted Enlightenment writers wanted independence and equality for all independence and equality for all people. John Locke thought that people. John Locke thought that freedoms such as life, liberty, and freedoms such as life, liberty, and property were natural rights. He property were natural rights. He described a social contract, which said described a social contract, which said people should obey their government people should obey their government only as long as it protects their rights.only as long as it protects their rights.


► In France, Baron de Montesquieu said In France, Baron de Montesquieu said that the branches of government that the branches of government should stop one another from should stop one another from becoming too strong. These ideas becoming too strong. These ideas were put into the US Constitution and were put into the US Constitution and Declaration of Independence.Declaration of Independence.

Colonial Traditions of Self-Colonial Traditions of Self-GovernmentGovernment

► In the 1600s and 1700s, England In the 1600s and 1700s, England created colonies in America, new created colonies in America, new settlements that were ruled by the settlements that were ruled by the English government. The people who English government. The people who moved to these colonies brought with moved to these colonies brought with them their English traditions of law them their English traditions of law and self-government.and self-government.


►The first permanent English settlement, in The first permanent English settlement, in Jamestown, Virginia, was created in 1607. Jamestown, Virginia, was created in 1607. It started as a business investment with It started as a business investment with London businessmen providing money to London businessmen providing money to colonists. This type of investment was colonists. This type of investment was called a joint-stock company. The called a joint-stock company. The businessmen were given a charter by businessmen were given a charter by King James I, a document giving them King James I, a document giving them land and the power to create a land and the power to create a government.government.


►Colonists in Virginia were ruled by a Colonists in Virginia were ruled by a governor, but they slowly made their governor, but they slowly made their own representative government body, own representative government body, called the House of Burgesses.called the House of Burgesses.

►An English colony also was started in An English colony also was started in the North. Colonists known as Pilgrims the North. Colonists known as Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.1620.


►They had drawn up a plan for They had drawn up a plan for government on their trip from government on their trip from England. This agreement, or compact, England. This agreement, or compact, was named for their ship, the was named for their ship, the MayflowerMayflower. The Mayflower Compact . The Mayflower Compact created a system of direct democracy. created a system of direct democracy. Citizens held town meetings to talk Citizens held town meetings to talk about problems. Only men who owned about problems. Only men who owned property could vote.property could vote.


► In 1639, some Pilgrims moved from In 1639, some Pilgrims moved from Massachusetts to Connecticut to have Massachusetts to Connecticut to have more religious freedom. There, they more religious freedom. There, they created the Fundamental Orders of created the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This plan of government Connecticut. This plan of government had elections for representatives.had elections for representatives.


►Colonists created thirteen English colonies Colonists created thirteen English colonies in America. The colonies were ruled by in America. The colonies were ruled by governors who were elected or appointed governors who were elected or appointed by the king. Colonists also had legislatures by the king. Colonists also had legislatures with elected representatives. People living with elected representatives. People living in America used their knowledge of the in America used their knowledge of the English Parliament and English common English Parliament and English common law to take responsibility for their law to take responsibility for their government and to make their own government and to make their own decisions.decisions.

The English Colonies 2-2The English Colonies 2-2

►By the middle of the 1600s, four By the middle of the 1600s, four colonies had been set up in New colonies had been set up in New England: Massachusetts, Rhode England: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.Hampshire.

►The Middle Colonies included New The Middle Colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. New York started out as a Delaware. New York started out as a Dutch colony.Dutch colony.

Settling the ColoniesSettling the Colonies

►When it was taken over by the English, When it was taken over by the English, King Charles II gave it to his brother. King Charles II gave it to his brother. At that point, New York became a At that point, New York became a proprietary colony. This means it was proprietary colony. This means it was owned and controlled by the same owned and controlled by the same person. New Jersey was formed from person. New Jersey was formed from part of New York.part of New York.


►New Jersey started out as proprietary New Jersey started out as proprietary colony but later became a royal colony but later became a royal colony, owned and rule directly by the colony, owned and rule directly by the King. William Penn started the King. William Penn started the proprietary colony of Pennsylvania proprietary colony of Pennsylvania when he was given a charter from the when he was given a charter from the king. The colony of Delaware was king. The colony of Delaware was created from part of Pennsylvania.created from part of Pennsylvania.


► In the South, Virginia grew from the In the South, Virginia grew from the joint-stock colony of Jamestown and joint-stock colony of Jamestown and became a royal colony in 1624. became a royal colony in 1624. Carolina started out as a proprietary Carolina started out as a proprietary colony, but eventually became two colony, but eventually became two separate royal colonies. James separate royal colonies. James Oglethorpe was given a charter to set Oglethorpe was given a charter to set up Georgia, which was the last English up Georgia, which was the last English colony.colony.

People of the ColoniesPeople of the Colonies

►Many colonist came to America in Many colonist came to America in hopes of finding religious freedom or hopes of finding religious freedom or improving their fortunes.improving their fortunes.

►The New England and Middle Colonies The New England and Middle Colonies were settle by colonists who had been were settle by colonists who had been treated badly for their religions in treated badly for their religions in England. They were religious England. They were religious dissenters who did not agree with dissenters who did not agree with England’s official Anglican religion.England’s official Anglican religion.


►Colonists in Massachusetts called Colonists in Massachusetts called themselves Puritans because they themselves Puritans because they wanted to cleanse, or purify, wanted to cleanse, or purify, Anglicanism. They thought they were Anglicanism. They thought they were on a religious journey, or pilgrimage, on a religious journey, or pilgrimage, and so they also were know as Pilgrims. and so they also were know as Pilgrims. Quakers in Pennsylvania and Catholics Quakers in Pennsylvania and Catholics in Maryland also created colonies where in Maryland also created colonies where they could practice their religion safely.they could practice their religion safely.


►Connecticut was founded by a minister Connecticut was founded by a minister who was looking for religious freedom. who was looking for religious freedom. Rhode Island was the first colony to Rhode Island was the first colony to practice toleration, or acceptance of all practice toleration, or acceptance of all faiths.faiths.

►Colonists in the South had come to North Colonists in the South had come to North America for the chance to earn money. America for the chance to earn money. Some people set up large farms called Some people set up large farms called plantations to make a living growing plantations to make a living growing crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo.crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo.


►Poor people in search of a new way of Poor people in search of a new way of life came to the colonies as indentured life came to the colonies as indentured servants. Wealthy people agreed to pay servants. Wealthy people agreed to pay for the coast of indentured servants’ for the coast of indentured servants’ transportation and food. In exchange, transportation and food. In exchange, the servants agreed to work to pay the servants agreed to work to pay back their expenses. As farms grew, back their expenses. As farms grew, however, more workers were needed to however, more workers were needed to help on plantations. To meet this need, help on plantations. To meet this need, planters used enslaved Africans.planters used enslaved Africans.


► As this agricultural system grew, colonists As this agricultural system grew, colonists created what became know as the triangular created what became know as the triangular trade. This was a trading system that involved trade. This was a trading system that involved three places. In this trading plan, sugar and three places. In this trading plan, sugar and molasses were taken from the West Indies to molasses were taken from the West Indies to America. There, these goods were made into America. There, these goods were made into rum. From America, rum was taken to Africa rum. From America, rum was taken to Africa and traded for enslaved people. Enslaved and traded for enslaved people. Enslaved people were then shipped to the West Indies people were then shipped to the West Indies and traded for sugar and molasses.and traded for sugar and molasses.

Colonial Society 2-3Colonial Society 2-3

► In New England, the soil was rocky and In New England, the soil was rocky and winters were long. Because the land winters were long. Because the land was not suited to farming, many was not suited to farming, many people made their living from the sea, people made their living from the sea, by fishing, whaling, and making ships. by fishing, whaling, and making ships. Others had small businesses in which Others had small businesses in which they sewed clothes or made furniture.they sewed clothes or made furniture.

The EconomyThe Economy

►The soil and climate of the Middle The soil and climate of the Middle Colonies were better for farming. Colonies were better for farming. Colonists in New York, Pennsylvania, Colonists in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware were able to New Jersey, and Delaware were able to grow extra corps to sell for profit. Also, grow extra corps to sell for profit. Also, these colonies had industries such as these colonies had industries such as sawmills, mines, and iron works. sawmills, mines, and iron works. European immigrants became an European immigrants became an important source of workers.important source of workers.

The EconomyThe Economy

►The Southern Colonies, with warm The Southern Colonies, with warm weather and rich soil, were best for weather and rich soil, were best for farming. Rice and tobacco were grown in farming. Rice and tobacco were grown in the Tidewater area near the seacoast and the Tidewater area near the seacoast and transported to markets by river. The transported to markets by river. The large plantations of the South needed large plantations of the South needed many workers, so plantation owners many workers, so plantation owners depended on enslaved African workers. depended on enslaved African workers. The are did not have the industry or The are did not have the industry or trade found in the New England and trade found in the New England and Middle Colonies.Middle Colonies.

An American IdentityAn American Identity

►American colonies had different traits. American colonies had different traits. Even with their differences, however, Even with their differences, however, the colonies had a culture that kept the colonies had a culture that kept them together.them together.

►Religion was one important part of the Religion was one important part of the new American culture. Many colonists new American culture. Many colonists had come to America looking for had come to America looking for religious freedom. In Massachusetts, religious freedom. In Massachusetts, laws enforced religious beliefs. laws enforced religious beliefs.


►Other colonies separated religion from Other colonies separated religion from government and encouraged government and encouraged tolerance. The American colonies tolerance. The American colonies slowly created a policy of accepting slowly created a policy of accepting many religions. The Great Awakening many religions. The Great Awakening in the 1720s helped the American in the 1720s helped the American colonists have new faith. colonists have new faith.


►Education also helped shape American Education also helped shape American culture. Colonists founded colleges culture. Colonists founded colleges such as Harvard, Princeton, and such as Harvard, Princeton, and William and Mary to train ministers. William and Mary to train ministers. Children were educated so they could Children were educated so they could read the Bible, and some colonies read the Bible, and some colonies started public schools. However, laws started public schools. However, laws stopped enslaved people from learning stopped enslaved people from learning to read or write. to read or write.


► In early American culture, families In early American culture, families were the center of society. Men were the center of society. Men headed families, and women and headed families, and women and children did chores. Older children children did chores. Older children assisted with the family’s farm work. assisted with the family’s farm work. Women could not vote. Married Women could not vote. Married women had few rights, but unmarried women had few rights, but unmarried or widowed women could run or widowed women could run businesses and own property.businesses and own property.


►Colonists’ ideas about the importance Colonists’ ideas about the importance of equality also brought the colonies of equality also brought the colonies together. Their beliefs were shaped by together. Their beliefs were shaped by Enlightenment ideas about Enlightenment ideas about individualism and natural rights. Also, individualism and natural rights. Also, the Great Awakening encouraged the Great Awakening encouraged people to depend less on people in people to depend less on people in power and more on personal religious power and more on personal religious experience.experience.


►As a result of these influences, the sprit As a result of these influences, the sprit of egalitarianism, or equality, was born. of egalitarianism, or equality, was born. The colonists were convinced that they The colonists were convinced that they should have all the rights Britons had and should have all the rights Britons had and should have a voice in their government. should have a voice in their government. However, the British government did not However, the British government did not let colonists decide their own trade and let colonists decide their own trade and tax policies. Colonists started joining tax policies. Colonists started joining together against the British government.together against the British government.

2-4 Birth of a Democratic 2-4 Birth of a Democratic NationNation

►Under Britain’s loose control, called a Under Britain’s loose control, called a “salutary neglect” policy, the colonies “salutary neglect” policy, the colonies had taken on more responsibility. had taken on more responsibility. Because of mercantilism, however, Because of mercantilism, however, Britain wanted to make money. Britain wanted to make money. Mercantilism is the idea that a nation’s Mercantilism is the idea that a nation’s power depends on its wealth. This power depends on its wealth. This program was put into law with the program was put into law with the Navigation Acts.Navigation Acts.

Colonial ResistanceColonial Resistance

►Britain had fought a war with France Britain had fought a war with France and said that the colonies’ taxes and said that the colonies’ taxes should help pay for war debts. The should help pay for war debts. The British government passed taxes such British government passed taxes such as the Stamp Act and the Quartering as the Stamp Act and the Quartering Act. These acts were passed in Act. These acts were passed in Britain’s Parliament where colonists Britain’s Parliament where colonists were not represented.were not represented.


► Colonists united to boycott, or refuse Colonists united to boycott, or refuse to buy, British goods. They formed a to buy, British goods. They formed a Stamp Act Congress, which sent their Stamp Act Congress, which sent their worries to King George III. Parliament worries to King George III. Parliament repealed, or cancelled, the Stamp Act. repealed, or cancelled, the Stamp Act. Then, Parliament made new laws. The Then, Parliament made new laws. The Declaratory Act said that Parliament Declaratory Act said that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.had the right to tax the colonies.


►The Townshend Acts allowed officers to The Townshend Acts allowed officers to search for smuggled goods. Colonists search for smuggled goods. Colonists responded with anger. A 1770 protest responded with anger. A 1770 protest in which colonists were killed by British in which colonists were killed by British troops become known as the Boston troops become known as the Boston Massacre. The Boston Tea Party of 1773 Massacre. The Boston Tea Party of 1773 challenged a tax on tea. The protest led challenged a tax on tea. The protest led to the Coercive Acts, which colonists to the Coercive Acts, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. These laws called the Intolerable Acts. These laws restricted the colonists’ civil rights.restricted the colonists’ civil rights.

Moving Toward Moving Toward IndependenceIndependence

►To the fight the Intolerable Acts, colonists To the fight the Intolerable Acts, colonists from twelve colonies sent delegates, or from twelve colonies sent delegates, or representatives, to a meeting in representatives, to a meeting in Philadelphia. This meeting, was called Philadelphia. This meeting, was called the First Continental Congress, made a the First Continental Congress, made a list of demands for King George III. list of demands for King George III. Delegates said that the king should Delegates said that the king should restore their rights, and they worked to restore their rights, and they worked to make the boycott of British products make the boycott of British products bigger.bigger.


► This first gathering was held in 1774, and This first gathering was held in 1774, and they agreed to meet the following year if the they agreed to meet the following year if the king did not respond as they wished.king did not respond as they wished.

► The colonists’ demands were met with force. The colonists’ demands were met with force. Before April 1775, many Americans though Before April 1775, many Americans though of themselves as British subjects. After the of themselves as British subjects. After the battles between colonials and British troops battles between colonials and British troops at Lexington and Concord, however, at Lexington and Concord, however, colonists wanted independence. The colonists wanted independence. The Revolutionary War had begun.Revolutionary War had begun.

Moving toward IndependenceMoving toward Independence

►During the Second Continental During the Second Continental Congress, held in May 1775, colonists Congress, held in May 1775, colonists talked about how to respond to Great talked about how to respond to Great Britain. Support for independence was Britain. Support for independence was growing, in part because of pamphlets growing, in part because of pamphlets such as Thomas Paine’s such as Thomas Paine’s Common Common Sense. Sense. He thought the colonies should He thought the colonies should stop following the king. Still, many stop following the king. Still, many people were still loyal to Britain.people were still loyal to Britain.


►Others thought the colonist could not win a Others thought the colonist could not win a war with Britain. However, by 1776, more than war with Britain. However, by 1776, more than half the people at the Second Continental half the people at the Second Continental Congress decided to break ties with Britain. Congress decided to break ties with Britain.

► As the colonies broke away from Britain, the As the colonies broke away from Britain, the Second Continental Congress became their Second Continental Congress became their new government. ( This was anarchy by the new government. ( This was anarchy by the way.) The colonists decided that a group of way.) The colonists decided that a group of people, led by Virginia delegate Thomas people, led by Virginia delegate Thomas Jefferson, would write a declaration of Jefferson, would write a declaration of independence. This document would explain independence. This document would explain to King George III why the colonies should be to King George III why the colonies should be free.free.

The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

► The Declaration of Independence said that the The Declaration of Independence said that the purpose of a government is to protect the purpose of a government is to protect the rights of the people. It said that government is rights of the people. It said that government is based on the agreement of the people, and based on the agreement of the people, and the people can change or remove a the people can change or remove a government if it ignores the wishes of the government if it ignores the wishes of the people. On July 4, 1776, delegates approved people. On July 4, 1776, delegates approved the document asking for the colonies’ freedom the document asking for the colonies’ freedom from Britain. Not until a war was fought and from Britain. Not until a war was fought and won, however, did Great Britain accept the won, however, did Great Britain accept the colonies’ independence.colonies’ independence.

our english heritage 2

Documents

colonial government

english government

english traditions of

plan of government

english colonies

branches of government

english citizens

english common law