Klas : Osteichthyes/ teleostei/ teleostomiSubklas : Sarcoptrerygii /Paleopterygii Jumlah Ordo 2 : Coelacanthiformes & DipteriformesSubklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii Jumlah Ordo: 17

Sub klas SarcopterygiiCiri-ciriMempunyai P&V yg menonjol (lobate) dan berdagingSisik dengan endoskeletal yg kuat Ordo : Coelacanthiformes Bertulang rawan, sisik cycloid, bentuk ekor diphycercal, tanpa sub operculum

Coelacanthiformes

Ordo DipteriformesMemp gelemb renang yg berhub dg usus berfungsi sbg paru-paru.D,C,A bersatu ; V & P Lobate (menonjol)Gigi palatin tanpa premaxilla &maxillaMakanan Invertebrata & tb-an airKebanyakan telah jadi fosil

Ceratodontidae(Australian Lung Fishes)Tdpt sejak periode Triassic & banyak yg sudah punahConth species : Neoceratodus forsteriCiri-ciri : sisik cycloid, sirip tebal spt daun, distribusi Queensland, selama musim panas bernafas dg paru-paru.

Neoceratodus forsteri

Lepidosirenidaesouth American /African lung fishesTubuh angulliform, sisik kecil V &P spt cambuk. Saat musim kering membuat sarang dari lendir & lumpur (cocoon)Contoh Protopterus sp (Afrika tengah) Lepidosiren sp (Amerika Selatan)

African lung fishesProtopterus annectans

Cara mengambil udara

Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii

Rangka dari tulang sejati, C homocercalVertebrae dg cekungan di depan dsbt amphicoelous. sisik cycloid ctenoid sedikit yg ganoid. Lubang hidung tidak berhubungan dg rongga mulut V & P tidak menonjol tdpt sejak periode permian sd sekarang

Ordo Polypteryformes (Bichirs)Tubuh bulat panjang, P menonjol & bersisik, tanpa D diganti dg 8 finlet C diphycercal. Pernafasan tambahan dg gelembung gas. Polypterus weeksi

Ordo Acipenceriformes Sturgeon & Spoon billMulut di bagian ventral, bersisik atau tidakHidung di ujung kepala & runcingC heterocercalMemp. Gelemb renang & operculumFam : Acipenseridae, Hidung spt sekop tdpt 4 helai sungut di depan mulut, badan fusiform, mulut spt succer, usus spiralAcipenser oxyrhynchus

Sturgeon a. Acipenser fluvescens b. Acipenser medirostris

Spoon bill : Polyodon spathulaterpedo, sisik ganoid di ekor, gigi kecil, hidung spt dayung

Ordo : Amiiformes Hanya ada 1 sp hdp di Great Lake FloridaRahang pendek, sisik cycloid, D panjang Gel.renang dg ductus pneumaticusContoh Bowfin (Amia calva) spot = jantan

Ordo Clupeiformes / Malacopterygii / IsospondyliThe hering like fishesSub ordo clupeoidei Bandeng lelaki Elops saurusFamili Elopidae

Famili Notopteridae Badan pipih memanjang, tanpa sungut, badan & kepala bersisik kecil. D tunggal dan terpisah dari C. contoh ikan Belida Notopterus chilata

Fam Albulidae (Bone fishes)D didepan V, A jauh atau dekat dubur contoh Albula vulpes (Bandeng cerurut)

OsteoglossidaeCelah mulut lebar &miring D

Fam. Clupeidae (Herring, Sardines)Tanpa jari-jari sirip keras.D pendek di tengah. Tanpa V jika ada tidak sempurnaContoh ikan layang.terubuk, alosa dll

Famili Engraulidae (teri)

Gars

Latimeria 2 dorsal fins fleshy fins intracranial joint morphology constant throughout evolutionary history Unbranched lepidotrichiaSarcopterygii Actinistia

earliest lungfishes- cosmoid scales modern forms- embedded scales/continuous dorsal, anal and caudal fins; spiral valve intestine tooth plates lack marginal tooth-bearing jaw bone circulatory system

Dipnoi

Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes Primitive actin. single dorsal fin Teleosts- ant. spiny; post. soft rays Ganoid scales Toothed marginal jaw bones Toothed dermal bones in buccal cavity Dermal cheek bones form solid plate Lateral movements of cheek and palatoquadrate limited Heterocercal caudal fin

Originally placed with lobe-finned Highly specialized survivors of primitive actinopterygians Dorsal fin spine pattern Retains thick scales Diphycercal tail Highly vascularized ventral lungs-obligate air breathers Polypteriformes

Living paddlefishes and sturgeons Highly modified jaws Heterocercal tail-cartilaginous Sturgeons- suction feeders; bony scutes Paddlefishes- filter feeder; reduced scalesChondrostei Acipenseriformes

Neopterygii Elongate jaws with toothed infraorbitals Ganoid scales Ambush predators Dorsal bilobed lungLepisosteidae - greater mobility of both fins and cranial elements

Amiidae Dorsal lung New jaw opening mechanism via interopercular bone Maxilla is free from cheek- able to suction feed more efficiently

Teleostei Homocercal tail Reduced scales Increased emphasis on suction feeding Major groups Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha Clupeomorpha Ostariophysi Euteleostei- difficult to characterize with valid synapomorphies

Osteoglossomorpha 218 species Tongue bite Basihyal-parasphenoid bite 2 palatal bones are also toothedArapaimaMormyridKnifefish

Tongue bite

Elopomorpha 650 species Mostly true eels Bonefish, tenpounders, tarpon

Leptocephalus larvae

Clupeomorpha Anchovies, bream & herrings 290 species Plankton feedersClupea sp. AnchoviesBream

Clupeomorph synapomorphies3. Keeled belly1. Connection between swimbladder and inner ear2. Unique foramina in skull

Ostariophysi 75% of freshwater species of world 6,000 species Gonorhynchiformes,Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluriformes

Ostariophysan synapomorphiesAlarm substance cells Specialized anterior vertebrae allow for increased hearing abilityOtophysi: Weberian apparatus

Euteleostei25 Orders, 275 families, and 17,000 species Poorly defined traits join them together Nuptial breeding tubercles Adipose fin Membranous component to first uroneural Retained in primitive euteleosteans and lost in more derived species

Protacanthopterygii OnchorhynchusSalmo salarSalmon and trout

EsociformesPickerels and pikes Toothless maxilla forming part of gape Fin placement correlated with predatory habits

Neoteleostei retractor dorsalis (RD) or retractor arcus branchialium originates from anterior vertebrae and insert on pharyngobranchials

Scopelomorpha-LanternfishesPelagic marine fishes 220 species Daily vertical migrations-500m Photophores 2 components of the RD- increasing emphasis on 3rd pharyngobranchial

Lampridomorpha -ribbonfishes and oarfishes

Percopsiformes- trout perches, pirate perches, cavefishes Gadiformes- cods, hakes, eelpouts Pelvic fins anterior to pectorals Mental barbels Prolific egg producers Batrachoidiformes- toadfishes Gobiesociformes- clingfishes; modified pelvic fins Lophiformes- goosefishes, anglerfishes, frogfishes, batfishesParacanthopterygiiGreatly flattened skull roof

Lophiiformes- anglerfishes -ilicium and esca: modified dorsal spines

Some local paracanthopterygians Theragra chalcogrammaMerluccias productusLycodes palearisGadus macrocephalus

paracanthopterygiansLycodes pacificusPorichthys notatus

Percomorpha

More than 12,000 species Phylogeny largely unresolved Synapomorphies related to feeding Pharyngeal jaws for crushing Highly protrusible jaws

AtherinomorphaGuppies, mosquitofish, flyingfish, halfbeaks

GasterosteiformesSticklebacks, seahorses, trumpetfishes Bony abdominal plates

Scorpaeniformes Suborbital stay Strongly spinous fins Many spines on the head Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalusLeptocottus armatus

ScorpaeniformesEnophrys bisonCyclopterus lumpus

PerciformesTrichodon trichodon

Pleuronectiformes

TetraodontiformesBizzarofish Cowfish, pufferfish, porcupinefish, molas Many use dorsal and anal fins for locomotion

Trends in fish evolutionMaxilla moves out of gape Premaxilla becomes sole toothed element Movement of both pectoral and pelvic finsReduction in scales and increased flexibility Swimbladder- increased hydrostatic function Increasing cranial kinesis