organic chemistry. hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen carbon (4 valence e - ) will always...
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![Page 1: Organic Chemistry. Hydrocarbons Contain only carbon and hydrogen Carbon (4 valence e - ) will ALWAYS form four bonds](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051315/56649eff5503460f94c1548e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organic Chemistry
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Hydrocarbons
• Contain only carbon and hydrogen
• Carbon (4 valence e-) will ALWAYS form four bonds
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Alkanes• Only single covalent bonds
• C1-C4—gases at room temp.
• C5-C10—liquids at room temp.
• C11 and up—solids at room temp.
• Nonpolar molecules, do not mix with water.
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Alkanes
• CnH2n+2 is the formula for all alkanes
• Structural—
• Condensed—
• Molecular--
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Naming Alkanes
• Find the longest “parent chain” in the molecule and name it.
• Name any branches using the correct prefix and the ending “-yl”
• Assign a number for the location on the parent chain where the branch is located.
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Isomers
• Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structures.
• Since they are built differently, they have different properties and react differently with other compounds.
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Isomers
• Build a model of C4H10
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Isomers
• Build a model of C4H10
• Does it look like this?
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Isomers
• There is another form of C4H10
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• And it looks like this:
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Same molecular formula (C3H8), but completely different construction.
That’s isomers.
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Isomers• How many isomers are there for
pentane?
• How many are there for hexane?
• Draw and name as many octane isomers as you can (as a group) before the end of class. (1 pt. each)
• Do the isomers page for homework.
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Alkenes and Alkynes
• Contain double (-ene) or triple (-yne) bonds.
• Called unsaturated compounds.
• How do we name them?
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Functional Groups
• This is a specific arrangement of atoms attached to an organic compound.
• The method we’ll use to introduce them will have the molecule represented as ‘R’ and the functional group attached.
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Halocarbons
• This is a hydrocarbon with a halogen attached to it. R-Cl or R-Br
• How do you name them?
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Alcohols
• This is a hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl attached to it. R-OH
• The carbon with the hydroxyl is numbered first, before any other attachment.
• How do we name them?
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Ethers
• This is a hydrocarbon that has an oxygen along the chain. R-O-R’
• How do we name them?• Unfortunately, there are two
systems for naming ethers:
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Aldehydes & Ketones• They have a carbonyl group
attached to them. -C=O
• A ketone has the carbonyl along the middle of the chain, and an aldehyde has the carbonyl at the end of the chain.
• How do we name them?
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Carboxylic Acids
• Have a carboxyl group attached to them.
• These acids donate hydrogen ions just like any other acid.
• The carbon with the carboxyl attached to it is automatically carbon # 1.
• How do we name acids?
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Esters
• Product of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• Often used as artificial flavors and fragrances.
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Amines and Amides• Contain the functional group –NH2
• Amines have the NH2 anywhere along the chain.
• Amides have the NH2 at the end of the chain, attached to a carbonyl group.
• And for the last time, how do we name them?
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Benzene
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Some benzene compounds
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Drug Compounds
Ephedrine methamphetamine
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Caffeine
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Steroids
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Steroid Basis
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Andro
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Some others…• andriol
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Some others…
dianabol
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Polymers• Large molecules formed by the
repeated bonding of smaller molecules.
• For example, polyethylene is formed by repeating ethene molecules; sometimes thousands of them.
• Everything we know as plastic is some kind of polymer.
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Fatty Acids or Fats
• Fats are carboxylic acids.
• An acid with only single bonds along the chain is a saturated fat.
• An acid with double bonds along the chain is an unsaturated fat.
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Fatty Acids
• The double bond comes in two types, cis- and trans-.
• The trans- bond keeps the chain straight, and the cis- bonds makes the chain bend.
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Omega 3 Fatty Acids
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Table of Fatty Acids
Common Name
Carbon Double
Scientific Name SourcesAtoms Bonds
Butyric acid 4 0 butanoic acid butterfat
Caproic Acid 6 0 hexanoic acid butterfat
Caprylic Acid 8 0 octanoic acid coconut oil
Capric Acid 10 0 decanoic acid coconut oil
Lauric Acid 12 0 dodecanoic acid coconut oil
Myristic Acid 14 0 tetradecanoic acid palm kernel oil
Palmitic Acid 16 0 hexadecanoic acid palm oil
Palmitoleic Acid 16 1 9-hexadecenoic acid animal fats
Stearic Acid 18 0 octadecanoic acid animal fats
Oleic Acid 18 1 9-octadecenoic acid olive oil
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Polymers
• All of these polymers that make plastics and fabrics are made of molecules that were distilled from crude oil.
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Where a standard barrel of crude oil goes:
• 47% Gasoline• 23% Heating oil & Diesel fuel• 18% Plastics, synthetic rubber, chemicals• 10% Jet fuel• 4% Propane• 3% Asphalt• If we quit driving cars today, we would still
need oil for lots of things.
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