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New York State and Regional Events

World and National Events

Politics and Economics

Arts and Culture

Science

General

Regional Timeline events provided by Frank Tomaino

Music events provided by Monk Rowe

• Thomas R. Proctor, Utica’s great benefactor, dies on July 4th.

• Maria Williams Proctor pays for the refurbishing of Utica’s City Hall to prevent its demolition. She does so again in both 1927 and 1932.

• Onondaga Pottery Company (later known as Syracuse China) opens its Court Street factory, the first linear, one-story facility in the country’s china industry.This plant produced hotel wares such as patterned dining sets.

• Utica grows with the annexation of land from New Hartford, which reaches from Prospect Street south to Sauquoit Creek. This area includes the site of the St. Elizabeth Medical Center.

• A statue of Utica’s James Schoolcraft Sherman, 27th vice president of the United States from 1909 to1912, is unveiled on Genesee Street and the Parkway.

• Time magazine, based in New York City, is first published on March 3rd.

• The “Charleston” (music and lyrics by James P. Johnson and Cecil Mack) makes its Broadway debut in Runnin’ Wild at the New Colonial Theater.

• Maria Williams Proctor presents Frederick T. Proctor Park, located at Culver Avenue and Rutger Street, to the city of Utica.

• Prohibition prompts many to visit illegal speakeasies for access to alcoholicdrinks. Dozens of speakeasies are open throughout the city of Utica.

• The Grid Leak Company obtains a license to operate a radio station from within its building on Bank Place in downtown Utica. Its call letters are WIBX.

• The New Yorker is first published on February 21st as a humor magazine for the sophisticated reader. The cover features Eustace Tilley, a dandy figure illustratedby art editor Rea Irvin.

• Bass baritone Paul Robeson makes his debut at a critically acclaimed concert in Greenwich Village. His performance is the first to consist solely of Negro spirituals.

• Bell Labs, based in New York, develops a moving armature lateral cutting system for electrical recording on discs. Concurrently, they introduce the Victor Orthophonic Victrola “Credenza” model, an all-acoustic phonograph without electronics.

• The 14-story First National Bank Building on the northeast corner of Genesee and Elizabeth streets becomes the tallest building in Utica when it opens on December 3.

• Hotel Utica adds four stories, bringing it to fourteen floors. This expansion makes it the second tallest building in Utica and increases its capacity to 350guest rooms.

• The New York City council enacts restrictions on music performances in the hopeof cracking down on cabarets. These restrictions are not repealed until 1988.

• The Martha Graham Center for Contemporary Dance is established in Manhattan,NY. Graham debuts her first independent concert later that year at the 48th Street Theater.

• The Stanley Theater has its grand opening in Utica, showing the silent movieRamona, starring Dolores del Río.

• The Capitol Theatre opens in Rome on December 10; it is the city’s first theaterable to play the new movies with sound. The first program includes a newsreel,two Vitaphone shorts, and the First National feature Lilac Time, starring ColleenMoore and Gary Cooper.

• Famed aviator, Amelia Earhart, arrives in Utica to visit her sister Muriel, a teacher at the Utica Country Day School in New Hartford.

• Amateur color movie making becomes possible with Kodak’s introduction of16mm KODACOLOR film. The Rochester, NY-based company stays in the forefront of motion picture technological development.

• W.C. Handy stages a landmark all-African-American concert at Carnegie Hall,one of the first concerts of its kind.

• With the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression, factoriesin Utica and the surrounding area begin to lay off their workers or to close.

• The federal government builds a new main post office in Utica at Broad and John Streets, as well as a National Guard armory on Culver Avenue.

• The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) opens to the public.

• Maria and Thomas Proctor publically announce plans to establish the Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, which had been chartered in 1919.

• Buffalo Central Terminal opens on June 22nd with a gala attended by 2,200people, making it the largest event in Buffalo at the time. The first train is an Eastbound Empire State Express, departing at 2 p.m.

• With thousands in Utica unemployed, an Emergency Employment Bureau is established. It quickly raises $80,000 to pay workers to do odd jobs throughoutthe city.

• The Chrysler Building opens in Manhattan and is the tallest building in the worldfor eleven months.

• Richard C. Gerstenberg, a native of Little Falls and a 1927 graduate of Mohawk High, joins General Motors in Dayton, OH, as a timekeeper with theFrigidaire Division. He rises through the ranks to become the eighth chairman ofthe board and chief executive officer in 1972.

• The Empire State Building opens in Manhattan and surpasses the Chrysler Building as the tallest building in the world.

• William Grant Still’s Symphony No. 1 Afro-American has its premier with theRochester Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Howard Hanson. This is thefirst time that a major orchestra performs a black composer’s symphony, as wellas the first symphony to incorporate blues and jazz styles.

• Utica celebrates its centennial as a city. In 1832, it became the sixth city in thestate – following New York City, Albany, Troy, Hudson, and Schenectady.

• The Niagara Hudson Building (known as the Niagara Mohawk Building) is constructed in Syracuse, NY, as the headquarters of the largest electric utility company in the nation. Its Art Deco design and the façade’s Spirit of Light remainan iconic image for the city.

• MoMA opens an exhibition on International Style, displaying images of the contemporary modernist architecture of Europe. This exhibition is co-curated by Philip Johnson (the architect of the MWPAI Museum of Art).

• Radio City Music Hall is constructed as part of the art deco Rockefeller Center project.

• With the passing of the Cullen Act, Utica’s West End Brewery, operated by F.X.Matt, begins to distribute beer one minute after midnight on April 7th. The companyhad completed all the necessary paperwork in advance of the legalization of beersales taking effect.

• Maria Williams Proctor purchases the failing Bagg’s Hotel in Utica for $42,000. To provide work for unemployed Utica men during the Great Depression, Proctordirects that no mechanical equipment will be used to demolish the hotel but, rather,all work will be done by manual labor. She also commissions the Bagg’s SquareMemorial and has the steeple of Grace Church dismantled and rebuilt.

• Nelson Rockefeller commissions Mexican artist Diego Rivera to create a mural forthe RCA Building. Rivera creates Man at the Crossroads, which favorably depictscommunist leaders. Rockefeller scraps the project and destroys the mural.

• Utica’s population approaches 102,000.

• Benny Goodman purchases the compositions and arrangements of FletcherHenderson, a well-known black bandleader, and later uses them on the NBCradio show Let’s Dance. Goodman becomes the first white bandleader to beconsidered a jazz master.

• Virgil Thomson’s Four Saints in Three Acts opens as the first opera with a blackcast presented on Broadway. Opera critics consider it shocking for floutingmany of the conventions of the genre.

• Maria Williams Proctor dies on June 18th at age 82.

• Congress authorizes the construction of the Fort Stanwix National Monument inRome, NY. The Great Depression and World War II delay the project until the1970s and a replica of the old fort is dedicated on May 22, 1976.

• George Gershwin’s folk opera Porgy and Bess premiers on Broadway, mixingAfrican-American music with techniques from American musical theater and popular music.

• The Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute opens to the public, following the deathof Maria Proctor, the last living member of the family. It had been chartered in1919 as “an artistic, musical and social center.”

• Boonville novelist Walter D. Edmonds publishes Drums Along the Mohawk, a novel about the Upper Mohawk Valley’s involvement in the American Revolutionary War. It quickly sells 500,000 copies.

• Thomas R. Proctor High School, in East Utica, opens for the first time with anenrollment of around 1,900 students.

• Clinton resident Elihu Root (Hamilton College class of 1864) dies on February 7 at the age of 91. He served as Secretary of War under PresidentWilliam McKinley, Secretary of State under President Theodore Roosevelt,and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912.

• Opening in 1927, the successful Hurd Shoe Co. (known as Tallman andHurd in 1872 and twenty years later as Hurd and Fitzgerald Shoe Co.) operates out of a 25,000 square foot, five-story building on the corner ofMain and First Streets. The building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is designed by Frederick Gouge, a prominent Utica architectalso responsible for the 1882-83 addition to Fountain Elms.

• Hundreds of migrant workers from such places as Georgia and Florida arrivein Oneida County to pick peas and beans, an annual occurrence.

• Municipal swimming pools are built in East and West Utica. Buckley Pooland Addison Miller Pools are still in use today.

• Thornton Wilder’s Our Town opens on Broadway, telling the story of life insmall-town America. Wilder’s minimalist staging and his honest depictions ofthe middle-class make the play a key moment in American theater.

• A new museum, now known as The Fenimore Art Museum, moves to Cooperstown through the efforts of Stephen C. Clark Sr. Clark was afounding trustee of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City as well as a key figure in the founding of the Fenimore Art Museum, The Farmers’Museum, and the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, all located in Cooperstown, NY.

• The Savage Arms Company in Utica receives a $27 million order from theDepartment of War to manufacture Thompson submachine guns for theArmy as it prepares for the possibility of entering World War II.

• Utica’s Adrean Terrace housing project on Armory Drive opens as a part of a federal project to replace substandard housing in the city.

Lewis Hine, Empire State Building, 1930’s, gelatin silver printMetropolitan Museum of Art

Niagara Mohawk Power Building, 1932National Grid, Syracuse NY

Rome Capitol Theater, December 1928Rome Capitol Theater

First National Bank BuildingOneida County History Center

Hotel UticaOneida County History Center

Thomas R. Proctor funeral, Grace Episcopal Church Oneida County History Center

Maria Williams Proctor

Reginald Marsh, Texas Guinan and Her Gang, 1931, tempera on canvas, 57.196Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute

Statue of James Schoolcraft ShermanOneida County History Center

Arthur Hind

Proctor ParkOneida County History Center

Empire State Building, NYC

Savage Arms CompanyOneida County History Center

Elihu Root

Virgil Thomson’s Four Saints in Three ActsWadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art MWPI opens to public

Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute

Walter D. EdmondsOneida County History Center

Diego Rivera

J. Floyd Yewell, Central Terminal, Buffalo, New York, 1929, oil on canvas

Albany Institute of History and Art

James Penney, Unemployed, 1933-34, oil on canvas, 83.26Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute

Chrysler Building, NYC

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Maria Williams Proctor

Fenimore House/New York State Historical Association, ca. 1945, Arthur J. Telfer, H: 5 x W: 7 in. Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, New York, Gift of Arthur J. Telfer, 5-03,099.

Original cover art by Francis Coradal-CugatThe New York Times

Ku Klux Klan members parading along Pennsylvania Ave. in Washington, D.C., Aug. 18, 1925MPI/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Charles Lindbergh and the Ryan NYP Spirit of St. Louis in St. Louis, MissouriNational Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution

Chiang Kai-shekSueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy Stock Photo

Original cover art by Cleonike DamianakesArkansas State University Hemingway-Pfeiffer

Museum and Educational Center

The official opening of the League of Nations, Geneva, November 15, 1920The National Library of Norway

The Genii of Intolerance – A Dangerous Ally for the Cause of Women Suffrage.

Oscar Edward Cesare, Puck, 1915 Library of Congress

Gandhigandhiserve.org

5¢ sliders

• A minimum wage is established in the United States.

• Orson Welles performs the radio drama War of the Worlds, based on the1898 novel of the same name by H.G. Wells, announcing an extraterrestrialattack on New Jersey.

• Beginning on the night of November 9th, German Nazis commence Kristallnacht (named for the broken glass littering the streets after the pogroms),during which more than 1,000 synagogues are burned or damaged. Nazis vandalize Jewish businesses, hospitals, schools, cemeteries, and homes and atleast 91 Jews are killed.

• World War II begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland on September 1st,causing France, Britain, and Canada to declare war in response.

• The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, is published. The novel depicts the impact of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl and the hardships suffered by migrant agricultural workers.

• The German transatlantic liner St. Louis leaves Hamburg, Germany, for Havana,Cuba, carrying 937 passengers, almost all of whom are Jewish refugees fromNazi Germany and other eastern European nations. Most are denied entry intoCuba and the rest are returned to Europe, where they are taken in by GreatBritain (288 passengers), the Netherlands (181 passengers), Belgium (214 passengers), and France (224 passengers), though almost half of them die in the Holocaust.

• Rationing begins in the United Kingdom.

• Winston Churchill becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

• The German Blitzkrieg overwhelms France, Belgium, and Holland.

• The National Prohibition Act (a.k.a. the Volstead Act) takes effect to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment, over the veto of President Woodrow Wilson.

• The Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, giving American women the right to vote.

• The U.K., France and Canada are among the first members of the League of Nations.

• Edith Wharton publishes The Age of Innocence, in which she examines the society of wealthy New Yorkers during the late 19th century.

• Insulin is discovered. Canadian scientists Frederick G. Banting andCharles H. Best, as well as Romanian physiologist Nicolas C. Paulescu,who was working separately, identify the hormone insulin in pancreaticextracts. Banting and Best isolate the hormone and work with Scottishphysiologist J.J.R. Macleod and Canadian chemist James B. Collip topurify and extract it, paving the way for its use in medical treatments.

• White Castle opens in Wichita, Kansas. The original fast food restaurant sells its small hamburger with onions and a pickle, called a“Slider,” for 5¢.

• British archaeologist Howard Carter discovers King Tutankhamen’s tombin the Valley of the Kings.

• Fu’ad I becomes the first King of Egypt following Britain’s declaration ofthe former protectorate’s independence.

• Mahatma Ghandi is arrested and tried for sedition due to his nonviolentnoncooperation movement in India. He will serve two of the six years towhich he is sentenced.

• F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and the Damned is published.

• George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th earl of Carnarvon, patron and associate of Howard Carter, dies due to complications froma mosquito bite. This is seen by believers as evidence that the “Pharaoh’sCurse” is real.

• The Teapot Dome Scandal mars the administration of President Warren G.Harding. The scandal starts when the Secretary of the Interior is found to besecretly leasing the Teapot Dome reserve in Wyoming and other reserves tolarge oil companies in exchange for large sums of money. This causes deepmistrust of Harding’s government and leads to Secretary Albert Fall becoming the first former Congressman to be sent to prison.

• J. Edgar Hoover is appointed as head of the Bureau of Investigation (predecessor to the FBI, which was established in 1935).

• Vladimir Ilich Lenin, founder of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution, dies of a stroke on January 21st.

• The “Monkey Trial” of John Scopes for teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution in Dayton, TN, begins as a publicity stunt to help the town. The trial is taken to new heights by the media, which latches on to theevangelical religious groups involved, bringing the trial to national attention.

• The Great Gatsby, often regarded as F. Scott Fitzgerald’s seminal work,is published in April, giving generations to come a window into the opulent, vibrant, and dramatic world of New York socialites.

• Bessie Smith, accompanied by Louis Armstrong, records “St. Louis Blues,”an iconic blues song composed by W.C. Handy.

• After its revival in 1915, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) holds several publicevents, including a public parade along Pennsylvania Avenue in WashingtonD.C. on August 18th. During the 1920s, the hate group’s national membership exceeds four million people.

• NBC (National Broadcasting Company, Inc.) is founded; it is the first permanent radio network in the United States.

• Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, future Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is born on April 26.

• The German Weimar Republic is granted membership in the League of Nations.

• After a seven-year trial, Italian anarchists and immigrants Nicola Sacco andBartolomeo Vanzetti are sentenced to death for the murders of F.A. Parmenter,the paymaster of a shoe factory, and his guard Alessandro Berardelli. Despitepublic demonstrations and protests on behalf of the defendants, whom manybelieve are being unfairly persecuted due to their political beliefs, the execution takes place on August 23rd.

• Charles Lindbergh makes the first trans-Atlantic flight, taking off from RooseveltField, Long Island, NY, and landing at Le Bourget Field near Paris. The flighttakes 33.5 hours and spans more than 3,600 miles.

• The Jazz Singer premiers at the Warner Theater and is the first motion picturewith recorded sound, setting a precedent for adding musical performers in films.

• Penicillin is discovered. Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discoversthe bacteria-killing properties of penicillium notatum, from which the antibioticpenicillin is derived. Years later, Australian pathologist Howard Flory and British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain purify this mold and develop the usable drug.

• Chiang Kai-shek becomes the head of the Nationalist government in China.

• Mickey Mouse makes his first appearance in Walt Disney’s Steamboat Willie.

• On October 24, Black Thursday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plummetsas investors rush to sell stocks following a market drop. Though a group of major banks and investment companies buys up stock in an attempt to stabilizethe market, the effort fails and the stock market crashes, contributing to the startof the Great Depression.

• Ernest Hemingway’s semi-autobiographical novel, A Farewell to Arms, is published. His unromanticized and truthful description of war establishes Hemingway as the voice of “The Lost Generation.”

• Fats Waller’s “Ain’t Misbehavin’” is a popular single and is recorded by LouisArmstrong and His Orchestra with Okeh Records. Waller is the first jazz artist tobecome proficient at both the pipe organ and Hammond organ.

• The Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre occurs; it is the deadly breaking point in the rivalry between the Irish and Italian organized crime gangs in Chicago.Members of Al Capone’s men, disguised as police officers, gun down membersof George “Bugs” Moran’s operation.

• Pluto is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ,though its existence had been theorized since the late 19th century.

• Hattie Caraway (Dem. AK) finishes out her husband’s Senate term after hisdeath and then becomes the first elected female Senator.

• The Star-Spangled Banner is officially adopted as the American national anthem.

• Dracula, the iconic American horror film starring Bela Lugosi, is released.

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected as the 32nd President of the United States. He enacts his New Deal to bring economic relief and policy revisions through legislation.

• Amelia Earhart completes a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

• Congress passes the Cullen-Harrison Act, essentially ending Prohibitionby allowing beer to be brewed again at 4% alcohol by volume; hard liquor is still banned.

• The Twenty-First Amendment is ratified, repealing the Eighteenth Amendment and officially ending Prohibition. This leads to a rise in clubs,juke joints, and honky tonks, many of which feature live music or jukeboxes.

• King Kong (starring Fay Wray, Robert Armstrong, and Bruce Cabot) isreleased by RKO Radio Pictures.

• Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.

• The Indian Reorganization Act is made law in the hope of ending theforced assimilation of Native Americans and to promote the traditionalcultures of tribal peoples.

• The Dust Bowl drought begins in the Great Plains.

• The Works Progress Administration (WPA) is established. This New Deal agency employs millions in public works projects throughout the country. During the eightyears in which it operates, the WPA employs approximately 8.5 million people.

• Alcoholics Anonymous is founded by William Wilson, a New York stockbroker, and Dr. Robert Smith, an Akron, OH, surgeon. They strive to use their own experience with alcoholism to help others undergoing the same challenge.

• Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell’s romantic story, set in the Confederate South during the American Civil War, is published. The novel wins the PulitzerPrize the next year and is adapted to film in 1939.

• Charlie Chaplin stars in Modern Times, which satirizes modern developmentthrough a worker’s struggle with the technology that he must operate in a factory. This is widely regarded as the last great silent film, though Chaplin had reluctantly added music and sound effects.

• The German dirigible Hindenburg bursts into flames while landing in NewJersey at the culmination of its second transatlantic flight, killing 36 people.The airship, designed to use helium to remain airborne, is filled with hydrogen instead due to restrictions on exports from the United States toNazi Germany.

• Pablo Picasso paints Guernica, which is displayed at the Paris International Exhibition. It depicts the impact of Nazi bombings on the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, which many view as a precursor toWorld War II.

• The Golden Gate Bridge is completed, spanning 4,200 feet, and connectingSan Francisco to Marin County. For 27 years after it is built, the suspensionbridge holds the world record for the longest main span in the world.

• Japanese military forces invade China in the Sino-Japanese War, often considered the initial conflict of World War II in Asia.

Amelia EarhartLibrary of Congress

Prohibition is repealed December 5, 1933

Dorothea Lange, Abandoned Farm in the Dustbowl, Coldwater District, near Dalhart, Texas, 1938The Metropolitan Museum of Art

WPA PostersLibrary of Congress

The airship Hindenburg over the Olympic stadium in Berlin, Germany, August, 1936Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

War of the Worlds broadcast

World War II, German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland, September 1939U.S. National Archives and Records Administration

Original cover art by Elmer HaderEncyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

Dorothea Lange, Alabama Plow Girl, near Eutaw, Alabama, 1936

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

German Junkers Ju 87 “Stuka” dive-bomber,used by the German Luftwaffe from 1937 to 1945UPI/Bettmann Archive

In the decades since his death, millions continue to visit Lenin’s tombITAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy Stock Photo

Howard Carter and George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, discovering Tutankhamen’s tomb.World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo

PlutoNASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics

Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute

Bela Lugosi and Helen Chandler in DraculaAF Archive/Alamy Stock Photo

Charlie Chaplin© Roy Export Company Establishment;

photograph, the Museum of Modern Art/Film Stills

Archive, New York City

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• Arthur Hind, a Utica resident who co-owns a textile mill in Clark Mills, purchases the most valuable stamp in the world. The 1856 British Guiana one-cent magenta costs him $34,000.

• The local textile industry suffers as women who had earned money working for the defense industry during World War I begin to buy expensive cloth and furcoats for warmth instead of the heavy undergarments manufactured here. Only six of the nineteen knitting mills that were operating in 1910 are still open.

• Rochester newspaper publisher Frank Gannett purchases the Utica Herald-Dispatch and the Utica Observer. He merges them to create the Observer-Dispatch, which continues to publish today.

• The Book of American Negro Poetry, a collection of poetry edited by James Weldon Johnson is published by the New York office of Harcourt, Brace and Company. This begins the New Negro Movement (later referred to as the Harlem Renaissance).

• ”Texas” Guinan starts her career as a celebrated hostess in city nightclubs.

• The Utica Automobile Club and the Automobile Club of Central New Yorkmerge to form the Automobile Club of Utica and Central New York.

• George Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue” debuts at Aeolian Hall in New York

City as part of Paul Whiteman’s Experiment in Modern Music.

• Gertrude D. Curran dies, leaving the bulk of her large estate to found the Curran Musical Scholarship Fund to benefit student musicians in the Utica public schools.

• Flautist Alberto Socarras arrives in New York, bringing Afro-Cuban musical elements to the American jazz scene.

• Duke Ellington is hired by the Cotton Club, an all-white Harlem nightclub. He will go on to develop one of the most distinctive styles in early jazz, combiningelements of “sweet” dance bands, ragtime, stride, and other genres.

• The Federal Radio Commission is formed to regulate the radio industry.

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Penicillium cultureNigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo

Dive Bomber Junkers JU 87 in flightOpitz, German Federal Archives

Multi-Year EventsThe Great Depression: 1929– (ends gradually as World War II necessitates increased production)

The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

The Great Depression: 1929– (ends gradually as World War II necessitates increased production) The Great Depression: 1929– (ends gradually as World War II necessitates increased production)

The Eighteenth Amendment is in effect, forbidding the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, beginning the era known as Prohibition 1920–1933 The Eighteenth Amendment is in effect, forbidding the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, beginning the era known as Prohibition 1920–1933The Eighteenth Amendment is in effect, forbidding the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, beginning the era known as Prohibition 1920–1933