Organic Chemistry

•The study of carbon-containing compounds and their

properties.

•Biochemistry:

– Made by living things

– All contain the elements

carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic compounds:

• Inorganic: All other compounds

– Usually do not contain carbon

– H2O

– Ca3(PO4)2

– NaCl

– Carbon containing molecules not considered

organic:

• CO2

Essential Elements�30 elements essential to human life.

Element % by mass in body

O 65

C 18

H 10

N 3

Ca 1.5

P 1.2

K, Cl, S 0.2 each

Main branches of Organic Chemistry:

• Biochemistry, which includes:

–Carbohydrates

• Simple and complex sugars

–Proteins

–Lipids

• Fats and oils

–Nucleic acids

• DNA & RNA

Carbon atoms have unique bonding

properties.• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other

atoms, including other carbon atoms.

• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

– straight chain

– branched chain (not covered on exam)

– ring (not covered on exam)

There is a shorthand for drawing

molecules: • To simplify a hydrocarbon, we draw a kinked line

where each bend (and each end) is a carbon.

Condensation

+ H2O

Hydrolysis:

� Hydro-

� water (H2O)

� Lysis-

� to split

– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.

– Fats and oils contain 3 fatty acids bonded to

1 glycerol.

– These fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) are hooked to the glycerol by taking

water out. When they join it is called a dehydration synthesis reaction.

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol (which is a

steroid).

Triglyceride

Triglyceride: Fats1 glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

glycerol and fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) hooked together by dehydration synthesis (condensation rxn)

Glycerol Hydrocarbon chain (non polar)

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

10

PhospholipidSame structure as triglyceride but with 1 phosphate

group

11

• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.

– saturated fatty acids (single bonds)

– unsaturated fatty acids (at least one double bond)

Saturated fats pack well and tend to be

solid. Unsaturated fats do not pack

well and tend to be liquid.

Saturated Unsaturated

Composition of a Cell Membrane:

1. Phospholipid Bilayer

2. Proteins

Hydrophilic

� Water-loving:

� Term applied to polar (charged) molecules

� Water molecules are attracted to this end of the phospholipid

� This end forms a hydrogen bond with water

Hydrophobic

� Water-fearing.

� Term applied to nonpolar molecules that cannot bond with water.

� Water tends to push this part of the molecule away.

� Creating a Non-polar interior zone.

Water

Bilayer

� Caused by the tails of the phospholipid being pushed away by the water on the inside and outside of the cell.

THIS CREATES A TRUE BARRIER SEPARATING THE

CELL FROM ITS SURROUNDING.

“Fluid Mosaic Model”� Fluid:

� The phospholipid bilayer is fluid like a soap bubble.

� Lipids move around in their side of the bilayer

� Lipid molecules do NOT move from layer to the other.

� They can move side to side but not up and down.

“Fluid Mosaic Model”� Mosaic:

The membrane is studded with an assortment of different proteins, some which float in only one of the of the lipid layers and some that are inserted all the way through.

Marker Protein:

� Proteins that allow the body to recognize self and non self.

� Found only in the outer layer of the bilayer

� Ex. Transplants

� Your body relies on marker proteins to tell one cell from another.

Channel Protein:

� Specifically shaped proteins that fit all the way through the lipid bilayer.

� used to transport polar sugars, amino acids and ions (Na+).

� Particular channels fit only certain particles

� molecule must fit a certain shape, similar to a lock and key

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Receptor Protein:� Transmits info from the world outside to the

interior of the cell.

� Specifically shaped proteins that fit all the way through the lipid bilayer.

� On the outside of the cell, a specifically shaped molecule fits into the protein (like a hand in a glove)� which in turn causes a change in the opposite side of

the membrane. �This causes a change in the cell.

� Ex. Hormones

I. DIFFUSION:Definition:

Transport of molecules (in general)

From an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower

concentration

Until equal distribution of

concentrations reached in all areas

(EQUILIBRIUM)

Due to the random movement of

molecules (entropy)

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Definitions

Solute:what gets dissolved

Solvent:What does the dissolving, more plentiful that solute

Water is almost always this. “Universal Solvent”

Solution:the mixture of solutes and solvent

Example: H2O and NaCl

Solute: NaCl

Solvent: H2O

Solution: H2O and NaCl (Salt Water)

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II. OSMOSIS:

Definition:

Diffusion (movement) of H2O

from to high to low concentration

THROUGH A MEMBRANE

until equilibrium

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1.Hypertonic:

MORE

More solute, less

solvent (H2O)

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2. Hypotonic:

LESS

Less solute, more

solvent

3. Isotonic:

EQUAL

Equal amounts of solute/solvent concentrations on

both sides of membrane

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III. FACILITATED DIFFUSION:

Like an open door allows you to pass into or out of a room.

Different solute particles fit different pores

This depends on Size

Polarity

Shape of molecule

Ex. Glucose

Active Transport

� Requires energy

� in the form of ATP (useful cellular energy)

� movement against the concentration gradient

Endocytosis: (IN)

� Two types:

� Phagocytosis

� Pinocytosis

Exocytosis: (OUT)

� Vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releasing

contents to outside of cell.

� ex. Waste

� ex. Digestive enzymes