optimizing ubiquitous power electronics for the future...

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Optimizing Ubiquitous Power Electronics for the Future Power Grid

Henry Huang

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

DOE Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO)

NSF Workshop on Power Electronics-Enabled Operation of Power SystemsIIT, Chicago, October 31 – November 1, 2019

Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not represent the opinions of DOE Solar Energy Technologies Office, Battelle, or Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

PNNL-SA-148881


Drivers for the future power grid

Environmental Preservation

Resilient Electricity

Economic Development


Proposed DC transmission systems in the US

Design 1 Design 2a

Design 2b Design 3

Credit: NREL/PNNL/Iowa State University/MISO/SPP, DOE GMLC Seams Studies.


• China map with HVDC

HVDC development in China and Europe

https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/chinas-ambitious-plan-to-build-the-worlds-biggest-supergrid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current


Rapid renewable growth in US and the world (EIA projections)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Renewable electricity generation, including

end-use (Reference case)

billion kilowatthours

2018

history projections

solar PV

wind

geothermal

hydroelectric

other

48%

37%

18%

25%

39%9%

13%

4%

5%

2%

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2019Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2019


Load is no longer the same

0

1

2

3

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

New vehicle sales of battery powered vehicles

(Reference case)

millions of vehicles

total battery

electric

300 mile EV

hybrid electric

200 mile EV

plug-in hybrid

100 mile EV

2018

history projections

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2019 Source: CAISO


• Majority of electricity will be generated, transmitted or consumed by power electronics

Result: Ubiquitous power electronics in power systems

Transmission Grid


• Reduced system inertia

• Degraded power quality (harmonics, etc.)

• Unreliable protection

• …

Ubiquitous power electronics brings new challenges


Power system trending to be more dynamic

Source: PNNL, 2013. Data from WECC phasor measurement Source: NERC, 2015


WECC oscillation damping trending up with less inertia

M ajor inter action path

" I ndex" generator

SUNDANCE

K EM ANO

M I CA

CO LST RIP

PAL O

VERDE

HO OV ER

G RAND

COUL EE

M EADFOUR

CORNERS

SHAST A

CANADA

M EX I CO

GM SHRUM

Map Credit: John Hauer, PNNL


ERCOT oscillation damping trending similarly with a tipping point

Agrawal U., J.G. O'Brien, A. Somani, and T. Mosier. "Analysis of Impact of Reduced System Inertia in Power Systems Caused by Renewable Integration." Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 2019.


Oscillation control through power electronics

Z Huang, Y Ni, CM Shen, F Wu, S Chen, and B Zhang, “Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Interconnected Power Systems--Modeling, Interface, Control Strategy and Case Study,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2000.

Rotor angle is well damped within 10 secDamping Control through power modulation

Sub-system 1

Sub-system 1

Sub-system 2

Sub-system 2


Oscillation control through power electronics at WECC


" I ndex" generator

SUNDANCE

K EM ANO

M I CA

CO LST RIP

PAL O

VERDE

HO OV ER

G RAND

COUL EE

M EADFOUR

CORNERS

SHAST A

CANADA

M EX I CO

GM SHRUM

Map Credit: John Hauer, PNNL

Source: Dave Schoenwald, SNL


Decoupled oscillation control facilitates the potential of distributed implementation with ubiquitous power electronics

Rui Fan, Shaobu Wang, Renke Huang, Jianming Lian, and Zhenyu Huang. “Wide-Area Measurement-Based Modal Decoupling for Power System Oscillation Damping”, Electric Power Systems Research, January 2020.


" I ndex" generator

SUNDANCE

K EM ANO

M I CA

CO LST RIP

PAL O

VERDE

HO OV ER

G RAND

COUL EE

M EADFOUR

CORNERS

SHAST A

CANADA

M EX I CO

GM SHRUM

Map Credit: John Hauer

Modulation signal: ΔPref

+

Modulation

Mode 1

Mode Decoupling

Phasor Data

Mode 1 Mode 2 Modulation

Modulation

Mode 2

Mode N


Distributed oscillation control via load modulation

Daniel Trudnowski, Matt Donnelly, and Eric Lightner, “Power-System Frequency and Stability Control using Decentralized Intelligent Loads”, 2005 IEEE/PES T&D Conf and Expo, New Orleans, LA


• Foundational capabilities needs:

• Sensor and data infrastructure for monitoring fast dynamics of inverters –synchronized waveform measurements beyond phasors.

• Modeling and simulation methods for higher resolution, larger computing and more heterogeneity

• Optimization and control considering the decentralized and hierarchical structure of power electronics in power systems.

• Inertia-less system = responsiveness: with effective control, such a future power grid can perform better than the traditional power grid.

• Oscillation damping

• Frequency response service

• Voltage response service

• Adaptive protection

• Power electronics is not just a connecting piece, but control energy source, load, + storage.

Turn power electronics challenges into opportunities


• https://www.helics.org/

• Enable large-scale interdependency all-hazards studies: scale 2 to 100,000+ domain simulators

• Diverse simulation types:

• Continuous, discrete, time series

• Steady-state, dynamic, transient

• Various energy systems

• Support multiple platforms: HPC, cloud, workstations, laptops (Win, Linux, Mac)

• Support standards: HLA, FMI, …

HELICSTM: co-simulation for capturing power electronics details

Not exhaustive lists.

PSLF

Cyme

Windmil

Gas-Pipeline

Energy+ (buildings)

Transportation

T D

C More

GridDyn

InterPSS

MATLAB (PST, MATPOWER)

FESTIV

GridLAB-D

MATLAB

NS3

HELICS built-in Comms Sim

OpenDSS

ExistingOngoingWaiting

ExistingOngoingWaiting

SCEPTRE

https://www.helics.org/


• Smart inverter control for high PV application: Unity Power Control, Fixed Volt/Var Control, and Adaptive Volt/Var Control.

• T+D co-simulation (e.g. HELICS + PFLOW + GridLAB-D) enables the design and evaluation of such an adaptive control across transmission and distribution.

HELICS co-simulation for distributed smart inverter controls

smart inverters

Adaptive Volt-VAR - no voltage violation.


• Grid evolution results in ubiquitous power electronics, enabling unprecedented opportunities for power system control and optimization.

• Power electronics power systems (inertia-less) is much more responsive, potentially performing better than traditional inertia-heavy power systems, through good controls such as better oscillation control via a large number of inverters.

• Foundational new capabilities are needed to achieve such performance through effective coordination of subsystems – energy source + load + storage, hierarchically.

• Sensor and data infrastructure

• Modeling and simulation methods

• Optimization and control

Summary


• [email protected]

Questions?

mailto:[email protected]

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