Ottoman EmpireFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Turkish: َل�ِت� اِن�ّی�ٔه َع�ِل�ّي�ٔه َد�ْو� َع�ثَم�

Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye

Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu

Empire

↓ 1299–1923 ↓

Flag (1844–1923) Coat of arms (1882 design)

Motto

مدت ابد دولت

Devlet-i Ebed-müddet[1]

"The Eternal State"

Anthem

various

(during 1808–1922)

The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent, in 1683

Capital Söğüt

(1299–

1335)

Bursa

(1335–

1363)

Edirne [2]

(1363–

1453)

Constantinople [dn

1]

(1453–

1922)

Languages Ottoman

Turkish(official)

many others

Religion Islam

Government Absolute

monarchy

(1299–

1876)

(1878–

1908)

(1920–

1922)

Constitutional

monarchy

(1876–

1878)

(1908–

1920)

Sultan

-

1299–1326 Osman I (first)

-

1918–1922 Mehmed

VI (last)

Caliph

-

1362–1389 Murad I (first)

[3]

-

1922–1924 Abdülmecid

II (last)

Grand Vizier

-

1320–1331 Alaeddin

Pasha (first)

-

1920–1922 Ahmed Tevfik

Pasha(last)

Legislature General

Assembly

Upper house Senate

-

-

Lower house Chamber of

Deputies

History

-

Founded

1299

-

Interregnum

1402–1414

-

Transformation from

sultanate to empire

1453

-

1st Constitutional

1876–1878

-

2nd Constitutional

1908–1920

-

Sultanate abolished [dn 2]

1 November

1922

-

Republic of

Turkeyestablished[dn 3]

29 October 1923

-

Caliphate abolished

3 March 1924

Area

-

1683 [4] 5,200,000 km

²(2,007,731 sq

mi)

-

1914 [5] 1,800,000 km

²(694,984 sq mi)

Population

-

1856 est. 35,350,000

-

1906 est. 20,884,000

-

1912 est.[6] 24,000,000

Currency Akçe, Para, Sulta

ni,Kuruş, Lira

Preceded by Succeeded by

Anatolian beyliks

Sultanate of Rûm

Byzantine Empire

Karamanids

Kingdom of Bosnia

Bulgarian Empire

Serbian Empire

Turkish Provisional

Government

First Hellenic Republic

Khedivate of Egypt

Condominium of Bosnia and

Herzegovina

Principality of Serbia

Provisional Government

of Albania

Kingdom of Romania

Principality of Bulgaria

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Croatia

Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt

Tunisia

Hospitallers of Tripolitania

Algeria

Empire of Trebizond

Despotate of the Morea

British Cyprus

Mandatory Iraq

Emirate of Diriyah

French Algeria

Yemen

French Tunisia

Sheikhdom of Kuwait

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The Ottoman Empire (/ ̍ ɒ t ə m ə n / ; Ottoman Turkish:  �ه �ّی ُع�ثَم�اِن �ه� �ّي ُع�ِل Devlet-i Aliyye-i ,د�و�ل�ت�Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a Sunni Islamic state founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia.[7] With conquests in the Balkansby Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to caliphate. The Ottomans overthrew the Byzantine Empire in 1453 with Mehmed II's conquest of Constantinople.[8][9][10]

During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus,North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.[11] At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. [dn 4]

With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Westernworlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers and gradual decline, the empire collapsed and was dissolved in the aftermath ofWorld War I, leading to the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Easternstates.[12]

Contents

  [hide] 

1   Name

2   History

o 2.1   Rise (1299–1453)

o 2.2   Expansion and apogee (1453–1566)

o 2.3   Stagnation and reform (1566–1827)

2.3.1   Revolts, reversals, and revivals (1566–1683)

2.3.2   Russian threat grows

o 2.4   Decline and modernization (1828–1908)

o 2.5   Defeat and dissolution (1908–1922)

3   Territorial evolution

4   Government

o 4.1   Law

o 4.2   Military

5   Administrative divisions

6   Economy

7   Demographics

o 7.1   Language

o 7.2   Religion

7.2.1   Islam

7.2.2   Christianity and Judaism

8   Culture

o 8.1   Literature

o 8.2   Architecture

o 8.3   Decorative arts

o 8.4   Performing arts

o 8.5   Cuisine

9   Science and technology

10   Sports

11   See also

12   Notes

13   References

14   Further reading

15   External links

Name[edit]

Main article: Names of the Ottoman Empire

The word "Ottoman" is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUṯmān ُعثَمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye ( �ه �ّی ُع�ثَم�اِن �ه� �ّي ُع�ِل ) or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti [13],(د�و�ل�ت� دولتى In Modern [dn 5].(ُعثَماِنِلىTurkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("Ottoman Empire") orOsmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

In the West, the two names "Ottoman Empire" and "Turkey" were often used interchangeably, with "Turkey" being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations.[14] This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23 when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name.

History[edit]

Main article: History of the Ottoman Empire

Rise (1299–1453)[edit]Main article: Rise of the Ottoman Empire

Further information: Ottoman dynasty and Kayı tribe

Ertuğrul, father of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, arrived in Anatolia from Merv(Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines.[15]After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century,

Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived.[16] Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the Osmanli came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known. [17]

Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Painting from 1523.

In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the city of Bursa in 1324 and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. The fall of Bursa meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. [18] The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scalecrusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks. [19]

With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire controlled nearly all formerByzantine lands surrounding the city, but the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turkish-Mongolian leader Timur invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmet I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to theInterregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.[20]

Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and János Hunyadiat the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, János Hunyadi prepared another

army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovoin 1448.[21]

Expansion and apogee (1453–1566)[edit]Main article: Growth of the Ottoman Empire

The son of Murad II, Mehmed II, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. [22] Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule.[22] Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula. [23]

Battle of Mohács in 1526[24]

In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of expansion. The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans. It also flourished economically due to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia.[25][dn 6]

Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia, in the Battle of Chaldiran.[26] Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt, and created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region. [27]