1. Creation CosmologyOrigin of StarsAre we being told all the evidence or justselected information to support aparticular idea?

2. The Origin of Stars EvolutionStars evolved billions of years before the earth Theistic evolutionStars evolved billions of years before the earth The BibleEarth created on day 1 The sun, moon, and stars on day 4 3. The Origin of StarsHugh Ross (Astronomer), Species Development: NaturalProcess or Divine Action, Audiotape (Pasadena, CA:Reasons to Believe, 1990).The entire process of stellar evolution is bynatural process alone. We do not have toinvoke Divine intervention at any stage inthe history of the life-cycle of the stars thatwe observe. Is this statement consistent withthe Bible? 4. When I consider thy heavens, the workof thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained;Psalms 8:3 5. The Origin of StarsAndGod made two great lights; thegreater light to rule the day, and the lesserlight to rule the night: he made the starsalso. (Genesis 1:16)Lift up your eyes on high, and behold whohath created these things, that bringeth outtheir host by number: (Isaiah 40:26) 6. The Origin of Stars By the word of the Lord were the heavensmade; and all the host of them. (Ps 33:6) Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, allyou shining stars.for he commanded andthey were created. (Ps 148:3-5) Thou, even thou, are Lord alone; thou hastmade heaven, the heaven of heavens, withall their host (Nehemiah 9:6) 7. He determines the number of the starsand calls them each by name. (Psalm 147:4) 8. Stellar lifecycle 9. Nebula 10. Nebular solar system formation 11. Star Formation and PhysicsThe popular theory is that stars form fromvast clouds of gas and dust throughgravitational contraction. Gas anddust clouds Nebula will expandNOT contract 12. Star FormationDon DeYoung (Ph.D. in Physics),Astronomy and the Bible, 2000, p. 84.The complete birth of a star hasnever been observed. The principlesof physics demand some specialconditions for star formation and alsofor a long time period. A cloud ofhydrogen gas must be compressed toa sufficiently small size so that gravitydominates. continued 13. In space, however, almost every gas cloudis light-years in size, hundreds of timesgreater than the critical size needed for astable star. As a result, outward gaspressures cause these clouds to spread outfarther, not contract. 14. Star Formation Fred Whipple, The Mystery of Comets, (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1985), pp. 211, 213.Precisely how a section of an interstellarcloud collapses gravitationally into a star is still a challenging theoreticalproblem Astronomers have yet to find aninterstellar cloud in the actual process ofcollapse. 15. Star FormationDanny Faulkner, Ph.D. AstronomyMost astronomers believe that theclouds gradually contract under theirown weight to form stars. Thisprocess has never been observed,but if it did occur, it would take manyhuman lifetimes.continued 16. It is known that clouds do notspontaneously collapse to form stars. Theclouds possess considerable mass, butthey are so large that their gravity is veryfeeble. Any decrease in size would bemet by an increase in gas pressure thatwould cause a cloud to re-expand. 17. Star Formation Hannes Alfven (Nobel prize winner), Gustaf Arrhenius, Evolution of the Solar System, NASA, 1976, p. 480.There is general belief that stars are formingby gravitational collapse; in spite of vigorousefforts no one has yet found anyobservational indication of conformation.Thus the generally accepted theory of stellarformation may be one of a hundredunsupported dogmas which constitute a largepart of present-day astrophysics. 18. Supernova and Star Birth 19. Star FormationCharles Lada and Frank Shu (both astronomers),The Formation of Sunlike Stars, Science, 1990,p. 572.Despite numerous efforts, we have yet todirectly observe the process of stellarformation. The origin of stars representsone of the fundamental unsolved problemsof contemporary astrophysics. 20. Star Nurseries Do pictures confirm stars are forming?Eagle nebula 21. Star NurseriesMartin Rees (A leading researcher on cosmicevolution), Before the Beginning, 1998, p. 19.Stars are still forming today. About 1500light-years away lies the Orion Nebula:enough gas and dust to make millions ofstars. It even contains protostars thatare still condensing 22. Star Formation and NebulaImages taken by the European SouthernObservatory Very Large Telescope inJanuary 2002 of the Horsehead Nebula inOrion verified that the structures are 23. Star NurseriesRon Cowen, Rethinking an Astronomical Icon: The EaglesEGG, Not So Fertile, Science News, Vol. 161, 16 March2002, pp. 171172.NASAs claim in 1995 that these picturesshowed hundreds to thousands of starsforming was based on the speculative EGG-star formation theory. It has recently beentested independently with two infrareddetectors that can see inside the dusty pillars.What did they find? 24. Few stars were there, and 85% of thepillars had too little dust and gas tosupport star formation. The new findingsalso highlight how much astronomers stillhave to learn about star formation.No star nurseries 25. Star Formation and Time 100 billion galaxies (1011) 200 billion stars per galaxy (2x1011) Universe 20 billion years old (2x1010)100 Billion x 200 Billion1 trillion stars per 20 billionyear 2.7 billion stars per day 31,700 stars per second 26. Conclusion on Star Formation Abraham Loeb, (Harvard Center for Astrophysics), quoted by Marcus Chown, Let there be Light, New Scientist, Feb 7, 1998, The truth is that we dont understand star formation at a fundamental level. 27. Heavens Declare Sun 28. Our Sun: Mediocre?Who are we? What are we? We find that welive on an insignificant planet of ahumdrum star lost in a galaxy tucked awayin some forgotten corner of a universe inwhich there are far more galaxies thanpeople. Carl Sagan 29. A Special PlaceType G: only 9 percent of all stars. About 80percent of all stars are Class M, whichflare often and would kill us from radiation. 30. Designed Just for Us If too massive: would be unstable. If notmassive enough: Earth would have to betoo close, would be tidally locked. Its position in the galaxy is vital for life. Itsgalactic orbit is more nearly circular thanabout 80 percent of nearby stars. 31. About 85 Percent of Stars arein Binary or Multiple Systems 32. Binary star system 33. Sun Flares 34. Unusually Quiet and GentleThank our lucky star, New Scientist, 161(2168):15,1999 One recent 30-year study: photosphere is constant in temperature Sun-like stars normally produce a bright superflare about once a centuryWhy a superflare has not occurred on the Sun in recorded history is unclear. I think a consensus is emerging that our Sun is extraordinarily stable, suggests Galen Gisler, an astronomer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. 35. Sun power and size video 36. Angular MomentumObserved: 2 km/sRequired: over 400 km/s 37. Angular Momentum and theSolar SystemThere is a fundamental and insuperable difficulty with themodel as described. A striking characteristic of the solarsystem is that the planets with about 1/700th of the massof the system, in their orbital motion account for over99% of its angular momentum. There seems to be noway in which an initially diffuse nebula could evolve soas to partition mass and angular momentum in that way.It turns out that the angular momentum problem is oneof the most important hurdles to be negotiated by anyplausible theory for the origin of the solar system.Dormand and Woolfson, The Origin of the Solar System: the capture theory, 1989, p. 14 38. The problem of the outward transfer ofangular momentum has been a vexingdilemma for models attempting to explainthe origin of the solar systemThis is the rock on which most theories forthe formation of the solar system havefounderedTheories for the origin of the solar systemhave, in general, failed to deal with thisfundamental question.Stuart Ross Taylor, Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, 1992, p. 54 39. An Old ProblemDuring the 1970s the solar nebula conceptbecame established as a fundamentalassumption of astronomy, notwithstandingthat its two-hundred-year-old problemshad not been resolved.Dormand and Woolfson, p. 47 40. The Early Faint Sun Paradox40% Brighter Energy by thermonuclear fusion The core of the sun should alter and thesun should grow brighter with age If the sun is 4.6 billion years old, it shouldhave brightened by about 40% 41. The Early Faint Sun ParadoxEarth average temperature (59O F or 15O C)A 25% increase in brightness increases theaverage temperature by about 32O F (18O C)(59o 32o = 27o F (-2.78o C) Avg. temp 42. The AlternativeV838 Mon 43. Chris AshcraftNorthwest Creation Networkwww.nwcreation.net 44. Galaxy FormationSpiral Galaxy M51 The WhirlpoolM101 Galaxy 45. Formation of GalaxiesJoseph Silk (Professor of Astronomy at theUniversity of Oxford), The Big Bang, 2001, p. 195.Many aspects of the evolution ofgalaxies cannot yet be determined withany certainty. 46. Galaxies James Trefil, Ph.D. Physics, The Dark Side of the Universe, 1988, p. 3 & 55.There shouldnt be galaxies out there atall, and even if there are galaxies,The problem of explaining the existenceof galaxies has proved to be one of thethorniest in cosmology. 47. Galaxy Formation The Facts on File Dictionary of Astronomy, 1994, p. 172.Galaxies must have condensed out ofthe gases expanding from the big bang.Details of the formation of galaxies are stillhighly uncertain, as is their subsequentevolution.Why is this any more scientific than:In the beginning God created