nouns: beyond the basicsnouns: possessive •shows ownership or relationship by using an apostrophe...
TRANSCRIPT
Nouns: Beyond the Basics
Appositive Proper Abstract
Concrete Plural Collective
PossessivePredicate
NounGerund
NOUNS: COMMON & PROPER
• Names one person, place, thing or idea• i.e. shoe, fish, bubble, head, girl, trash.
• I threw my shoe in the trash.SINGULAR
• A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea• girl, hand, face, school, car, hospital
Common
Nouns
• Names a specific person, place, thing or idea
• i.e. Michael Jackson was a fabulous dancer.
• Campbell Middle School is where I go to school.
Proper
Nouns
NOUNS : ABSTRACT & CONCRETE
Abstract Nouns are “ideas” such as freedom, peace, devastation or unity. They are also “emotions” such as pain, pleasure, joy, happiness, or anger.
Concrete Nouns are persons, place or things such as desk, shoe, aunt, school, ball, or kids.
NOUNS: POSSESSIVE•Shows ownership or relationship by using an apostrophe
•Example: The man’s car broke down.
• Add an apostrophe and -s
• I bit Jorge’s face.SINGULAR
• Add just an apostrophe after the “-s”.
• The kids’ books are on the floor.
• **EXCEPTION – Proper Names
• Example: Mrs. Jenkins’s desk is big.
PLURAL
ENDING IN -S
• Add an apostrophe and –s
• The children’s book was good.
PLURAL NOT
ENDING IN -S
PREDICATE NOUNAlso called a Predicate Nominative, it is a noun that
renames and defines the subject . It always comes
after a linking verb predicate.
1. The circus is a special place.circus = place
2. Mrs. Jenkins is a teacher.
Mrs. Jenkins = teacher
GERUNDa special kind of noun
•Is a noun that looks like a verb because
it always ends with –ing or -ed. It can be
direct object, subject, predicate nominative,
appositive or indirect object
•Examples
•Eating solid food is hard for babies.
•His favorite sport is running.
APPOSITIVEa special kind of noun
•is a noun that identifies or explains the noun
or pronoun it follows. May use commas to set
off an appositive or appositive phrase
•Examples
•My brother Kevin arrived late.
•My dog, Fido, won a medal.
INFINITIVE Is the base from of the verb preceded by
the word “to”.
An infinitive may be used as a noun, adverb or
adjective. Examples:
NOUN - To know him is to like him.
ADVERB - She came here to study.
ADJECTIVE - That is the movie to see.
Verbs You Need to KnowIntransitive
Verb
Transitive
Verb
Main
Verb
Verb
Phrase
Helping
Verb
Action
Verb
Linking
Verb
A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition or state of being. The two basic kinds of verbs are action verbs and linking
verbs. Both kinds can be accompanied by helping verbs.
ACTION VERBS Action Verbs are words
that tell what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. The action may be physical or mental.
The cook picked up the fish.
I believe the fish spit at me.
Linking VerbsA linking verb links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate.
The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb “be”
Forms of Be
• be
• is
• am
• are
• was
• were
• been
• being
Express a Condition
• appear
• become
• feel
• grow
• look
• seem
• smell
• sound
• remain
• taste
State of being verbs
• has
• was
• is
• have
• were
HELPING VERBS Helping verbs help the main verb
express action or show time.
Forms of
be
• is
• am
• was
• are
• were
• be
• been
Forms of
do
• do
• does
• did
Forms of have
• has
• have
• had
Others
• may
• might
• can
• should
• could
• would
• shall
• will
VERB PHRASE & MAIN VERB
A main verb can stand by itself as the simple predicate of a sentence.
• Many people lived in the cave. (action)
• They were smart. (linking)
The verb phrase is made up of the main verb and any helping verbs.
• Students should bring supplies to class everyday.
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verb is an action verb that has a direct object.
i.e. Good drivers avoid accidents.
Intransitive Verb is an action verb
that does not have a direct.
i.e. They stay alert.
A SENTENCE MUST HAVE…
Subject
Predicate
Complete Thought
Basic Sentence Parts
Simple Subject
Simple Predicate
Subjects in Unusual
Order
Complete Predicate
SIMPLE SUBJECT The simple subject is the main word or words that the
sentence is about. Words that describe the subject are
not a part of the simple subject.
If a proper name is used as the subject, all parts of the
name make up the simple subject.
EXAMPLES:
Dr. Joe Johnson was mad at me.
Big hairy insects all over the world are fascinating.
SIMPLE PREDICATE The simple predicate, or verb phrase, is
what the subject is doing. Action Verbs tell what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. Linking Verbs tell what the subject “is.
EXAMPLES:
Children around the world love folktales.
Alberto will go to the store for Cheetosafter school.
SUBJECTS IN NATURAL ORDER In most sentences, the subject comes before
the verb. This is called NATURAL
ORDER.
The book flew across the room.
SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDERINVERTED SENTENCE: Often begins with a
prepositional phrase. The subject comes after the
predicate.
Example:
Into the car climbed the boy on the scooter.
Down the street screamed Daniel.
Around the corner came a huge boat with large sails.
Near the satellite model was a large picture of Saturn.
SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDER
QUESTIONS (interrogative sentences):
the subject comes after the verb or between parts of the verb phrase.
Are you excited?
Have you been to the city?
Was Mom surprised?
Are you searching for the gift shop?
How much do you remember from that poster?
SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDERCOMMAND (imperative sentence)
The subject of a command is usually “you.” The
subject is NOT in the sentence and we say it
“understood” that the subject is “you.”
Examples:
Study the your notes for the test carefully.
Look at the schedule for the time.
(you) Take a picture of Dad in the space suit.
SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDER
Here & ThereIn some sentences beginning with the words HERE or
THERE, the subject often follows the verb.
Here is the road to the city.
There are the hotels listed in the book.
Here is the new library in Smyrna.
There is a beautiful flower in my garden.
SUBJECTS IN UNUSUAL ORDER1. COMMAND (imperative sentence): The subject of a
command is usually “you.” The subject is NOT in the sentence and we say it “understood” that the subject is “you”
2. INVERTED SENTENCE: Often begins with a prepositional phrase. The subject comes after the verb.
3. QUESTIONS (interrogative sentences): the subject comes after the verb or between parts of the verb phrase.
4. Here & There. In some sentences beginning with the words HERE or THERE, the subject often follows the verb.
Fragments & Run-On• A part of a sentence written as if
it were a sentence
• missing a subject, predicate or complete thought
Fragment
• Two or more sentences written as if they were a single sentence.
• When you combine two sentences with a conjunctions, use a comma before the conjunction.
Run-On
One Word Prepositionsaboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
alongside
amid
amidst
among
amongst
around
as
aside
astride
at
athwart
atop
barring
before
behind
belowbeneath
beside
besides
between
beyond
but
by
circa
concerning
despite
down
during
except
excluding
failing
following
for
from
given
in
including
inside
into
like
minus
near
next
of
off
on
onto
opposite
out
outside
over
pace
past
per
plus
qua
regarding
round
save
since
than
throughthroughout
till
times
to
toward
towards
under
underneath
unlike
until
up
upon
versus
via
with
within
without
worth
Prepositional Phrases& Object of Preposition
A group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (called the Object of the Preposition. It may also include the adjectives that describe the noun.
***Knowing the OP will help you avoid many easy mistakes. This is important because if a word is an OP, then it can’t be a subject, predicate, DO, IO, PN, PA and others. The OP is Queen Bee!
DIRECT OBJECTS A Direct Object is a noun or pronoun
that receives the action of a transitive verb.
Can be more than one in a sentence (Compound DO)
Found by asking "Whom"? or "What" receives the action of the verb. Subject + Predicate + what? = DO
Mother invited Uncle Bill and Aunt Clara to a party. Dad gave them an invitation.
Direct Object in a Question
What did you have for dinner?
To help figure it out, change it to statement:
You have what for dinner.
INDIRECT OBJECTS Nouns or pronouns that come after the action verb and
before a direct object.
PATTERN = Subject + verb + i.o. + d.o.
It names the person or thing to which something is given or for which something is done.
.
An i.o. never follows the preposition to or for in a sentence.
A sentence must have a direct object to have an indirect object.
INDIRECT OBJECTTo find the i.o., find the d.o. first. Then ask the questions: To whom? For whom? To what? For What?
Subject + Predicate + D.O.+ who = I.O._________ + ____________ + ________ who = _______
1. The dog gave me a bone from his dog house.
2. Sally gave Ian a big kiss for his birthday.
3. Michael Vick tossed Don the football.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
Proper Adjective
Predicate Adjective
Participle
Article
Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun
Articles are Adjectives
A
An
The
Predicate Adjective
An adjective that follows a linking verb and
describes or modifies the subject.
1. Peanut Butter is sticky.
2. The leaves felt wet after the rain.
3. Peanuts look nasty when boiled.
Proper AdjectiveAn adjective formed from a Proper Noun.
Proper Adjectives are always capitalized.
ChinaChinese
food
MexicoMexican
flag
ParticipleThe Participle looks like a verb but acts like an
adjective as it describes a noun or pronoun.
The rusted bridge fell into the deep gorge.
Running water is a sound some people find relaxing.
CAUTION:
i.e. Listening to music helps my studies.(In this case, "listening" is a gerund because
it acts like a noun and not an adjective
• An adverb describes a verb, adjective or another
adverbIt answers the questions: how, when,
where or to what extent.
• The most commonly used adverbs: Very, really
• Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to
adjectives. i.e. bright – brightly cozy – cozily
ADVERBS
“Punctuation in Conversation”“The ELA/Reading CRCT is important to pass, “ insisted
Mrs. Jenkins .
“The ELA & Reading are really the same subject area,” Mr. Ward explained, “ and are both important to pass.”
“Oh no!” Mrs. Jenkins cried. “I want you to pass and really want you to exceed standards on the test.”
“Xavier replied, “I am studying for the test so I will score above an 850 on the CRCT this spring.”
NOTE: INDIRECT QUOTES (He said/she said) DO NOT NEED QUOTATION MARKS. i.e. The teacher said she doesn’t like us to fail our CRCT.
FOUR TYPES OF SENTENCES
Simple Compound
ComplexCompound-
Complex
Simple Sentence One independent clause and NO dependent clauses.
A simple sentence may have compound subject or compound predicate.
It has nothing to do with the length of the sentence.
1. Bob went to the store.
2. Bob and Sue went to the store.
3. Bob and Sue went to the store on the corner near the center of town to buy groceries and to get some drinks for the party.
4. Bob went to the store and went to the post office.
Compound Sentence have two or more independent clauses joined with a
coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semi-colon.
The clauses must be close in thought.
They chose Maxine’s essay as the winner, but the judges said the final choice was hard.
We can go to the party, or we can go to the dance.
Morgan & Ed disagree on some essays; however, they agreed on the quality of Angelica’s writing.
Complex Sentence
an independent clause & one or more dependent clauses.
When I was eight, my family visited
Yosemite.
Compound-Complex
Sentence
Has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
For years, nobody had entered the old house, but
everyone knew the story that the house was
haunted.