ongoing disease control programmes in india

SIDHANT PRADHAN&

Bhoj R SinghEpidemiology Division, IVRI, Izatnagar-243122

The total livestock population consisting of Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, pig, Horses & Ponies, Mules, Donkeys, Camels, Mithun and Yak in the country is 512.05 million.

The total Bovine population (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and Yak) 299.9 million numbers .

The total sheep in country 65.06 million.The total Goat in the country is 135.17 million.The total pigs in the country are 10.29million.The total Horses & Ponies in the country is 0.62

million. (19th livestock

census, 2012)

Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country.

20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.

It also provides employment to about 8.8 % of the population in India.

Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. …(National accounts Statistics 2014; GOI)

Sl. No.

Attributes World ranking

1. Milk production 12. Meat, buffalo 13. Meat, cattle 104. Egg 3 … FAO statistics

Contribution of Livestock

The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals.

The presence of animal diseases also deters domestic and foreign investment in the livestock sector.

The economic impact of the diseases in livestock results both from morbidity and mortality and the consequent production losses. Losses may be direct due to mortality, reduced production in terms of milk, meat, wool, hide and skins, as well as indirect due to abortions, subsequent infertility, sterility, and deterioration of semen quality, effect on trade, cost of treatment, control and losses of man-days etc..

DISEASES: The major Menace

Smallpox was the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention.

First animal disease eradicated was Rinder Pest .The world was officially declared free from Rinderpest in 2011.

(….79th OIE General Session,2011)

Many island nations including, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta and the United Kingdom managed to eliminate rabies during the 20th century, and recently much of the continental Europe. (…..OIE)

India is a Guinea Worm disease free country. (….WHO, 2000) India is also free from CBPP, ASF and BSE (…FAO) India was declared Glanders free , however since 2007

outbreaks have been reported in many states year after year.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is

a specialized agency of the United Nations that is

concerned with international public health.

Established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva,

Switzerland.

Agencies for the cause

National institute of veterinary

epidemiology and disease informatics, established in 2013,

placed at Beangaluru.

The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is an intergovernmental organizationcoordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control. Formely known as Office International des Epizooties, established January 25, 1924, headquarters at Paris.

Agencies for the cause

The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D) - now renamed as Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries (DADF) is one of the Departments in the Ministry of Agriculture and came into existence on 1stFebruary, 1991.

Ongoing programs in India

Sl. No.

Component Annual BudgetRs. In crores

1. Assistance to States for Control of Animal Disease (ASCAD).

50.00

2. National Project on Rinderpest Surveillance & Monitoring (NPRSM).

2.49

3. Foot & Mouth Disease control Program (FMD-CP).

151.38

4. Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Program (PPR-CP).

12.00

5. Brucellosis Control Program (Brucellosis-CP).

5.85

6. Classical Swine Fever Control Program (CSF-CP).

3.00….Livestock Health & Disease Control, DADF 2015

Under this component, assistance is provided to State/Union Territory Governments for control of economically important and zoonotic diseases of livestock and poultry.

An outlay of Rs. 270.00 crores has been proposed under this component. Out of the total proposed outlay of Rs. 270.00 crores, Rs. 235.50 crores are for purchase of vaccines / diagnostic and up gradation / strengthening of vaccine production facilities / disease diagnostic laboratories.

The program is being implemented on 75:25 sharing basis between the center and the state except for the North Eastern states, where the funding is 90:10.

For training and workshop, if any state wants to conduct , 100% is given through the states.

Assistance to States for Control of Animal Disease (ASCAD).

….Livestock Health & Disease Control, DADF 2015

Immunization of animals against economically important diseases.

Earlier the diseases covered were only of zoonotic importance. Now the thrust is also on transmissible diseases having the potential for very serious and rapid spread irrespective of national borders, which are of serious socio-economic or public health consequence and of major importance in the international trade of animals.

Strengthening / Modernization of Biological Production Units/ State Disease Diagnostic Laboratories.

Conducting Training, Workshops / Seminars, and awareness camps.

States have to submit the action plan with Detailed Project Report for assistance under this program.

Activities to be covered under ASCAD


In Haryana ASCAD provides vaccination for 12 districts which are not covered under the FMD–CP program.

ASCAD also provides funds for vaccination against HS & BQ.

…..pashudhanharyana.gov.in/In Uttar Pradesh Vaccination of cattle in districts that are

not covered under FMD-CP, aiming for creating a FMD free zone as per OIE guideline. ….animalhusb.up.nic.in/

In Maharashtra ASCAD have provided funds for modernizing and strengthening the current diagnostic laboratories.

….. ahd.maharashtra.gov.in

Conducting awareness camps, training workshops in every state of the country. ….Livestock Health & Disease Control, DADF 2015

Activities to be covered under ASCAD

Formerly known as National Project on Rinderpest Eradication (NPRE). After India was declared Rinderpest free country by OIE in 2006, this program was initiated.

Under this program surveillance of the disease is the main thrust.

Not only Rinderpest but disease like Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumnia (CBPP) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalophaty (BSE) are also taken into account under this.

National Project on Rinderpest Surveillance & Monitoring (NPRSM).

Funds are provided to each States for conducting surveillance and maintaining the freedom status of the disease.

To maintain the disease free status India has to submit a dossier every year to the OIE , prepared on the basis of the inputs provided by the states.

Physical surveillance in case of CBPP – village search, stock route search and institutional search on the lines of Rinderpest is carried out.


Collection and dispatch of samples in case of BSE - The brain samples from bovines are to be collected and sent to the designated laboratories for testing.

National Mycoplasma laboratory and BSE laboratory both are located in ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar campus.

NCGJGFJGJ


Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is an acute highly contagious disease of cloven hoofed animals and causes high morbidity (up to 100%) and mortality particularly in young animals (50%).

The disease is caused by seven serotypes (O, A, C, Asia-1, SAT-1, 2 and 3) of Apthovirus of Picornaviridae family.

In India, FMD remains endemic and was first officially documented in 1864 during extensive outbreaks in many parts of the country (Government of India, 1868). Mainly three prevalent serotype (O, A and Asia-1) are documented.

(Verma et al., 2008a, 2010a, 2012b). India losing ~Rs 18,000 Crores annually due to FMD in

cattle. (Times of India,Aug

2011) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) established

Project Directorate on FMD for research on FMD and for surveillance and monitoring of the disease, evaluation of FMD vaccine quality facilities spending billions of rupees at several places under different research Institutes mainly IVRI, and NIVEDI, Bangalore.

Foot & Mouth Disease control Program (FMD-CP).

In 2004, Government of India launched Foot and Mouth Disease Control Program (FMD-CP) in 54 specified districts of the country in the first phase with 100% central funding as cost of vaccine, cold chain maintenance and logistic support to undertake vaccination with the objectives like prevention of economic losses due to FMD and development of herd immunity in cloven-footed animals.

With the reported success of the FMDCP in 54 districts, additional 167 districts have been included under the program in 2010-11 bringing total districts under FMD-CP to 221 covering states of Southern peninsula (Kerala, Tamilnadu, Puducherry, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh), Maharashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and 16 districts in Uttar Pradesh.

FMD-CP

FMD-CP

Source: PD-FMD, Annual Report 2016

ROADMAP FOR FMD CONTROL IN INDIA

Cost of vaccine – To be procured centrally (up to 2015; now states have to procure at their own level)

Vaccination cost (this includes needle, syringes, cotton, sterilizer, disinfectant, medicines, transportation cost, mobilization of manpower, honorarium, mass propaganda (IEC), maintenance of cold chain facility (including vaccine carriers, ice, etc,) etc..

Development of cold chain facility (Cost of cold cabinets, etc.)

Grant in aid to Research Institutes for Sero-monitoring Identification/Health card @ Rs.0.50 to 1.00 per animal (For

additional population proposed to be covered) Control of animal movement (this includes expenditure on

establishment of temporary quarantine/ check posts and also identification of animals, etc

Activities to be undertaken under Foot and Mouth Disease Control Program (in existing

States/UTs and proposed expansion in States/UTs) during 12th Five year Plan.


To provide a geographically contiguous area and yield desired results for the creation of FMD-free zones as per OIE guidelines.

The major activities of the intensive program component would be to vaccinate all the eligible cattle and buffaloes at six monthly interval.

Publicity and Mass Awareness Campaign, including orientation of the State functionaries for implementation of the scheme.

To assess the effectiveness of the vaccination program.

OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS

…….DADF, 2013

Rs. 400 crores of fund up till now. 680 districts expansion in 12th plan covering 316 M

animals. In 2011-12, about 115.9 million animals have been

vaccinated against FMD.

OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS

…….DADF, 2013

Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR) is an acute highly contagious disease of sheep and goats present worldwide and causes high morbidity and mortality that may reach up to 100% and 90%, respectively.

(Kumar et al., 2006, 2013a;Munir et al., 2013)

The disease is caused by Morvilivirus of family Paramyxoviridae .

Characterized by pyrexia, occulo-nasal discharge, necrotising and erosive stomatitis, pneumonia and enteritis.

(Singh et al.,2009)

This disease is also having some specific features like Rinderpest such as rapid spread in susceptible population, maintenance of virus in host.

Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Programme (PPR-CP)

The first report of PPR was from Arasur, Tamil Nadu. (Shaila et al.,

1989)The disease is endemic with 33% sero-prevalence in India. (Pal et al., 2007; Balamurugan et al., 2012; Kumar et al.,

2013a)The reported sero prevalence of PPR virus in India :- Goats & sheep – 43.56% (Balamurugan et

al..2012)

Cattle & buffaloes – 4.58% (Balamurugan et al..2012)

Economic losses due to PPR have been estimated to be 1,800 million INR annually in India.

(Singh et al…2009)


Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Programme (PPR-CP)

PPR status Globally

OIE official PPR status Map2016

PPR virus prevalence in India (1998 – 2003)

Singh et.al;2004

PPR Control Program was started in 2010 with 100% central assistance in vaccination of susceptible animals (sheep and goat) and three subsequent generations.

In the first phase, states viz., Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Goa and Union Territories like Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry were covered.

The program is extended to all the states under the 12th year Plan.

Strengthening of ELISA Labs and monitoring of the disease is also carried on.….Livestock Health & Disease Control, DADF 2015

Activitiés Under the program

Brucellosis is highly contagious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pig, dogs and human .

B. abortus biotype-1 in cattle and buffaloes and B. melitensis biotype-1 in sheep, goats and man are the

predominant infective biotypes. (Chand et al.,

2012)The disease is characterized by abortion, retained placenta,

orchitis, epididymitis and, rarely, arthritis, with excretion of the organisms in uterine discharges and in milk

(OIE, 2008)

The first report of brucellosis was in 1942 from India.Economic loss due to this disease is close to Rs. 350 million/year

in India. (PD ADMAS 2012)

Brucellosis Control Program (Brucellosis-CP).

Prevalence of Brucellosis among cattle in India

(Renukaradhya et al., 2002)

Prevalence of Brucellosis among Buffaloes in India


Prevalence of Brucellosis among goat in India


Bovine brucellosis is endemic in almost all the states of India.

Long term serological studies indicates 5% of cattle and 3% of buffaloes are infected with brucellosis. (Rajasekhar et al…2002)

Formerly known as National Control Program on Brucellosis, introduced during the 10th year Plan.

Renamed as Brucellosis Control Program during the 12th year Plan.

It includes the vaccination of female calves between 6-8 months in all states. Adulthood vaccination will also be taken up covering all un-vaccinated adult female bovines.

Biannual village level screening of pooled milk samples.Mass screening & castration of infected bulls.….Livestock Health & Disease Control, DADF 2015


Vaccination is done using B.abortus S19.Bruvax (Indian Immunological Limited), live freeze

dried S19 vaccine for cattle and buffalo calves of age 4 to 8 months, 2ml S/C.

Brucella vaccine (Intervet India), cattle and buffalo calves of age 4 to 8 months, 5ml S/C.

Periodical survelliance using milk ring test for the pooled milk samples and ELISA for random or herd screening.

Through this project not only animal cases are reduced but also human cases.

….NIVEDI,


Classical Swine Fever (commonly called as Swine Fever or Hog Cholera) is a highly devastating viral disease of the pigs.

Caused by a Pestivirus from the Flaviviridae family. Causes serious economic losses directly due to

mortality, retardation of growth, reproductive problems of affected pigs and indirectly by bringing restrictions on exports of pork and pork products.

The disease is enzootic in most of the pig producing states and particularly in the North Eastern states of India.


Classical Swine Fever Control Program (CSF-CP).

During the 10th year Plan, Government of India initiated National Swine Fever Control Program.

The program mainly targeted North East India.At present the north east Indian states receives 100%

funding for the CSF vaccines, While other states procure vaccines through ASCAD a 75:25 funding between center and state.

The national control program with 100% central funding will be implemented during later part of 12th Plan.

Depending on the vaccine availability, the scope will be enlarged to cover entire country subsequently.


Classical Swine Fever Control Program (CSF-CP).

It is an international program under Blue tongue Network.

It is a collaborative project aiming to enhance the netrwork by providing expertise and resources in culicoides biology, vector control and vaccinations.

IBVNet is a three year Indo-UK collaborative project jointly funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Scottish Government via the Combating Infectious Diseases of Livestock for International Development (CIDLID) initiative. It is coordinated by the Entomology group based at The Pirbright Institute (TPI) and through the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) ….www.bvnet.com

ALL INDIA NETWORK PROGRAM- BLUE TONGUE

Bluetongue is an infectious, contagious, viral disease of sheep and is only transmitted by insect vector, known as Culicoides (family Ceratopogonidae).

BTV is the type species of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae.

The disease was first reported in India in 1964 by Sapre .

Bluetongue (BT) is affecting domestic and wild ruminants and is designated as a List A disease by World Organization for Animal Health.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes serious disease in sheep only. Cattle and goats represent subclinical form. ….www.bvnet.com


Blue tongue cycles

Blue tongue is endemic in India with 21 to 26 Blue tongue virus serotypes recorded.

At least seven potential BTV vector species are reporeted from India.

* Culicoides actoni ….Smith * Culicoides brevipalpis ….Delfinado * Culicoides brevitarsis ….Kieffer

* Culicoides fulvus …Sen and Das Gupta

* Culicoides imicola ….Kieffer

* Culicoides oxystoma ….Kieffer

* Culicoides peregrinus ….Kieffer

….www.bvnet.com


Increased understanding of which Culicoides species are involved in BTV transmission and how their ecology and seasonality varies.

Develop tools that’s can be utilized to predict the likelihood and severity of BTC outbreaks.

Provide a clearer understanding of epidemiology of BTV outbreaks.

Installing trap sites using BioQuip UV LED ight sucion traps, for extensive stud of the Vector.

Extensive training in Culicoides collection and identification for all India.

Objectives of AINP on Blue Tongue

….www.bvnet.com

Better management of diseases of livestock.Availability of veterinary service.Improved market acceptability of their livestock

products.Availability of SMS-based instant alert system for

outbreak of diseases, spread of diseases, remedial measures and expert advice, enabling prompt control of diseases.

BENEFITS

Increased livestock production and productivity.Improved market acceptability of domestic livestock

products in international trade.

Saving of costs otherwise incurred for treatment of animals.Increased economic gain from higher productivity of

animals.

BENEFITS

Availability of a common channel for dissemination of animal disease information to all stakeholders.

Increase in the growth of the livestock sector, leading to increased employment generation and higher availability of animal protein to the population.

BENEFITS

The disease reporting is neither timely nor complete.

The reports and returns take considerable time and some are also lost in transit.

The veterinary services available in the country are grossly inadequate.

A large portion of the livestock owners do not have access to the Government veterinary services.

Many incidences of animal diseases remain out of the reporting system.

Shortcomings

In the prevailing situation, many times animal diseases assume serious proportion before control and containment steps can be initiated, thereby causing avoidable social and economic costs on the livestock owners and the country’s economy.

Inadequate facilities to ensure the vaccine maintenance in cold chain.

Lack of trained professionals.Lack of awareness among the public.Inadequate government policies for compensation.Lack of proper disposal plans for positive animals.No administrative control of animal movements.

Shortcomings

Rearing of more than one livestock in a unhygienic method.

Lack of proper diagnostic tools and veterinary facilities.

Lack of proper epidemiological studies on the prevailing disease.

Inadequate funding.

Shortcomings

INDIA NORTHEAST

Vaccination doses require / year

22.26 million 7.64 million

Vaccine availability

1.2 million 0.04 million

Gap 21.06 million doses/year

7.60 million doses/year

……..ILRI Report

Significant animal health issues and other direct and indirect benefits compel for eradication of animal diseases.

Veterinarians, animal health researchers and other para-veterinary staff will have to take a leadership role in making suitable control strategies for combating and eradicating important infectious diseases of animals.

There is need for a system for the monitoring as well as surveillance of occurrence of disease.

By the firm commitment, will and dedication of animal health professional the goal can be achieved.

The development in the field of scientific medical practices has led to a much greater understanding of disease epidemiology and will further help in eradication of several important diseases of livestock and wild life in near future as well.

CONCLUSION

1. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries. www.dahd.nic.in/about-us/divisions/livestock-health

2. World Organization for animal health.www.oie.int/

3. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajava.2014.77.106

4. National Centre for Disease Control.www.ncdc.gov.in

5.National Animal Disease Reporting System (NADRS)www.nadrs.gov.in

REFERENCE

http://www.dahd.nic.in/about-us/divisions/livestock-health

http://www.oie.int/

http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajava.2014.77.106

http://www.ncdc.gov.in/

http://www.nadrs.gov.in/