ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry is the study

of ................containing compounds derived from living organisms.

Oil is formed over millions of years from the break down of dead ................and ......................

80+ million compounds-

natural & synthetic.

Crude Oil (petroleum) is a mixture of many thousands of these different compounds and is the main source of many of these chemicals.

They are called .................. because they predominantly contain the elements hydrogen and carbon.

Distillation of Crude Oil

Lower boiling point substances ............... and move up.

As the temp drops substances .............. and run off.

..................temp

................... temp

Homologous seriesThis is a series of compounds which all contain the same ........................ group, and have similar chemical properties. 

ALKANES ALKENES ALCOHOLS

CH4

CH2 =CH

2CH3OH

CH3-CH

3 CH

2 =CH –CH3

CH3CH2OH

Each has a ...........................formula:

......................: CnH

2n+2

The members of the series differ by the number of ...... units.

CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Graduation in physical properties:  eg: boiling points.

CH4 (......), C8H18 (..........), C30H62

(..............)

ALKANESSATURATED HYDROCARBONS – contain maximum amount of ……………………………. - only ……………………….. bonds (no ……………………….. bonds)

NAMING ALKANES

No of C atoms Prefix Formula Alkane

1 Meth CH4 Methane

2 Eth CH3CH3 Ethane

3 Prop CH3CH2CH3 Propane

4 But CH3CH2CH2CH3 Butane

5 Pent CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Pentane

6 Hex C6H14 Hexane

7 Hept C7H16 Heptane

8 Oct C8H18 octane

Alkenes

Esters

Amines

(alcohol)~yl

(acid)~oate

Amino -

CH3CONH2

Acylchlorides

Amides

~oyl Chloride

~amide

Aldehydes

Carboxylic Acids

~al

~oic acid

CH3- IHaloalkanes

Ketones

Halo~

~one

CH2 = CH2

Alcohols

~ene

~olFunctional

groups

The functional groups are

………………. or

………………….. of atoms which determine the

……………………. of organic molecules. 

STRUCTURES OF ALKANES

METHANE ……….

Bond Angle …………….

Shape ………………………

Can be illustrated as:

ETHANE. Molecular formula …………...

Structural formula:……………………….. OR

………………… …………….

ETHANE. Molecular formula C2H6

Structural formula: CH3 CH3 or H H

H C C H

H H

Atoms are able to spin around a single bond there is free rotation.

PROPANE.

Both ethane and propane are “……………………” chain moleculesBUT!! Bonds are ……… 90o molecules are NOT…………….!!!

Schematic formula

....................formula: C3H8.....................formula: CH3 CH2 CH3 or H H H

H C C C H

H H H

PROPANE. Molecular formula: C3H8Structural formula: CH3 CH2 CH3 or H H H

H C C C H

H H H

Both ethane and propane are “straight” chain molecules

BUT!! Bonds are NOT 90o molecules are NOT STRAIGHT!!! Straight = no branches!

Schematic formula

Ethane and propane are also colourless and odourless flammable gasses. They have slightly higher boiling points due to their greater molecular weights.

ISOMERSC4H10 - can have two different structuresStraight chain. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 BUTANE

Branched chain CH3 CH CH3

CH3

METHYL PROPANE

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula are said to be ISOMERS of each other.

TASK: illustrate the structures of the three different isomers of C5H12.

Use models OR CHEMSKETCH to help you.

branch

Names & StructuresExamples2- methylbutane

2,2 – dimethyl propane

TASK: illustrate the structures of:

2-methylpentane.

2,3 – dimethylbutane.

2,2,3 -trimethylpentane

The 2 can be left off as there are ……………………………………………… 2 and 3-

methylbutane are the same molecule!

THE RULES FOR NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS1. Choose the longest unbroken chain of Carbon atoms and

assign a name for the carbon chain using the prefixes; meth-1, eth-2 etc.

2. Identify any carbon chain branches (alkyl groups). These are assigned names using the same prefixes as above along with the suffix “-yl” – methyl, ethyl etc.

3. Identify the functional groups present in the molecule. Assign a prefix or suffix according to their homologous series. These will be written in front of the name of the carbon chain.

5. Number the Carbon atoms in the longest chain so that the branches/functional groups have the lowest number possible. Allocate a number for every group/branch no matter how many times it occurs. Where groups are on the same carbon write their names in alphabetical order.

6. Prefixes are used for groups that occur more than once.

Di – 2 Tri – 3 Tetra – 4 Penta – 5 etc.

7. Groups are written in alphabetical order.

8. The final name is written as one word with commas between numbers, hyphens separating numbers from words.

Give the names of the following alkanes(a)CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

CH3

(b) CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3 CH3

(c) CH3 C(CH3)2 CH2 CH(CH3) CH2 CH3

(d) CH3CH2CH(CH3)C(CH3)3

The shape around the double bond is …...................

The bond angle around the double bond is .................

C C bond

………………..

………..

Represented as C C

Structure of Alkenes

Examples of Alkenes

………………, C2H4

H H

C C

H H

OR …………………….

PROPENE CH2 CH CH3

TASK: Use ball & stick models or sketches to construct and name 3 different structures for C4H8 each one with one double bond.

Alkynes

H-C≡C-H

H-C≡C-CH3

H-C≡C-CH2-CH3

CH3-C≡C-CH3

…….yne

……..yne

…………-1-yne

………….yne

Very reactiveTriple bond unstable!Attracts electrophiles.

x

Alkynes are very unstable and reactive. Acetylene burns with very high temp?

C Cx

x x