options and speculative markets 2005-2006 interest rate derivatives professor andré farber solvay...
Post on 22-Dec-2015
218 views
TRANSCRIPT
Options and Speculative Markets2005-2006Interest Rate Derivatives
Professor André Farber
Solvay Business School
Université Libre de Bruxelles
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |2August 23, 2004
Interest Rate Derivatives
• Forward rate agreement (FRA): OTC contract that allows the user to "lock in" the current forward rate.
• Treasury Bill futures: a futures contract on 90 days Treasury Bills
• Interest Rate Futures (IRF): exchange traded futures contract for which the underlying interest rate (Dollar LIBOR, Euribor,..) has a maturity of 3 months
• Government bonds futures: exchange traded futures contracts for which the underlying instrument is a government bond.
• Interest Rate swaps: OTC contract used to convert exposure from fixed to floating or vice versa.
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |3August 23, 2004
Term deposit as a forward on a zero-coupon
0 T = 0.50 T* = 0.75
M = 100
= 0.25
M (1+RS × )
100(1+6%× 0.25) = 101.50
Profit at time T* = [M(RS – rS) ] = [100 (6% - rS) 0.25]
Profit at time T = [M(RS – rS) ] / (1 + rS )
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |4August 23, 2004
FRA (Forward rate agreement)
• OTC contract
• Buyer committed to pay fixed interest rate Rfra
• Seller committed to pay variable interest rate rs
• on notional amount M
• for a given time period (contract period) • at a future date (settlement date or reference date) T
• Cash settlement at time T of the difference between present values
• CFfra = M[ (rS – Rfra) ] / (1+rS )
• Long position on FRA equivalent to cash settlement of result on forward loan (opposite of forward deposit)
• An FRA is an elementary swap
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |5August 23, 2004
Hedging with a FRA
• Cy X wishes to set today 1/3/20X0
• the borrowing rate on $ 100 mio
• from 1/9/20X0 (=T) to 31/8/20X1 (1 year)
• Buys a 7 x 12 FRA with R=6%
• Settlement date 1/9/20X0
• Notional amount : $ 100 m
• Interest calculated on 1-year period
• Cash flows for buyer of FRA
• 1) On settlement date r=8% r = 4%
Settlement : 100 x (8% - 6%) / 1.08 100 x (4% - 6%) / 1.04
= + 1.852 = - 1.923
Interest on loan: - 8.00 -4.00
FV(settlement) +2.00 -2.00
TOTAL - 6.00 -6.00
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |6August 23, 2004
Treasury bill futures
• Underlying asset 90-days TB
• Nominal value USD 1 million
• Maturities March, June, September, December
• TB Quotation (n days to maturity)
– Discount rate y%
– Cash price calculation: St = 100 - y (n/360 )
– Example : If TB yield 90 days = 3.50%
• St = 100 - 3.50 (90/360) = 99.125• TB futures quotation:
• Ft = 100 - TB yield
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |7August 23, 2004
Example : Buying a June TB futures contract quoted 96.83
• Being long on this contract means that you buy forward the underlying TBill at an implicit TB yield yt =100% - 96.83% = 3.17% set today.
• The delivery price set initially is:
K = M (100 - yt)/100
= 1,000,000 [100 - 3.17 (90/360)]/100 = 992,075
• If, at maturity, yT = 4% (FT = 96)
• The spot price of the underlying asset is:
ST = M (100 - yT)/100
= 1,000,000 [100 - 4.00 (90/360)]/100 = 990,000
• Profit at maturity: fT = ST - K = - 2,075
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |8August 23, 2004
TB Futures: Alternative profit calculation
• As forward yield is yt = 100 - Ft
yield at maturity yT = 100 - FT = 100 - ST profit fT = ST - K = M (100 - yT)/100 - M (100 - yt)/100
profit can be calculated as: fT = M [(FT - Ft)/100]
• Define : TICK M (0.01/100)
Cash flow for the buyer of a futures for F = 1 basis point (0.01%)
For TB futures:TICK = 1,000,000 (90/360) (0.01/100) = $25
• Profit calculation:
Profit fT = F TICK F in bp
In our example :F = 96.00 - 96.83 = - 83 bp
fT = -83 25 = - 2,075
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |9August 23, 2004
3 Month Euribor (LIFFE) Euro 1,000,000
Settle Open int.
July 96.56 43,507
Sept 96.49 422,241
Dec 96.26 338,471
Mr 03 96.09 290,896
Wall Street Journal July 2, 2002
Est vol 259,073; open int 1,645,536
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |10August 23, 2004
Interest rate futures vs TB Futures
• 3-month Eurodollar (IMM & LIFFE)• 3-month Euribor (LIFFE)
• Similar to TB futures
Quotation Ft = 100 - yt
with yt = underlying interest rate TICK = M (0.01/100)
Profit fT = F TICK• But:• TB futures Price converges to the price of a 90-day TB TB delivered if contract held to maturity• IRF Cash settlement based on final contract price:
• 100(1-rT)
with rT underlying interest rate at maturity
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |11August 23, 2004
IRF versus FRA
• Consider someone taking a long position at time t on an interest rate future maturing at time T.
• Ignore marking to market.
• Define : R : implicit interest rate in futures quotation Ft
R = (100 – Ft) / 100
• r : underlying 3-month interest rate at maturity
rT = (100 – FT) / 100
• Cash settlement at maturity: 12
3
100
tT FF
M
12
3)(
12
3
100
)1(100)1(100
rRM
RrM T
Similar to short FRA except for discounting
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |12August 23, 2004
Hedging with an IRF
• A Belgian company decides to hedge 3-month future loan of €50 mio from June to September using the Euribor futures contract traded on Liffe.
• The company SHORTS 50 contracts. Why ?
• Interest rate Interest rate • Short futures F F <0 Gain F F>0 Loss
• Loan Loss Gain
• F0 = 94.05 => R = 5.95%
• Nominal value per contract = € 1 mio
• Tick = €25 (for on bp)
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |13August 23, 2004
Checking the effectiveness of the hedge
rT 5% 6% 7%
FT 95 94 93
F (bp) +95 -5 -105
CF/contract -2,375 +125 +2,625
X 50 -118,750 6,250 131,250
Interest -625,000 -750,000 -875,000
Total CF -743,750 -743,750 -743,750
Short 50 IRF, F0 = 94.05, Tick = €25 (for one bp)
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |14August 23, 2004
A further complication: Tailing the hedge
• There is a mismatch between the timing of the interest payment (September) and of the cash flows on the short futures position (June).
• Net borrowing = $50,000 – Futures profit
• Total Debt Payment = Net borrowing (1+r 3/12)
• Effective Rate = [(Total Debt Payment/50,000,000)-1] (12/3)
• €X in June is equivalent to €X(1+r) in September.
• So we should adjust the number of contracts to take this into account.
• However, r is not known today (in March).
• As an approximation use the implied yield from the futures price.
• Trade 100/(1+5.95% x 3/12) = 98.53 contracts
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |15August 23, 2004
GOVERNMENT BOND FUTURES
• Example: Euro-Bund Futures
• Underlying asset: Notional bond
• Maturity: 8.5 – 10.5 years
• Interest rate: 6%
• Contract size: € 100,000
• Maturities: March, June, September, December
• Quotation: % (as for bonds) -
• Clean price (see below)
• Minimum price movement: 1 BASIS POINT (0,01 %)
• 100,000 x (0,01/100) = € 10
• Delivery: see below
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |16August 23, 2004
Example: Euro-BUND Futures (FGBL)
• Contract Standard A notional long-term debt instrument issued by the German Federal Government with a term of 8½ to 10½ years and an interest rate of 6 percent.
Contract Size : EUR 100,000
Settlement A delivery obligation arising out of a short position in a Euro-BUND Futures contract may only be satisfied by the delivery of specific debt securities - namely, German Federal Bonds (Bundesanleihen) with a remaining term upon delivery of 8½ to 10½ years. The debt securities must have a minimum issue amount of DEM 4 billion or, in the case of new issues as of 1.1.1999, 2 billion euros.
• Quotation :In a percentage of the par value, carried out two decimal places.
• Minimum Price Movement :0.01 percent, representing a value of EUR 10.
Delivery Day The 10th calendar day of the respective delivery month, if this day is an exchange trading day; otherwise, the immediately following exchange trading day.
Delivery Months The three successive months within the cycle March, June, September and December.
Notification Clearing Members with open short positions must notify Eurex which debt instruments they will deliver, with such notification being given by the end of the Post-Trading Period on the last trading day in the delivery month of the futures contract.
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |17August 23, 2004
Time scale
Current date t
Last coupon
Maturity offorward T
Next coupon
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |18August 23, 2004
Quotation
• Spot price
Cash price =
Quoted price + Accrued interest
Example: 8% bond with 10.5 years to maturity ( 0.5 years since last coupon)
Quoted price : 105
Accrued interest : 8 0.5 = 4
Cash price : 105 + 4 = 109
• Forward price:Use general formula with S = cash price
If no coupon payment before maturity of forward, cash forward Fcash = FV(Scash)
If coupon payment before maturity of forward, cash forward Fcash = FV(Scash -I)
where I is the PV at time t of the next coupon
Quoted forward price Fquoted :
Fquoted = Fcash - Accrued interest
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |19August 23, 2004
Quotation: Example
• 8% Bond, Quoted price: 105
• Time since last coupon:
• 6 months
• Time to next coupon :
• 6 months (0.5 year)
• Maturity of forward:
• 9 months (0.75 year)
• Continuous interest rate: 6%
• Cash spot price :
105 + 8 0.5 = 109
• PV of next coupon :
8 exp(6% 0.5) = 7,76
• Cash forward price :
• (109 - 7.76) e(6% 0.75) = 105.90
• Accrued interest :
• 8 0.25 = 2
• Quoted forward price:
• 105.90 - 2 = 103.90
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |20August 23, 2004
Delivery:
• Government bond futures based on a notional bond
• In case of delivery, the short can choose the bonds to deliver from a list of deliverable bonds ("gisement")
• The amount that he will receive is adjusted by a conversion factor
• INVOICE PRICE
– = Invoice Principal Amount
– + Accrued interest of the delivered bond
• INVOICE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT
– = Conversion factor x FT x 100,000
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |21August 23, 2004
Conversion factor: Definition
• price per unit of face value of a bond with annual coupon C
• n coupons still to be paid
• Yield = 6%
• n : number of coupons still to be paid at maturity of forward T
• f : time (years) since last coupon at time T
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |22August 23, 2004
Conversion factor: Calculation
• Step 1: calculate bond value at time T-f (date of last coupon payment before futures maturity):
BT-f =PV of coupon + PV of principal : (C/y)[1-(1+y)-n] + (1+y)-n
• Step 2: Conversion factor k = bond value at time T :• k = FV(BT-f) - Accrued interest = BT-f (1+y)f - C f
• Example: Euro-Bund Future Mar 2000• Deliverable Bond Coupon Maturity Conversion Factor• ISIN Code (%)
• DE0001135101 3.75 04.01.09 0.849146• DE0001135119 4.00 04.07.09 0.859902• DE0001135127 4.50 04.07.09 0.894982• Source: www.eurexchange.com
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |23August 23, 2004
Cheapest-to-deliver Bond
• The party with the short position decides which bond to deliver:
Receives: FT kj + AcIntj
=(Quoted futures price) (Conversion factor) + Accrued int.
Cost = cost of bond delivered: sj + AcIntj
= Quoted price + Accrued interest
• To maximize his profit, he will choose the bond j for which:
Max (FT kj - sj) or Min (sj - FT kj)
j j
• Before maturity of futures contract: CTD=
Max (F kj - sj) or Min (sj - F kj)
j j
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |24August 23, 2004
• Suppose futures= 95.00 at maturity
• Short has to deliver bonds among deliverable bonds
• with face value of 2.5 mio BEF
• If he delivers bond 242 above, he will receive:
• 2.5 mio BEF x .95 x 1.0237 = 2.431 mio BEF
• His gain/loss depends on the price of the delivered bond at maturity
• As several bonds are deliverable, short chooses the cheapest to deliver
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |25August 23, 2004
• Duration of a bond that provides cash flow c i at time t i is
where B is its price and y is its yield (continuously compounded)
• This leads to
1
iytni
ii
c eD t
B
BD y
B
Duration
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |26August 23, 2004
Duration Continued
• When the yield y is expressed with compounding m times per year
• The expression
is referred to as the “modified duration”
1
BD yB
y m
D
y m1
OMS 04 IR Derivatives |27August 23, 2004
Convexity
The convexity of a bond is defined as
22
12
2
1
so that
1( )
2
i
nyt
i ii
c t eB
CB y B
BD y C y
B