osnove gramatike engleskog jezika

8/18/2019 Osnove Gramatike Engleskog Jezika

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Univerzitet «Džemal Bijedić « MostarStudij Informatike

Engleski jezik – Osnove gramatike Engleskog jezikaZa studente prve i druge godine

Pripremila : Vildana Habibić


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Osnove Američki i britanski engleski Izgovor

Grafija

Leksičke razlike Izgovor Verbs and Tenses ( glagoli i glagolski oblici )

1. Auxiliares ( pomoćni glagoli ) 2. Modal Verbs ( modalni glagoli ) 3. Main Verbs ( glavni glagoli )

3.1. Regular verbs ( pravilni glagoli ) 3.2. Irregular verbs ( nepravilni glagoli )

Tenses ( glagolska vremena ) 1. Present Tense

1.1. Present Simple

1.2. Present Continuous Tense 2. Past Tense

2.1. Past Tense Simple 2.2. Past Continuous Tense

3. Present Perfect Tense 3.2. Present Perfect Simple 3.2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

4. Future Tense Shall / Will Future Going to Future Present Continuous for Future

5. Past Perfect Tense 5.1. Past Perfect Simple 5.2. Past Perfect Continuous

Used to + Infinitive Be / get used to + noun or gerund Passive voice Reported speech ( direktni i indirektni govor )

1. Statements ( izjavne rečenice ) 2. Reported commands (indirektne zapovjedi ) 3. Reported questions ( indirektna pitanja )

If clauses ( kondicionalne rečenice ) Realna pogodba

Potencijalna pogodba Nestvarna ili irealna pogodba

List of Irregular Verbs ( 1 ) Isti Oblik ( 2 ) Dva Oblika ( 3 ) Tri Oblika :

Nouns ( imenice ) Pronouns ( zamjenice )

1. Lične , prisvojne i povratne zamjenice

2. Indefinite Pronouns ( neodredjene zamjenice ) 3. Demonstrative Pronouns ( pokazne zamjenice )


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4. Interrogative Pronouns ( upitne zamjenice ) Article ( član )

Član THE Član A / AN

Pridjevi

Prilozi Prijedlozi Veznici Velika slova Vrijeme Mjeseci, dani u sedmici , godišnja doba i datum Brojevi

Glavni brojevi Redni Brojevi

Mjere Razdaljina

Dužinske mjere Površinske mjere Težinske mjere Mjere za tekućine

Novac Red riječi Negacije Upiti

Izravni upiti Neizravni upiti

Odgovori "yes" i "no"


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Osnove

Engleski je najgovoreniji europski jezik u svijetu sa preko 350 milijunagovoritelja - oko jedna trećina stanovnika zemlje. Postao je gotovo opšteprihvaćeni jezik zrakoplovstva, trgovine, medicine, tehike, kompjutorskih nauka,

izdavaštva, sredstava javnog informisanja i drugih oblasti.

Engleski je glavni jezik Sjedinjenih Država, Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva(Engleska, Škotska, Wales i Sjeverna Irska), Kanada, Australija, Novi Zeland,Irska, Singapur, Gijana, Jamajka, Bermuda i Bahama, Trinidad i Tobago,Barbados, i Beliz. Engleski je također glavni drugi jezik Izraela, Južne Afrike,Kenije, Nigerije, Sudana, Tanzanije, Zambije, Gane, Indije, Pakistana, Sri Lanke,Burme, Hong Konga, Malezije i Filipina. Ukupno preko 750 milijuna ljudi u svijetugovori engleski. Neki smatraju da engleski govori preko miljardu ljudi.

Od gotovo 2,700 jezika svijeta, engleski vjerojatno ima najbogatiji rječnik sapreko 500,000 zabilježenih riječi i još tolikim brojem nezabilježenih znanstvenihi stručnih termina. Za uporedbu, njemački ima rječnik od približno 185,000 riječi,a francuski manje nego 100,000.

Engleski je porijeklom germanski jezik, ali u njemu ima dosta latinskog utjecaja.Uz to, engleski je usvojio brojne riječi iz drugih jezika i od drugih naroda.Takve su riječi kosher = košerni, pagoda = pagoda, bonanza = bonanca,and facade = fasada, voodoo = vudu, et i druge, sve iz različitih jezika.S druge strane, engleski je posudio veliki broj riječi drugim jezicima.

Američki i britanski engleski

Premda postoje brojne druge varijante engleskog jezika, američki ibritanski engleski su dva glavna oblika koja se koriste u današnjem svijetu.Većina drugih varijeteta temelji se barem u nekoj mjeri na jednom od ta dvaglavna oblika. Obje varijante imaju brojne idiome, riječi iz slanga i frazemekarakteristične smao za njih, a uz to razlike se ogledaju i u grafiji, izgovoru iu manjoj mjeri ortografiji.

Izgovor

Postoji čitav niz različitih izgovora i američkog i britanskog engleskog,ali ono što se može zvati "opštim američkim" i "opštim britanskim" izgovorimse obično smatra "prosjekom". Ti "opšti" oblici izgovora često se koriste uprijenosima na državnim radijskim i televizijskim stanicama.


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Grafija

Postoji nekoliko glavnih oblasti razlika između britanske i američke grafije,na primjer:

komšija neighbour neighborrad labour laborpara vapour vaporokus flavour flavorboja colour colorhumor humour humoroprost parlour parlorovlastiti authorise authorizeizvinuti se apologise apologizepozorište theatre theatersredište centre center

metar metre meterkilometar kilometre kilometermillimetar millimetre millimeterček cheque checkputnik traveller travelernakit jewellery jewelryotkazan cancelled canceleddozvola licence licenseodbrana defence defensenapadaj offence offense

Leksičke razlike

Postoje i razlike među riječima i frazemima između britanskog iameričkog engleskog, na primjer:

Bosanski Britanski

engleski

Američki

engleski

stan flat apartmentploča skirting board baseboardčips crisps potato chipsapotekar chemist druggistgumica India rubber eraserauto-put motorway freewaypomfrit chips french friestregeri garters suspenderssmeće rubbish trash/garbagebenzin petrol gas/gasolinehauba (auta) bonnet (car) hood (car)kerozin paraffin kerosenepelena nappy diaperlift lift elevator


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kamion lorry trucknajam let rent/leasepošta post mailpreteći flyover overpassparkiralište car park parking lot

grožđica sultana raisinpločnik pavement sidewalkpodzemna tube/underground subwaykamion lorry trucknajam let rent/leasepošta post mailpreteći flyover overpassparkiralište car park parking lotgrožđica sultana raisinpločnik pavement sidewalkdvije sedmice fortnight two weeks

potkošulja vest undershirtodmor holiday vacationkrpa face flannel wash clothvjetrobran windscreen windshieldprsluk waistcoat vestnula nought/nil zero

Izgovor

Slovo Izgovara se

a man menb boy bojc cat ketd dog doge bed bedf food fudg go gouh head hedi sit sit j jump džampk kite kajtl log logm man menn neck neko potpose potpouzp pot potq quit kvit

r rabbit rebits silver silver


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t top topu under anderv victor viktorw wait uejtx x-rayxerox eks-rejziroks

y youngfinally jangfajneliz zebra zibra

Verbs and Tenses ( glagoli i glagolski oblici )

1. AUXILIARES ( POMOĆ NI GLAGOLI )2. MODAL VERBS ( MODALNI GLAGOLI )3. MAIN VERBS ( GLAVNI GLAGOLI )

1. Auxiliares ( pomoćni glagoli )

1.1. BE

Infinitive Present Tense Past Simple «ING» form Past ParticipleBE 'M/AM WAS* BEING BEEN

'S/IS WERE'RE/ARE

* 1.lice sing. + 3.lice sing.

1.2. DO

Infinitive Present Tense Past Simple «ING» form Past ParticipleDO DO DID DOING DONE

DOES

1.3. HAVE

Infinitive Present Tense Past Simple «ING» form Past ParticipleHAVE 'VE/HAVE 'D/HAD HAVING HAD

'S/HAS(3.p.s.)

2. Modal Verbs ( modalni glagoli )

Osobine :- infinitiv bez «to»- nemaju s u 3.1.singularu prezenta (He can )

- upitni oblik tvore inverzijom (Can he ?)- imaju samo jedan ili dva oblika


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CAN

I swim

you can / can't (cannot) play tennishe

ICan you ask a question?

he ride a bycicle

IYes, you Can.

heI

No, you can'the

CAN – zamjena – BE ABLE TO

Izriče : Sposobnost She can speak Chinese.Mogućnost He can win the race.

Vjerovatnost Uljudno pitanje Can you pass the salt, please?

• Can't = zabrana ! You can't smoke, you are too young.• Can't = negativno izražavanje sigurnosti. It can't be John !

COULD

Izriče : Vjerovatnost (slabija od can ) He could win the race.Uljudno pitanje Could I borrow your book?

Zamjenjuje would u kondicionalnim rečenicama.You could speak better if you worked harder.Sposobnost : She could speak Chinese when she was young.

MAY – zamjena – BE ALLOWED TO

Izriče : Mogučnost We may go to the seaside next summer.Dopuštanje Will you be allowed to come with us?

MIGHT

Izriče: Mogućnost It might rain.Sugestiju What are we going to do? We might go to Sarajevo.


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SHOULD

Izriče : Obavezu i očekivanje You should drive more carefully.

WOULD

Izriče : radnju koju smo običavali vršiti u prošlosti He would play tennis every Sunday.

MUST – zamjena – HAVE TO

Izriče : Jaku obavezu We must stop the war.Zabranu You mustn't smoke in this room.

• Odsutnost obaveze izražava se pomoću DON'T / DOESN'T HAVE TO / NEEDN'T

You don't have to work, you are rich.You needn't work, you are rich.

OUGHT TO

Izriče : Savjet ili obavezu You ought to drive more careffuly.

PROŠLO VRIJEME MODALNIH GLAGOLA

Modalni glagoli ostaju nepromjenljivi , a glagol koji slijedi je uinfinitivu prošlom = have + verb u participu prošlom

You should have told him the truth.They must have arrived by car.

3. Main Verbs ( glavni glagoli )

3.1. Regular verbs ( pravilni glagoli )

V V+S V+ED V+INGWORK WORKS WORKED WORKING

inf.+pres. 3.p.pres. Past Tense Past Participle

3.2. Irregular verbs ( nepravilni glagoli )

Infinitiv + Present Past Tense Past Participle

put put puteat ate eaten


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bring brought brought

U engleskom jeziku postoji :TIME – da izriče vrijemeASPECT – kako onaj koji govori vidi radnju .

She's reading a book . ( TIME : prezent , ASPECT : now = trajna radnja )

Tenses ( glagolska vremena )

1. Present Tense

1.1. Present Simple

She goes to school by bus.I like tea.

I Iyou you don't play every daywe play every day we (do not )

+ they - theyhe heshe play every day she doesn't play every dayit it (does not)

Ido you play?

we? Where they

hedoes she play?

it

SHORT ANSWERS :Does he live in Rijeka ? Yes, he does. - No, he doesn't.Do you like pop music ? Yes, I do. - No, I don't.

• Upotreba :- za izricanje radnji ili stanja koji su uobičajeni u sadašnjosti.- Obično uz priloge učestalosti kao što su : always, sometimes,

after- Za općenite izjave i istine .


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1.2. Present Continuous Tense

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VERB + ING )

I'm (am) I'm not you're (are) you're not

+ he,she,it's (is) playing - he,she,it's not playingwe,you,they're(are) we,you,they're not

am I? are you playing?

is he,she,itare we,you,they

SHORT ANSWERS : Are you watching TV ? Yes, I am.Is he going to the bank ? No, he isn't.

• Izriče nezavršenu trajnu radnju koja se vrši u vrijeme kada se govori.• Present Continuous se NE upotrebljava:

- s glagolima stanja : be, seem, look.- glagolima percepcije : hear, see, smell, touch, taste.- glagolima koji označavaju emocije : like, love, hate, want.

- glagolima koji označavaju mentalni proces : understanding,believe.

2. Past Tense

2.1. Past Tense Simple

I Iyou you didn't play

+ he.she,it played - he.she,it (did not)we,you,they we,you,they

I? you

Did he.she,it play?we,you,they

SHORT ANSWERS :Did you visit Egypt two years ago? Yes, I did. – No, I didn't.


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1. Izriče radnju koja se dogodila i završila u prošlosti. Prošlo vrijeme je obično

izrečeno oznakama prošlog vremena : last year, yesterday, in 1960, two daysago.

2.2. Past Continuous Tense

SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

I was I wasn'tyou were you weren't

+ he,she,it was playing - he,she,it wasn't playingwe weyou were you weren'tthey theyWas I

? Were you playing?Was he,she,itWere we,you,they

SHORT ANSWERS :Was he driving his car ? Yes, he was. – No, he wasn't.

• Upotrebljava se za izricanje radnji koje su trajale u prošlosti.

3. Present Perfect Tense

3.2. Present Perfect Simple

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

I Iyou 've (have) you haven'twe played we (have not) played.

+ they - theyhe,she,it 's(has) he,she,it hasn't

(has not)I

Have you? we played?

they

Has he,she,it


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SHORT ANSWERS :Has he arrived ? Yes, he has. – No, he hasn't.

• Upotreba :

a) Radnja je počela u prošlosti i nastavlja se do sadašnjosti.He's been a teacher for ten years. / I haven't seen him since Monday

b) Radnja se dogodila u prošlosti ali ne znamo ili nas ne zanima kada.He's been to China.They've seen this film.

c) Radnja se dogodila u prošlosti ,ali su rezultati očiti u sadašnjosti.I've lost my watch. ( I can't find it .)He's cut his finger. (It's bleeding.)

• Ovo vrijeme ne postoji u našem jeziku.Prevodi se našim prezentom ili prošlim

vremenom.(On je deset godina nastavnik. ; Nisam ga vidio od ponedjeljka.)

3.2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

I I

you 've (have)been you haven't been playingwe playing we+ they - they

he,she,it 's(has)beenplaying

he,she,it hasn't been playing.

IHave you

? we been playing?they

Has he,she,it

SHORT ANSWERS :Has he been studying ? Yes, he has. – No, he hasn't.

• Izriče radnju koja je počela u prošlosti ,još uvijek traje i vjerovatno će trajati ubudućnosti.

I have been learning English for 2 years.


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4. Future Tense

Shall / Will Future

SUBJECT + WILL + BASE FORM OF VERB

I 'll+ he (will) play - won't (will not) play.

theyI

? Will he play?they

SHORT ANSWERS:Will they come on time ? Yes, they will. – No, they won't.

• Izriče predvidjanja u budučnosti. In future computers will do all the work .• Izriče namjeru u budučnosti odlučenu u momentu izricanja. The telephone is

ringing.I'll answer it.

• U formalnom obraćanju (poslovna pisma ) još uvijek se upotrebljava za 1.l.jedninei množine SHALL.U govornom jeziku upotrebljava se skraćenica 'll .U upitnomobliku SHALL je obavezan u 1.l. jednine i množine ako izričemo ponudu :Shall I help you ?Shall we go out ?

Going to Future

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + GOING + INFINITIVE

I'm I'm not + he's going to play - she isn't going to play.

the're they aren't am I

? is he going to play?are they

SHORT ANSWERS:Is he going to stay ? Yes, he is. – No, he isn't.


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Present Continuous for Future

We are leaving tonight.She is getting up early tomorrow.

• Izriče radnju koja je u budućnosti ugovorena ili planirana.

5. Past Perfect Tense

5.1. Past Perfect Simple

SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

I I+ she had played - she had not played.

they theyI

? Had he played ? they

I had finished my work when you arrived.

• Izriče radnju koja se dogodila u prošlosti neke druge prošle radnje.

5.2. Past Perfect Continuous

SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

I I+ you had been

playing - she hadn't been

playing..they we

I? Had he been playing? they


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We had been playing for an hour when you came.

1. Izriče prošlu radnju koja je trajala neko vrijeme prije neke druge prošle radnje.

Used to + Infinitive

We used to go skiing in winter.Did you use to go there often?

I didn't use to go to the cinema on Sundays.

1. Izriče prošle radnje i stanja koja su se često dogadjala.Upotrebljava se samo uprošlom vremenu.

Be / get used to + noun or gerund

I thought it was very difficult but I'm used to getting up early now.I couldn't get used to the wet climate in Africa.

He's getting used to studying hard.

• Izriče radnju koja je bila neobična ,ali više nije. I'm used to = accustomed to=

biti priviknut . Get izriče proces promjene.

Passive voice

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLES O

1. ACTIVE : Columbus discovered America.

PASSIVE : America was discovered by Columbus.S O

2. ACTIVE : They will give Peter present.PASSIVE :

a) A present will be given to Peterb) Peter will be given a present.

• Trpni lik se često upotrebljava u engleskom jeziku.a) Ako želimo više istaći objekt od subjekta.b) Ako ne znamo ili ne želimo spomenuti vršitelja radnje.

• Ako postoje dva objekta (indirektni ili direktni ) ,dvije preoprazbe su moguće.Utrpnom obliku se izostavlja vršitelj radnje koji nije značajan.


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• U našem jeziku se prevodi kad god je moguće povratnim glagolom (zamjenicomse).

Reported speech ( direktni i indirektni govor )

1. Statements ( izjavne rečenice )

Preobrazbe He said ,»I'll come back tomorrow.» I → heHe said he'd come back the followingday.

I'll come → He'd come

tomorrow → the following dayHe said to me,»I'm leaving.» say → tellHe told me (that) he was leaving. said → toldHe said,»I can swim.» can → couldHe said he could swim. will → would

Bez preobrazbewould→ wouldshould → should

He said to his mother,»It might rain.» might → mightHe told his mother it might rain. could → could

must→

must or had to

• Ako je glagol u rečenici koja uvodi indirektni govor,u prezentu ili budućemvremenu glagolski oblici se ne mijenjaju

• Ako je glagol koji uvodi indirektni govor u prošlom vremenu dolazi do pomicanjaglagolskih vremena unatrag « One tense back rule»

present → pastpresent perfect → past perfect

past → past perfectwill → would

U našem jeziku se ta promjena ne dogadja !


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2. Reported commands (indirektne zapovjedi )

He said to me,»Bring me my book.»

told

He asked me to bring him his book imperative→ infinitiveordered

He said,»Don't go out.»He advised me not to goout

negative

imperative→ not+infinitiv e

3. Reported questions ( indirektna pitanja )

He said, «What are youdoing?»

Vrijedi pravilo pomicanjavremena.

asked Ne upotrebljava seHe wanted to know what I was doing red riječi upitne rečenice

was interested

He said, «Do you come fromZagreb?»

Ako pitanje počinje sglagolom uvode se if iliwhether

He asked if I came from Zagreb do/did = nepotrebniwheteher

If clauses ( kondicionalne rečenice )

Realna pogodba

If clause (zavisna rečenica) Main Clause (glavna rečenica)If you learn hard., a) you'll pass the exam

(ako učite marljivo) (položit

ćete ispit)If you go to England, b) write to me.

(ako odeš u Englesku) (piši mi )If you are hungry c) you can have lunch.(ako si gladan) (možeš ručati)PRESENT a) FUTURE

b) IMPERATIVEc) PRESENT


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Potencijalna pogodba

If clause ( zavisna rečenica ) Main Clause ( glavna rečenica )

If I had money I'd travel round the world(kad bih imao novaca) (putovao bih svijetom)If I were you, I wouldn't do it.(Da sam na tvom mjestu) (ne bih to učio )PAST SIMPLE WOULD+BASE FORM OF VERB

Nestvarna ili irealna pogodba

If clause (zavisna rečenica ) Main clause ( glavna rečenica )If he had arrived on time, we would have gone to the cinema.

(Da je on došao na vrijeme ) (bili bismo otišli u kino )PAST PERFECT WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE

List of Irregular Verbs

( 1 ) Isti Oblik

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participle

cost stajati,koštaticut rezatihit udaritihurt raniti,povrijeditilet pustiti,dopustitiput metnuti,stavitiset položiti,postavitishut zatvoriti

( 2 ) Dva Oblika

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participlebend bent svinuti,savitibring brought donijetibuild built (sa)graditiburn burnt spaliti,goritibuy bought kupiticatch caught uhvatiti

dig dug kopatidream dreamt sanjati


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feed fed hranitifeel felt osjećatifind found naćiget got dobitihave had imati

hear heard čutihold held držatikeep kept držati,čuvatilay laid položitileave left ostavitilend lent posuditilose lost izgubitimake made učiniti,tvoritimean meant značitimeet met susrestiread read čitati

say said rećisend sent poslatishine shone sijatishoot shot pucatisleep slept spavatismell smelt mirisatispend spent provestistand stood stajatiteach taught poučavatitell told rećithink thought mislitiunderstand understood razumjetiwin won pobijediti

( 3 ) Dva Oblika : BASE FORM = PAST PARTICIPLE

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participlebecome became become postaticome came come doći

run ran ran tr čati

( 3 ) Tri Oblika :

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participlebe was/were been bitibegin began begun početiblow blew blown puhatibreak broke broken slomitichoose chose chosen izabrati

do did done učinitidrink drank drunk piti


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drive drove driven vozitieat ate eaten jestifall fell fallen pastifly flew flown letjetiforget forgot forgotten zaboraviti

freeze froze frozen smrznutigive gave given datigo went gone ićihide hid hidden sakritiknow knew known znatilie lay lain ležatiride rode ridden jahatisee saw seen vidjetising sang sung pjevatispeak spoke spoken govoritisteal stole stolen ukrasti

swim swam swum plivatitake took taken uzetitear tore torn razderatithrow threw thrown bacitiwear wore worn nositiwrite wrote written pisati

Nouns ( imenice )

Razlikujemo rod, broj, i padež.1. ROD nije gramatički već prirodni :

živa bića = he / shestvari = it

2. BROJ – postoje dva broja : plural i singularPLURAL = SINGULAR + S( hat = hats )

NEPRAVILNA MNOŽINA : ISTI OBLIK

man men sheep sheepwoman women fish fishtooth teeth deer deerfoot feet swine swinemouse micegoose geeseox oxenchild children


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Pronouns ( zamjenice )

1. Lične , prisvojne i povratne zamjenice

• Ostali padeži ličnih zamjenica izražavaju se pomoću prijedloga –

of, to, with + padež objekta• Prisvojni pridjevi se upotrebljavaju samo uz imenicu.• Prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se samostalno.• Povratne zamjenice se upotrebljavaju uz povratne glagole, ali i za isticanje.

- He did it himself = On je to Sam uradio.-

2. Indefinite Pronouns ( neodredjene zamjenice )

SOME = POTVRDNE REČENICE

There is coffeemilk

sugar

There are

some

eggsbananas

in the kitchen.

Personal pronouns(osobne zamjenice )

Possesiveadjectives

( prisvojni pridjevi)

Possesive pronouns( prisvojne zamjenice

)

Reflexive pronouns( povratne zamjenice )

Nominative Objectcase

Iyouheshe

it

meyouhisher

it

myyourhisherits

mineyours

hishersits

myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself

weyouthey

usyou

them

ouryourtheir

oursyourstheirs

ourselvesyourselvesthemselves


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ANY = NEGATIVNE REČENICE

There isn't coffeetea

There aren't

any

eggssandwiches

in the kitchen.

ANY = UPITNE REČENICE

Is there coffeetea

Are there

any

eggssandwiches

in the kitchen ?

NO = not any

There is coffeetea

There are

no

eggssandwiches

in the kitchen.

EVERY - stoji uvijek ispred imenice.

Every student must be present.

SOME body

ANY one za osobe

NO thing za stvari

EVERY

+

where za mjesto

•

Te se složenice upotrebljavaju za izricanje istih vrsta rečenicakao i some, any, no, every.


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3. Demonstrative Pronouns ( pokazne zamjenice )

Za nešto što je blizuZa nešto što je dalje

Jednina :ThisThat

Množina :TheseThose

4. Interrogative Pronouns ( upitne zamjenice )

NOMINATIV Who? What? Which?GENITIVE Whose ? Of what ? Of which ?DATIV To whom? To what? To which? AKUZATIV Whom? What? Which?

Article ( član )

Odredjeni – Definite article theNeodredjeni Indefinite Article a ili an ispred samoglasnika

Osnovna pravila :1 . A /an – može stajati jedino uz imenice koje se mogu brojiti i koje suneodredjene .

They live in a flat.I'm watching a film.

2. Odredjeni član the stoji ispred bilo koje imenice u jednini ili množini koja jeodredjena ili poznata.

The house they are living in, is near the station.The books which are on the table, are mine.

Član THE

a) ispred imenica koje su predstavnici vrste : the President , the Earth , the Queen

b) imena obitelji u pluralu : The Browns


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c) uz vlastita imena zgrada, instituta,društva,kina,hotela,brodova,parkova ilokaliteta :The Houses of ParlamentThe Odeon ( Cinema )The Imperial ( Theatre )

The TitanicThe Limski kanald) uz vlastita imena geografskih zajedničkih imenica : The Mississippi river , the

Sahara ,the Mediterraneane) uz imena naroda u množini : the Bosnians , the Englishf) ispred rednih brojeva : the firstg) ispred superlativa : this is the best wayh) u nekim frazama : run the risk ; play the piano

Član A / AN

a) ispred imenice koja označuje karakteristike drugih : a cat is an animalb) ispred dozen, hundred, million ( a hundred questions )c) s razlomcima : a half , a fifthd) u frazama : I have a toothache ; give a chance ; take a seat

bez člana :b) ispred ličnih imena : Peter, Sarajevo, Europe, Hyde Parkc) mislene imenice : libery, beautyd) gradivne imenice : iron, copper, milke) imena planina u jednini : Triglav , Mt.Everestf) imena godišnjih doba, mjeseci, dana : in spring , in May , on Mondayg) ispred imena bolesti : He suffers from bronchitish) uz superlativ priloga : Peter runs quickiesti) u frazama : By accident ......... ; On purpose ........; On top of......

Pridjevi

Pridjev je opisna riječ koja karakterizira ili modificira imenicu.Postoje dvije vrste engleskih pridjeva:

1 Prosti pridjevi koriste osnovne riječi kao happy, sad, good,bad, fast, slow, yellow, red, new, old, pretty, ugly, et cetera.

2 Izvedeni pridjevi tvore se dodavanjem sufiksa na osnovuimenice ili glagola, na primjer:

fashion + able = fashionableforget + ful = forgetful

hero + ic = heroicfool + ish = foolish


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attract + ive = attractivehumor + ous = humoroushealth + y = healthy

U engleskom jeziku pridjev obično ide ispred imenice na koju se odnosi:

Two red cars are parked on the street. A new world record was set today.That was a humorous story.I bought two new books.She bought a fashionable dress.He has two new cars.She is an attractive woman.That was a terrible book.It was a boring trip.

Često pridjevi koji opisuju imenice mogu ići iza glagola:

His two cars are new and fashionable. His new car is red and fast.Her new dress is green. My car is old. Our trip was boring.

Prilozi

Prilozi, poput pridjeva, modificiraju i određuju količinu, ograničavajuili pojašnjavaju druge riječi u rečenici.

Mnogi engleski prilozi tvore se dodavanjem nastavka -ly na pridjev.Nekad, ako pridjev završava na e, to e se ispušta:

new + ly =newlypleasant + ly =pleasantlyhesitant + ly =hesitantly

clear + ly = clearlynear + ly = nearlyclose + ly = closelydear + ly = dearlycost + ly = costlyaffordable -e + ly = affordablyexperimental + ly = experimentally

Neke su riječi isključivo prilozi:

there

veryhere


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almost

Prilozi se se često upotrebljavaju da odrede glagol ali

kao intenzifikatori mogu određivati pridjeve i druge priloge:

Uz glagolPrilozi se upotrebljavaju da odrede glagole i često u rečenici idu iza glagola:

The river flows smoothly. The time went quickly.The bus arrived promptly at 3:00 o'clock.

Uz pridjevPrilozi mogu biti korišteni da odrede pridjev.

U tom slučaju prilozi obično idu ispred pridjeva koji određuju:

The cake is almost gone.That is a very boring book.It was unbelievably cold.

Uz prilogePrilog može biti korišten da odredi drugi prilog.U tom slučaju ide ispred priloga koji određuje:

Her hair is amazingly silky.

Prijedlozi

Prijedlozi kao from, in, about, with, i drugi, su "funkcijske riječi "i obično pivezuju imenice, glagole, pridjeve i priloge.Obično iza njih idu imenice ili zamjenice:

bosanski prijedlog primjer

o about He will arrive at about six o'clock.poslije after He arrived after her.protiv against He was against the idea.uz along She went along with the others.osim apart from Apart from my clothes, I have no

possessions.oko around The bus is due to arrive around 3:00 p.m.u at I bought it at the bookstore.prije before Did the chicken come before the egg?između between The girl walked between her parents.- by He traveled by train.tijekom during It rained during our voyage.


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za for He asked for a glass of water.iz from He came from Londonispred in front of He sat in front of the television all day.u in I found it in the closet.unutar inside Her money is inside her purse.

u into The river flows into the sea.blizu near He lives near the beach.- by He traveled by train.- of He is a friend of mine.na on He came here on his bicycle.nasuprot opposite I live opposite the park.izvan out She went out the door.iz out of He ran out of the house.van outside The best beach is outside of town.pored past They went past here yesterday.

oko(okolo) around(round) He just came around the corner.

kroz through He ran through the water.- of He is a friend of mine.do until (till) The party continued until (till) dawn.do to How do I get to the bus station?prema toward It gets cold toward evening.ispod under The book is under the newspaper.sa with She went with her father.bez without She arrived without her ticket.

Veznici

Veznici vezuju riječi, sintagme i rečenice:

Naporedni veznici vezuju dvije slične grupe riječi(npr. imenice, zamjenice, pridjeve, priloge, glagole, sintagme i rečenice).

Glavni naporedni veznici su:

butbecauseorandbutas well as

I like cheese but I don't like milk.He came because I invited him.

Do you want to dance or go home?You and I will finish the job.


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He is smart but not brilliant.The gift is for John as well as Mary.

Dvodjelni veznici

both (...) and (...)not only (...) but also (...)either (...) or (...)neither (...) nor (...)

Both John and Mary will be there later.He not only asked Robert but also Jane.Either you do the job or I will.Neither John nor Mary knew him very well.

Prilozi koji se ponašaju kao naporedni veznici.Najčešći su:

sothereforemeanwhilein any caseotherwisethereforedespite that

I have to get up early so I must go nowThe legislature passed the law, therefore we must obey it.I read the paper, meanwhile Mary did the houseworkIn any case, we lost the game.

Zavisni veznici uvode zavisnu rečenicu.Glavni zavisni veznici su:

that

whenbeforeaftersincewhileif, when(ever)as ifso thatbecausewith theas soon as

althoughwithout


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in order to

Ispuštanje

Nekad se zavisni veznik može potpuno ispustiti.

Please tell him (that) I would love to do it!If we (only) had the time, we could do so much.Will you help me so (that) I can get to work on time?He blew the car's horn (in order) to get her attention.

Upitne riječi

Upitne riječi what, who, which i how ponašaju se kaozavisni veznici u neupravnim pitanjima:

Then he asked me what time it was.He wanted to know how much it cost.John wanted to know which answer was correct.

Velika slova

U pisanom engleskom velikim slovom uvijek se pišu:

Zamjenica I (nikad se ne piše i)Prva riječ u rečenici (Today it is raining.)Imena ljudi (John, Mary, James, Robert, itd.)Imena naroda i grupa ljudi (American, British, Arabic, Asian, itd.)Kontinenti (Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia, itd.)Zemlje (United States, Great Britain, Russia, itd.)Države i pokrajine (California, New York, Denver, Kent, Minas Gerais, itd.)

Oblasti, planinski lanci, pustinje (Burgundy, Bavaria, Alps, Andes, Sahara, itd.)Oceani, rijeke i jezera (Atlantic Ocean, Lake Michigan, Amazon River, itd.)Imena tvrtki (Microsoft Corporation, Translation Experts Limited, itd.)Religije (Catholic, Protestant, Moslem, Evangelical, itd.)Godišnja doba (Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn -- also Fall in the U.S.)Mjeseci u godini (January, February, March, itd.)Dani u sedmici (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, itd.)


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Vrijeme

Primjeri koji slijede daju opšte upute o izražavanju vremena u engleskimrečenicama. Na primjer, "What time is it?" može se reći i kao"What is the time?" ili "Do you have the time?" U engleskom,obično se govori a.m. or p.m. poslije svih pisanih brojeva za sate,premda se koristi i 24-satna skala.

Puni sati

"It is one o'clock" (dodati a.m. prije podne; ili p.m. poslije podne)može se napisati i kao 1300 hours ili skraćeno 1300 hrs."It is twelve noon" može se napisati i kao "noon" or "midday."

Pola sata

"It is half past three." (3:30 p.m.)"It is 11:30" (dodati a.m. prije podne; or p.m. poslije podne)

Četvrt sata

"It is quarter past eleven" ili "It is 11:15"(dodati a.m. prije podne; or p.m. poslije podne).

"It is quarter to (till) ten" ili "It is 9:45"(dodati a.m. prije podne; or p.m. poslije podne).

Minute

"It is eight minutes past nine in the morning" ili "It is 9.08 a.m.""It is 18 minutes to six in the evening" ili "It is 5.44 p.m."

Mjeseci, dani u sedmici , godišnja doba i datum

Mjeseci u godini

Bosanski English AbbreviationJanuar January Jan. ili JANFebruar February Feb. ili FEBMart March Mar. ili MAR April April Apr. ili APRMaj May Nema skraćeniceJuni June Jun. ili JUNJuli July Jul. ili JUL August August Aug. ili AUG


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Septembar September Sept. Sep., SEPT ili SEPOktobar October Oct. ili OCTNovembar November Nov. ili NOVDecembar December Dec. ili DEC

Mjeseci se, za razliku od bosanskog, uvijek pišu velikim slovom.

Dani u sedmici

Bosanski English Abbreviation

ponedjeljak Monday Mon. ili MONutorak Tuesday Tue. ili TUEsrijeda Wednesday Wed. ili WED

četvrtak Thursday Thurs. ili THURpetak Friday Fri. ili FRIsubota Saturday Sat. ili SATnedjelja Sunday Sun. ili SUN

Dani se, za razliku od bosanskog, uvijek pišu velikim slovom.

Godišnja doba

Bosanski English

proljeće Springljeto Summer jesen Autumn (also Fall in the U.S.)zima Winter

Datumi

Najčešće se koriste redni brojevi da se označi datum.

Britanski Američki12 May 1995 May 12, 199531 August 1995 August 31, 19952 June 1994 June 2, 199412-05-95 05-12-95


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Brojevi

Glavni brojevi

I u SAD i u Velikoj Britaniji zarez (,) se koristi da odvoji hiljade odstotina a tačka (.) kao decimalni zarez.

Broj Engleski0 zero (Britanski nil ili nought)1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven

12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eightee

Redni Brojevi

Engleski Engleska skraćenica

first 1stsecond 2ndthird 3rdfourth 4thfifth 5thsixth 6thseventh 7theighth 8thninth 9thtenth 10theleventh 11th


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twelfth 12ththirteenth 13thfourteenth 14thfifteenth 15thsixteenth 16th

seventeenth 17theighteenth 18thnineteenth 19th

Mjere

Razdaljina

U Velikoj Britaniji koristi se metrički sistem (kilometers, meters,

centimeters, millimeters, itd.) a u SAD, premda se u privredi sveviše koristi metrički sistem, većina mjera izražena je u miles, acres,yards, feet, inches, ounces, pounds, itd. Mjere za odjeću i obuću moguse razlikovati u SAD i Britaniji od mjera drugdje. Uz to, temperatura se u SADmjeri u farenhajtima, a ne u stepenima celzija. Da bi se pretvorili fajrenhajti ustepene celzija, treba oduzeti 32, pomnožiti sa 5 i podijeliti sa 9.

Dužinske mjere

1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch1 inch = 2.54 centimeters1 foot = 0.3048 meter1 meter = 39.37 inches1.0936 yards1 yard = 0.9144 meter1 kilometer = 0.621 mile1 mile = 1.609 kilometers12 inches = 1 foot3 feet = 1 yard5,280 feet = 1 mile

Površinske mjere

1 hectare =2.47 acres1 acre = 0.4047 hectare640 acres =1 square mile

Težinske mjere

1 gram =0.03527 ounce

1 ounce =28.35 grams1 kilogram =2.2046 pounds


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1 pound =0.4536 kilogram1 metric ton =0.98421 English ton1 English ton =1.016 metric tons

Mjere za tekuć

ine

U Velikoj Britaniji, većina mjera sada su metričke (s izuzetkom mlijeka)mada većina ljudi i dalje koristi imperijalne mjere. Amerika i dalje koristiamerički gallon, quarts i pints premda se za alkohol i neke druge stvaripočinju koristiti litre.

Mjere za tekućine1 US gallon = 0.833 Imperial gallon1 US gallon = 3.785 liters

1 Imperial gallon = 1.2001 US gallons1 Imperial gallon = 4.546 liters1 liter = 0.264 US gallon2 pints = 1 quart4 quarts = 1 US gallon31 1/2 US gallons = 1 barrel

Novac

I američki i britanski novčani sistem je desetinski. Britanski se novac temelji na funtisterlinga (Pound Sterling = 100 Pence) a u SAD na dolaru (Dollar = 100 Cents).

Sjedinjene Države100 cents (100˘) = 1 dollar = $1.00$4.99 = four dollars and 99 cents

Velika Britanija100 pence (100p) = 1 pound sterling = Ł1.00Ł4.99 = four pounds and 99 pence

Kanada100 cents (100˘) = 1 Canadian dollar = $1.00$4.99 = four dollars and 99 cents(različita vrijednost od američkog dolara)

Australija100 cents (100˘) = 1 Australian dollar = $1.00$4.99 = four dollars and 99 cents(različita vrijednost od američkog dolara)


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Red riječi

Red riječi proste rečenice je obično:

Subject + Verb (+ object(s)) (+ complement)

We are eating.We are eating breakfast.We are eating breakfast today on the patio.

Ako u rečenici postoje bliži i dalji objekat, poredak zavisi od toga da li se radio zamjenicama ili imenicama:

He gave his mother the history book.He gave the history book to his mother.He gave her the history book.He gave it to his mother.He gave it to her.

Zavisne rečenice neka se stavljaju na početak rečenice odvojene od glavnerečenice zarezom:

After eating breakfast, he went to the office.

--znači isto što i:

He went to the office after eating breakfast.

Negacije

Glavne riječi za negaciju :

nonotnot anornobody (no one)no one (nobody)not only (...) but also (...)no morenothingnevernowhereneither ... norby no means


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no hownary (not anything/not anyone)

Upiti

Izravni upiti

Postoje četiri osnovna načina tvorenja izravnih upita:

Inverzija normalnog reda riječi:

You speak German. >>> Do you speak German?She is sleeping >>> Is she sleeping?You love me. >>> Do you love me?

Question word(s) + finite verb (+ subject) (+ complement):

Upitne riječi:

who? >>> Who is coming?what? >>> What happened?when? >>> When will it be ready?why? >>> Why did you do that?where? >>> Where did you go?

how? >>> How did you do that?(to) who? >>> You sent it to who?(to) whom? >>> To whom am I speaking?whose? >>> Whose coat is that?(with) whom? >>> With whom did you travel?

Subject + finite verb (+ complement):

Koristi se u slučajevima sarkastičkog uzvika:

That's supposed to be cheap?!

So what's your point?!

Subject + finite verb (+ complement) + tag

Upitne etikete u engleskom: isn't it (is not it), aren't you (are not you),doesn't he (does not he), can't she (cannot she), itd.:

Isn't it a shame?Aren't you sorry?

Doesn't he care any more?Can't he swim yet?


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Neizravni upiti

Neizravni upit ide iza glagola ili rečenice i uvodi se

pomoću upitne riječi:

Explain why you're angry.Tell me how you want it done.Show me what to do.Draw me a picture of it.Demonstrate it for me.

Odgovori "yes" i "no"

Upit Odgovor

Are you going already? Yes, I have to go now.No, I still have some time.

Was it interesting? No, it was boring.Yes, it was very interesting.

Didn't you like it? No, it wasn't very good.Yes, I liked it very much.

Do you like it? Yes, I like it.

No, I don't like it.Will you finish today? Yes, I will.No, I won't be able to finish today.

osnove gramatike engleskog jezika

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