Other Other PunctuationPunctuation

11 English 11 English

Grammar ReviewGrammar Review

Apostrophes Apostrophes Use an apostrophe to form the possessive of Use an apostrophe to form the possessive of

nouns and indefinite pronouns. nouns and indefinite pronouns. Singular noun: add apostrophe and s Singular noun: add apostrophe and s

Ex: the dog’s bowl, James’s booksEx: the dog’s bowl, James’s books Plural noun ending in s: add apostrophe Plural noun ending in s: add apostrophe

onlyonlyEx: dogs’ bowls, the Joneses’ houseEx: dogs’ bowls, the Joneses’ house

Plural noun not ending in s: add apostrophe Plural noun not ending in s: add apostrophe and sand sEx: the children’s clothes, the men’s Ex: the children’s clothes, the men’s bathroombathroom

ApostrophesApostrophes Compound noun: add apostrophe and s to Compound noun: add apostrophe and s to

last word of compound last word of compound Ex: sister-in-law’s, Ex: sister-in-law’s, brothers-in-law’s brothers-in-law’s

Individual possession: change each noun Individual possession: change each noun to its possessive form to its possessive form Ex: Mary’s and Ex: Mary’s and Tom’s carsTom’s cars

Joint possession: change only the last Joint possession: change only the last noun to its possessive form noun to its possessive form Ex: Mary and Ex: Mary and Tom’s carsTom’s cars

Indefinite pronoun: add apostrophe and s Indefinite pronoun: add apostrophe and s Ex: someone’s, anybody’s Ex: someone’s, anybody’s

ApostrophesApostrophes

Compound indefinite pronoun: add Compound indefinite pronoun: add apostrophe and s to the last word apostrophe and s to the last word Ex: Ex: someone else’s, no one else’ssomeone else’s, no one else’s

Noun expressing time or amount: add Noun expressing time or amount: add apostrophe and s to a singular noun; apostrophe and s to a singular noun; add apostrophe to a plural noun add apostrophe to a plural noun Ex: Ex: one day’s; ten hours’one day’s; ten hours’

Add just an apostrophe for classical Add just an apostrophe for classical and Biblical names and Biblical names Ex: Hercules’ Ex: Hercules’ Jesus’Jesus’

ApostrophesApostrophes

Use apostrophes in contractions to Use apostrophes in contractions to show the omission of letters. show the omission of letters. Ex: Ex: they’re, she’sthey’re, she’s

Use apostrophes to show where Use apostrophes to show where sounds have been omitted in poetry sounds have been omitted in poetry or in dialect. or in dialect. Ex: ‘bout, s’poseEx: ‘bout, s’pose

Use an apostrophe to indicate Use an apostrophe to indicate missing digits in a year number missing digits in a year number Ex: Ex: class of ’04, back in ‘02class of ’04, back in ‘02

ApostrophesApostrophes

Use an apostrophe and an s to form the Use an apostrophe and an s to form the plural of an individual letter or numeral, a plural of an individual letter or numeral, a word referred to as a word, or an word referred to as a word, or an abbreviation containing a period. abbreviation containing a period. Ex: the’s, Ex: the’s, b’s, 6’sb’s, 6’s

Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of dates, such as decades and centuries. of dates, such as decades and centuries. Ex: Ex: 1900s1900s

Any punctuation that follows a word ending Any punctuation that follows a word ending with an apostrophe should be placed after with an apostrophe should be placed after the apostrophe.the apostrophe.

Now You TryNow You Try

Complete questions 1-13 on page Complete questions 1-13 on page 167 of your grammar workbook.167 of your grammar workbook.

Hyphens, Dashes, and Hyphens, Dashes, and EllipsesEllipses

A hyphen (-) connects words, word A hyphen (-) connects words, word elements, or the parts of a compound elements, or the parts of a compound word. word.

A dash ( – ) sets off an abrupt change A dash ( – ) sets off an abrupt change of thought or an explanation. of thought or an explanation.

An ellipsis ( . . . ) shows that a word, An ellipsis ( . . . ) shows that a word, phrase, line, or paragraph has been phrase, line, or paragraph has been omitted. omitted.

HyphensHyphens

Use a hyphen to divide a word at Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line. the end of a line.

Use a hyphen in compound Use a hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions. ninety-nine and with fractions.

Use a hyphen in certain Use a hyphen in certain compound nouns. compound nouns. Ex: self-Ex: self-contained, vice-presidentcontained, vice-president

Hyphens cont’d.Hyphens cont’d. Hyphenate a compound adjective when Hyphenate a compound adjective when

it comes before the noun it modifies. it comes before the noun it modifies. Ex: Ex: A well-informed student, the student is A well-informed student, the student is well informedwell informed

Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex, self, Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex, self, quasi, and all and with the suffix elect. quasi, and all and with the suffix elect. Ex: self-sufficient, ex-boyfriend, officer-Ex: self-sufficient, ex-boyfriend, officer-electelect

Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or to Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or to avoid repeating a vowel or consonant. avoid repeating a vowel or consonant. Ex: anti-itch, shell-likeEx: anti-itch, shell-like

DashesDashes

Use a dash to signal an abrupt change Use a dash to signal an abrupt change or an idea that breaks into the thought or an idea that breaks into the thought of a sentence. of a sentence. Ex: Victims of rape often Ex: Victims of rape often do not report the crime – the do not report the crime – the embarrassment is too much to bear. embarrassment is too much to bear.

Use dashes to set off explanatory, Use dashes to set off explanatory, supplementary, or parenthetical supplementary, or parenthetical material. material. Ex: Certain characteristics – Ex: Certain characteristics – responsibility and determination – responsibility and determination – make a student more likely to succeed. make a student more likely to succeed.

EllipsesEllipses

Use an ellipsis to show that one or Use an ellipsis to show that one or more words have been omitted from more words have been omitted from a quoted sentence. a quoted sentence. Ex: “When I look Ex: “When I look over the never-ending sea . . . I see a over the never-ending sea . . . I see a world of possibility.” “When I look world of possibility.” “When I look over the never-ending sea . . . .”over the never-ending sea . . . .”

Now You TryNow You Try

Complete questions 1-5, 1-4, and 1-2 Complete questions 1-5, 1-4, and 1-2 on page 170 of your grammar on page 170 of your grammar workbook. workbook.

SemicolonsSemicolons Use a semicolon to join the independent Use a semicolon to join the independent

clauses of a compound sentence in which clauses of a compound sentence in which no coordinating conjunction is used. no coordinating conjunction is used. Ex: Ex: Julia lives in Tuscaloosa; her boyfriend Julia lives in Tuscaloosa; her boyfriend lives in Troy. lives in Troy.

Use a semicolon between independent Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are joined by a conjunctive clauses that are joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase. adverb or transitional phrase. Ex: Ex: Luggage is easily lost when flying; Luggage is easily lost when flying; therefore, I will pack a change of clothes therefore, I will pack a change of clothes in my carry-on bag.in my carry-on bag.

Semicolons cont’d.Semicolons cont’d.

Use a semicolon between Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by a independent clauses joined by a conjunction if either clause contains conjunction if either clause contains commas. commas. Ex: In 1896, the Supreme Ex: In 1896, the Supreme Court, in a seven-to-one vote, ruled Court, in a seven-to-one vote, ruled that racial segregation was that racial segregation was constitutional; but, on May 17, 1954, constitutional; but, on May 17, 1954, by a unanimous vote, the Supreme by a unanimous vote, the Supreme Court overturned that ruling. Court overturned that ruling.

Semicolons cont’d.Semicolons cont’d.

Use a semicolon to separate Use a semicolon to separate items in a series if one or more items in a series if one or more of the items contain commas. of the items contain commas. Ex: The family stopped for Ex: The family stopped for turkey, freshly roasted; sweet turkey, freshly roasted; sweet potatoes; and fruit pies. potatoes; and fruit pies.

ColonsColons

Use a colon after an independent clause Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of items. to introduce a list of items. Ex: You will Ex: You will need the following: pens, paper, and your need the following: pens, paper, and your text.text.

Use a colon between two independent Use a colon between two independent clauses when the second explains the clauses when the second explains the first. first. Ex:Ex: Lindsey is the most qualified Lindsey is the most qualified person for the job: she has ten years of person for the job: she has ten years of experience. experience.

Do not use a colon directly after a verb. Do not use a colon directly after a verb.

Colons cont’d.Colons cont’d.

Use a colon to introduce a long Use a colon to introduce a long or formal quotation. or formal quotation.

Use a colon after the salutation Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter. of a business letter.

Use a colon between numerals Use a colon between numerals indicating hours and minutes. indicating hours and minutes.

Now You TryNow You Try

Complete questions 1-10 and 1-9 on Complete questions 1-10 and 1-9 on page 173 of your grammar page 173 of your grammar workbook. workbook.

Quotation Marks and Quotation Marks and ItalicsItalics

Quotation marks (“ ”) set off Quotation marks (“ ”) set off direct quotations, titles of short direct quotations, titles of short works, and words used in special works, and words used in special ways. ways.

Italics (Italics (slanted printslanted print) are used ) are used for titles of longer works, for titles of longer works, foreign words, and words foreign words, and words referred to as words. referred to as words.

Direct QuotationsDirect Quotations

Use quotation marks to indicate Use quotation marks to indicate the beginning and the end of a the beginning and the end of a direct quotation – a person’s direct quotation – a person’s exact words. exact words. Ex: Eli said, “I will Ex: Eli said, “I will not go tonight.” not go tonight.”

Do not use quotation marks to set Do not use quotation marks to set off an indirect quotation. off an indirect quotation. Ex: Eli Ex: Eli said that he will not go tonight. said that he will not go tonight.

Punctuation in Direct Punctuation in Direct QuotationsQuotations

Always put periods and commas Always put periods and commas inside quotation marks. inside quotation marks. Ex: Ex: “Everyone likes to win,” said “Everyone likes to win,” said John. John.

Always put semicolons and Always put semicolons and colons outside the quotation colons outside the quotation marks. marks. Ex: He said, “World Lit I Ex: He said, “World Lit I is easy”; I’m not sure I agree. is easy”; I’m not sure I agree.

Punctuation in Direct Punctuation in Direct Quotations cont’d.Quotations cont’d.

Put question marks and exclamation Put question marks and exclamation points inside the quotation marks if points inside the quotation marks if they are part of the quotation. If they they are part of the quotation. If they are not, put them outside. are not, put them outside. Ex: Mrs. Ex: Mrs. Taylor asked, “Where is your book?” Taylor asked, “Where is your book?” Did you really say “I hate chocolate”?Did you really say “I hate chocolate”?

Use single quotation marks to indicate Use single quotation marks to indicate a quotation within a quotation. a quotation within a quotation. Ex: “ Ex: “ ‘Never arrive unprepared’ is the best ‘Never arrive unprepared’ is the best advice I heard,” said Elizabeth.advice I heard,” said Elizabeth.

Quotations vs. ItalicsQuotations vs. Italics

Use Quotations for Use Quotations for shorter worksshorter works

Short storyShort story ChapterChapter ArticleArticle EssayEssay TV episodeTV episode Short poemShort poem songsong

Use Italics for longer Use Italics for longer worksworks

BookBook Newspaper / Newspaper /

MagazineMagazine Work of ArtWork of Art TV SeriesTV Series Movie / PlayMovie / Play Long poemLong poem Long musical workLong musical work VehicleVehicle

Quotations vs. ItalicsQuotations vs. Italics

Use quotations to Use quotations to enclose slang enclose slang words, unusual words, unusual expressions, expressions, technical terms, technical terms, and definitions of and definitions of words. words.

Italicize and Italicize and unfamiliar foreign unfamiliar foreign word or a word word or a word referred to as a referred to as a word. word.

Now You TryNow You Try

Complete questions 1-6 on page 176 Complete questions 1-6 on page 176 of your grammar workbook. of your grammar workbook.

Parentheses and Parentheses and BracketsBrackets

Parentheses ( ) enclose Parentheses ( ) enclose supplemental information in a supplemental information in a sentence or text.sentence or text.

Brackets [ ] enclose explanatory Brackets [ ] enclose explanatory information within quoted text information within quoted text or within text that is enclosed in or within text that is enclosed in parentheses. parentheses.

ParenthesesParentheses

Use parentheses to set off supplemental or Use parentheses to set off supplemental or explanatory material that is added to a explanatory material that is added to a sentence or text. sentence or text. Ex: There are several Ex: There are several different genres (or categories) of literature. different genres (or categories) of literature.

Use parentheses to enclose figures or Use parentheses to enclose figures or letters that introduce items in a list within a letters that introduce items in a list within a sentence and to set off numerical sentence and to set off numerical information such as area codes. information such as area codes. Ex: Ex: Requirements for initiation are (1) 3.5 GPA, Requirements for initiation are (1) 3.5 GPA, (2) extracurricular involvement, and (3) no (2) extracurricular involvement, and (3) no office referrals. office referrals.

Punctuating Parenthetical Punctuating Parenthetical MaterialMaterial

If parenthetical material occurs within a If parenthetical material occurs within a sentence, do not capitalize the first word or sentence, do not capitalize the first word or put a period at the end. You may, however, put a period at the end. You may, however, put a question mark or exclamation point at put a question mark or exclamation point at the end. the end.

Never put punctuation before the opening Never put punctuation before the opening parenthesis. If punctuation is called for, put parenthesis. If punctuation is called for, put it after the closing parenthesis. it after the closing parenthesis.

If a parenthetical sentence stands by itself, If a parenthetical sentence stands by itself, punctuate and capitalize the sentence as you punctuate and capitalize the sentence as you normally would. normally would.

BracketsBrackets

Use brackets to enclose an Use brackets to enclose an explanation or comment added to explanation or comment added to quoted material. quoted material. Ex: She said, “This Ex: She said, “This law [prohibiting the ridicule of law [prohibiting the ridicule of vegetables] is a waste of time.”vegetables] is a waste of time.”

Use brackets as parentheses inside Use brackets as parentheses inside parentheses. parentheses. Ex: Many people spoke Ex: Many people spoke out against this law (law against the out against this law (law against the ridicule of vegetables [see above]).ridicule of vegetables [see above]).

Now You TryNow You Try

Complete questions 1-3 and 1-3 on Complete questions 1-3 and 1-3 on page 178 of your grammar page 178 of your grammar workbook. workbook.