International Cooperation BureauMinistry of Foreign AffairsKasumigaseki 2-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyou 100-8919, Japan Tel:03-3580-3311

http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda

MainstreamingODAin

GGender

G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g i n O D A 2G e n d e r a n d d e v e l o p m e n t1

What is gender?

Gender is a socially and culturally constructedsexual ity that includes notions of “mascul inity”,“femininity”, “male roles”, and “female roles”.

Background of gender and development

Moving into the 21st century, the situation surround-ing people in developing countries is undergoing sub-stantial changes. The progress of economic and politicalglobalisation provided women in developing countrieswith opportunit ies of employment and capacitybuilding. Gender disparity has been signif icantlyreduced in social, economic and political aspects in the1990s. At the same time, however, there has been agrowing need for address ing g lobal issues thatnegatively affect women and children in particular, forexample, conflicts, terrorism, generation of refugees,spread of infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS,human traff icking in persons, large-scale naturaldisasters including earthquakes, tsunamis and floods,and environmental problems. Furthermore, sincegender inequality still persists, it is recognised thatpromoting gender equality and women’s empower-ment as well as undertaking activities with gender per-

spective are crucial in the joint effort of internationalcommunity toward the achievement of the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs).

In the field of international cooperation, “Gender andDevelopment (GAD)” approach has become increas-ingly important since the 1980’s in addition to “Womenin Development (WID)”, a development approachfocus ing on improving the status of women indeveloping countries. The GAD approach seeks toanalyse the causes of gender inequality within thecontext of relations between women and men andsocial structure, and to change stereotyped division oflabour as well as institutions and systems that bringabout gender disparity. The GAD approach emphasisesempowerment of women who are economically andsocially disadvantaged, while paying due considerationto the role of men in eliminating gender inequality.Since the “Fourth World Conference on Women” heldin 1995, the international community has attachedimportance to “gender mainstreaming” as a way offirmly establishing the GAD approach.

What is gender mainstreaming?

Gender mainstreaming is a process in whichwomen’s and men’s development challenges and needsas well as development impacts on both men andwomen are clarified throughout the process of policy

Background of genderand development

formulat ion, project p lanning , implementat ion,monitoring and evaluation on the premise that allpolicies, interventions, and projects have differentimpacts on men and women. There have been cases inthe past in which development policies, programs andprojects that were considered to be gender neutralhave brought different consequences for men andwomen. Therefore, it is important to incorporategender equality perspective into all the developmentpolicies including those not directly targeted at women.Development assistance can be implemented moreeffectively and efficiently by adequately addressing thedifferences in livelihood situations and needs of bothmen and women as a part of planning and implementa-tion. In the process of gender mainstreaming, formula-tion and implementation of laws, policies, interventionsand projects in all fields such as political, economical orsocial will be monitored and evaluated bearing in mindthat men and women participate in and benefit fromdevelopment equally and existing gender inequality isnot perpetuated.

Japan’s actions

Japan supports a series of international commitmentsthat aim at achieving women’s empowerment andgender equality, including the “World Plan of Action”adopted at the World Conference of the InternationalWomen’s Year (1975), the “Convention on theElimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen” (1979), the “Beijing Declaration and Platformof Action” (1995) and the United Nations’ “MillenniumDeclaration” (2000). In Japan, the “Basic Law for a

Gender-equal Society” was enacted in 1999, whichstipulates that the Japan shall make efforts to takenecessary measures for promotion of internationalcooperation related to creation of a gender-equalsociety. With respect to Japan’s Official DevelopmentAssistance (ODA) policy, the “Initiative on Women InDevelopment (WID)” was announced in 1995, afterwhich assistance has been provided with main focus onthe three priority areas of education, health, andeconomic and social participation of women, andefforts have been made to integrate women into thedevelopment process through contributions to multilat-eral organisations and bilateral assistance. In August2003, Japan revised the “ODA Charter”, the basicdocument on Japan’s ODA, which stipulates assuranceof fairness as one of the basic policies and referred tothe importance of incorporating a gender equality per-spective. In February 2005, the new “Medium-TermPolicy on ODA” was adopted in accordance with the“ODA Charter”.

With the purpose of promoting gender equality indevelopment more effectively, Japan has thoroughlyreviewed the “Initiative on WID” introduced in 1995,to announce the “Initiative on GAD (Gender andDevelopment)” , in accordance with the “ODACharter” and the “Medium-Term Policy on ODA”.The new Initiative articulates Japan’s specific actionsbased on gender mainstreaming in order to strengthenJapan’s ODA assistance to developing countries’ effortsto achieve gender equality and women’s empower-ment with full respect for their ownership.

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G e n d e r a n d D e v e l o p m e n t・What is gender?・Background of gender and development・What is Gender Mainstreaming?・Japan’s actions・Overview of Initiative on GAD

B a s i c A p p r o a c h e s t o G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g・Strengthening integration of gender equality perspective in aid policy ・Strengthening gender analysis and promoting women’s participation・Assistance for policies and systems that advance gender equality・Strengthening collaboration with the international community and NGOs ・Organizational and institutional capacity building

S e c t o r S p e c i f i c I n i t i a t i v e s f r o m G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g P e r s p e c t i v e・Poverty reduction・Sustainable growth・Initiatives to address global issues・Peace building

G l o s s a r y

■Women’s participation in and theirbenefits from development

■ Assistance aimed at the empower-ment of women

Three Priority Areas●Education

●Health

●Economic and Social Participation

■ Equal participation of women and men■ Assistance with consideration for different needs

and development impacts of women and men

Mainstreaming Gender in ODAat every phase…

ODA policies, planning, implementation,evaluation

in every area…・ Perspective of Human Security Specific actions for Priority Issues:

Poverty ReductionSustainable GrowthAddressing Global IssuesPeace-building

The Init iat ive on WID The Init iat ive on GAD

T h e I n i t i a t i v e o n G A D : P o i n t s o f R e v i s i o n f r o m W I D t o G A D

What is gender mainstreaming?

Japan’s efforts

Gender and Development

What is gender?

G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g i n O D A 4G e n d e r a n d d e v e l o p m e n t3

1. Objectives

● Sectoral assistance policy under the ODA Charter and the Medium-term Policy on ODA

● The policy paper to integrate gender perspective into every phase of Japan’s ODA implementation

● Support for efforts of developing countries’ own for the achievement of gender equality

● To be announced on the occasion of Beijing+10, the 49th meeting of UN Committee on Status of Women

2. Basic Principles

● Importance of paying due attention to gender-equality stated in the ODA Charter and the Mid-term Policy

● Revision of the “Initiative on WID”, whose targets might be taken to be rather limited implication, as “only forwomen” or “only for the three priority areas: education, health and economic and social participation”.

● Importance of the integration of gender perspective into planning of policies and measures that are not focusing onwomen’s benefit as a main purpose.

● Importance of understanding differences between women and men in their condition of lives and needs, and con-sidering them in the implementation of ODA

● Enforcing Japan’s support for efforts of developing countries toward the promotion of gender equality and women’sempowerment.

3. Basic Approaches to Gender Mainstreaming

For integrating gender perspective into every phase of Japan’s ODA implementation

（1）Strengthening integration of gender equality perspective in ODA policies

○ To reflect on Country Assistance Programs and policies for priority issues and specific sectors

○ To share issues concerned with developing countries on occasions such as policy consultation

（2）Strengthening gender analysis and promoting women’s participation

○ To enhance ex-ante evaluation with gender perspective

○ To support women’s participation in decision-making processes of policy development and planning and imple-mentation of projects

○ Monitoring and evaluation of mid-term and ex-post stages of projects and their effective feedback

（3）Assistance for policies and institutions that promote gender equality

○ To support efforts of developing countries such as capacity building of national machineries and developmentof laws and systems

（4）Strengthening cooperation with the international community and NGOs

○ To enhance support for areas in which Japan’s accumulation of knowledge and experience is not enough

○ Information sharing about gender issues and statistics in the country

（5）Organizational and institutional capacity building

○ To enhance gender training for officers and people engaged in projects

○ System development to promote gender mainstreaming

4. Sector Specific Actions from Gender Equality Perspective

To present examples of specific actions to integrate gender perspective in Japan’s assistance through multilateral andbilateral cooperation in four priority areas stipulated in the ODA Charter

（1）Poverty Reduction: education, health, rural development and agriculture

（2）Sustainable Growth: infrastructure, economy and labor

（3）Addressing Global Issues: environment, human rights and violence

（4）Peace-building: emergency humanitarian assistance, post-conflict reconstruction and development, andprevention of conflict and its recurrence

I n i t i a t i v e o n G A D ( G e n d e r a n d D e v e l o p m e n t )

(1) Strengthening integration of gender equality per-spective in ODA policies

When formulating Country Assistance Programs andsector/issue specific policies on ODA, gender equalityperspective will be fully taken into account. Issues

relating to gender equality in developing countries willbe shared with the recipient countries through suchoccasions as policy dialogues. In order to realise assistancethat are tailored to the specific situation of eachcountry, efforts will be made to have a full understandingof sex disaggregated basic data, gender related issues,and corresponding actions of the developing country.

Through this initiative, Japan has been seeking to promote gender mainstreaming broadly in itsODA and throughout the process of needs assessment, policy formulation, project formulation,implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The following outlines Japan’s basic approaches togender mainstreaming.

n Tanzania, irrigation project areas for whichbasic facilities are now complete as a result ofaid from donor countries outnumber 150.

However, these have not been fully functional, owingto inadequate rice farming technology, poor operationand maintenance of irrigation facilities, together with alack of farmers’ organisations. Furthermore, despitethe fact that women account for a higher proportion ofthose engaged in agricultural work, social norms suchas responsibility for household and child-rearing dutiesprevented them from taking part in training courses tofacilitate the introduction of rice farming technology.Therefore, the project incorporates the perspective ofgender into the contents of the training program.Specifically, the two aims of the project are to ①achieve a fair division of labour between men andwomen in production (activity with a market value) andreproductive activities (household duties and activitiesother than production); and ② grant all men andwomen equal access to and management overhousehold income and expenditures.

The focus was placed on alleviating the heavyworkload of women who were engaged in bothhousehold duties and agricultural work, such ascollecting firewood and weeding fields, by promotingthe adoption of improved heat-efficient furnaces andsimple weeding machines. Following the adoption ofweeding machines that contribute to the improvement

of productivity, men began to actively help withweeding. As a result, this kind of technology allows menand women alike to reduce their burdens and worktime, allowing them to devote time saved on labour toother activities.

Moreover, along with gender training designed toraise awareness of male/female inequality, householdbudget training was also conducted in order to enablemen and women to manage the household budgettogether. As a result of these initiatives, agriculturaltechnology was set in place, with the additional effect ofincreasing the motivation to work of both men andwomen. This, in turn, has led to an improvement in theproductivity of rice farming, achieving the objective ofthe project. ［Technical Cooperation Project］

Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Center Phase II Project in Tanzania

Training course participants

Basic Approaches toGender Mainstreaming

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Strengthening integration ofgender equality perspective inODA policies

1Case Example

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5 B a s i c A p p r o a c h e s t o G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g i n O D A 6

(2) Strengthening gender analysis and promotingwomen’s participation

The factors that affect gender inequality are acomplex combination of economic structure, politics,culture, society, history, and geography specific to thatcountry and region. Therefore, to attain impact that areequitably beneficial for both women and men, sex dis-aggregated information on beneficiary groups, needs,project impact should be assessed during the projectplanning process. From this perspective, integration of

gender perspective into ex-ante evaluation will bestrengthened and studies for analysing women’s socialand economic roles and situations will be implementedas needed. At the same time, considerations will begiven to promote women’s as well as men’s participa-tion in decision making at the stages of planning andimplementation ODA policies and projects that mayaffect their lives. In addition, efforts will be made at thestages of project implementation and post-completionto conduct monitoring, evaluation and effective feedback based on gender perspective.

Case Example 1

his program analyzes the different ways inwhich the formulation of government budgetsaffects men and women and supports capacity-

building on the part of the governments for the sake ofGSB in planning, implementing and evaluating budgetsdesigned to lead to genderequality. In regions such asEurope, CIS and Asia-Pacific,GSB training courses havebeen held for approximately90 specialists and governmentofficials involved in policyplanning and implementation.Specialists who have receivedthis training are promotingprograms to implement GSBin Nepal, Russia, Bosnia andTajikistan. For example, inNepal the Ministry of Financehas convened a committee onGSB and intensif ied auditwork on GSB. With the coop-eration of the United NationsDevelopment Fund forWomen (UNIFEM), assistance

in promoting GSB in local budgets has begun in Russia.GSB is an effective support tool to promote genderequality, and it is expected that initiatives in thesecountries will continue to be followed up and applied inother countries. ［UNDP Partnership Fund］

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Gender Sensitive Budgeting (GSB) Planning Assistance

(4) Strengthening cooperation with the internationalcommunity and NGOs

Cooperation with other development partnersincluding other donor countries, international aidorganisations, universities, educational and researchinstitutions, NGOs and civil society at both home andabroad will be strengthened. Through cooperation withother partners, Japan will seek to strengthen itsassistance in fields in which it has insufficient knowledgeor experience and to share gender-related information

in developing countries including gender statistics. Inaddition, through cooperation among educational andresearch institutions in Japan and in developingcountries including gender research centres andwomen assistance centres, application of Japan’s know-how in the operation and management of such centreswill be promoted. South-South Cooperation will besupported to promote a sense of ownership and part-nership among developing countries.

Case Example 3

edression of gender disparities in primaryeducation in Guatemala was a priority issue formany years. Japan and UNDP extended

various types of assistance to enable the GuatemalaMinistry of Education to address this important task.Japan constructed school buildings and dispatchedexperts from JICA, invited overseas personnel fortraining courses in Japan, assisted the capacity buildingof educational administra-tive institutions and helpedto train teachers and otherpersonnel . Meanwhile,UNDP extended supportto the Guatemala Ministryof Education at the level ofpol icy , enabl ing i t topromote reforms of theeducat ion system thatwould help to redressgender d ispar i t ies ineducation. The building ofinfrastructure and supportof human resources devel-opment by Japan combinedwith policy support byUNDP has created a syn-ergistic effect in redressinggender d ispar i t ies in

Guatemalan primary education, thereby making a sub-stantial contribution to the realization of the objective.R

Aid Cooperation Between the Government of Japan and UNDP in Guatemala

(5) Organisational and institutional capacity building

In order to implement this initiative, actions will betaken to raise awareness regarding gender relatedissues among Japan’s development practitioners and tostrengthen institutional capacity. For this purpose,

gender training to staff in ODA related ministries andagencies as well as to development practitioners will bestrengthened and gender focal point will be designatedat ODA related sections to promote gender main-streaming. To monitor the progress and extent ofgender mainstreaming, statistics on projects that incor-porate a gender perspective will continue to beexpanded and updated.

Moscow Workshop group photograph Lecture in progress

Grassroots Human Security Grant AidTechnical Cooperation (Dispatch of Experts)UNDP/Japan WID Fund**UNDP/Japan WID Fund was integrated in October 2003 with

the Japanese Human Resources Development Fund and ICTFund to become the UNDP Partnership Fund.

Strengthening gender analysis and promoting women’s participation

Strengthening cooperation withthe international community andNGOs

Organisational and institutional capacity building

(3) Assistance for policies and institutions thatpromote gender equality

It is important to assist the self-help efforts ofdeveloping countries towards realising internationalcommitments to achieve empowerment of women andgender equality such as the “Beijing Declaration andP la t form o f Act ion” and “Convent ion on theElimination of All Forms of Discrimination against

Women”. From this standpoint, assistance will beprovided to support the efforts of developing countriesin such areas as follows; formulation of national policyon advancement of women; institutional strengtheningof national machinery; establishing legal and institution-al framework from a gender perspective; upgradinggender s ta t i s t i c s ; gender awareness ra i s ing o fgovernment officials through gender training.

Case Example 2

Assistance for policies and institutions that promote gender equality

2Case Example

3Case Example

G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g i n O D A 8S e c t o r S p e c i f i c A c t i o n s f r o m G e n d e r E q u a l i t y P e r s p e c t i v e7

Japan has been actively addressing the priority issues stipulated in the “ODA Charter” and the“Medium-Term Policy on ODA” bearing in mind that gender is a cross-sectoral issue. In theseefforts, the perspective of “human security” which places the focus on individual human beings,is important.

(1) Poverty reduction

Poverty is an issue that requires a multi-dimensionalresponse. Poverty is caused by economic factors suchas low income and expenditure, but is also caused bysocial and political factors as exemplified by lack ofaccess to basic social services such as education andpublic health and lack of opportunities to participate inthe decision making process. Gender inequality persists

in many aspects such as economy, society and politics.It is said that among the 1.1 billion people who arepoor about 70% are women, and women account fortwo thirds of i l l i terate population in the world.Therefore, in formulating policies and projects aiming atpoverty reduction, Japan will give consideration toimprove women’s access to a variety of services andwelfare opportunities and promote participation ofwomen in the decision making process so that womenand men can equally benefit.

Case Example 4

he plunge in the international market price ofthe staple agricultural commodities of cornand coffee since the 1990s had a major impact

on household income and expenditure of many smallfarmers in the Soconusco region of the state of Chiapasin Mexico, where these crops arebeing produced almost exclusively.Many men in the productive agebracket left their villages to findwork, leaving women no choice butto engage themselves in farming, anactivity traditionally carried out bymen.

In response to this situation,Japan sought to construct aresidents’ participation rural devel-opment model at the communitylevel by organising women intogroups, targeting women in the agri-cultural district from the projectplanning stage and supportingadministrative capacity building.Through this initiative, Japan wasable to create a rural development

model in the state, encourage the consultation processbetween government and residents, and raise theawareness on the part of women that they could be theinstruments of their own development.

［Technical Cooperation Project］

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Project on the Assistance Plan for Small Producers in “EI Soconusco” Region, the State of Chiapas, Mexico

(3) Addressing global issues

Gender perspective must be incorporated in theactions to address global issues, including naturaldisasters that affect a wide area such as earthquakesand floods, environmental issues such as natural envi-ronment degradation and environmental pollution,

human right issues such as trafficking in persons andviolence, and spread of infectious diseases includingHIV/AIDS. In promoting actions against global issues,Japan will analyse the different needs of men andwomen, providing support to eliminating factors whichmay threaten women’s living environment as well astraditions/customs which are harmful and discriminato-ry for women with the participation of both womenand men. Case Example 6

he percentage of impoverished people in theGreater Faridpur area of Bangladesh is higherthan the national average and rural develop-

ment lags behind the rest of the country. One attribut-able factor is the undeveloped rural infrastructure,which hampers economic activities and access to basicservices in social development.

This project, by encouraging the participation ofwomen, supports the economic empowerment ofimpoverished women.

Specifically, in order for impoverished women to be

involved in the afforestation and shrub cultivationnecessary to reinforce the edge of roads following theconstruction of roads, impoverished women are beingorganized into groups with the assistance of NGOs, andthe necessary technical training programs for theafforestation work are being implemented. This projectis expected to employ approximately 2,500 impover-ished women for a two year period. Part of the paymentfor the employment period will be secured in deposits,with training being conducted in how to use the fundsfor opening businesses. Moreover, as for improvementsin the rural market facilities, a women’s section was setup within the market and support offered for thebusiness operations of female proprietors in the localcommunity, where currently most of retail stores areoperated by men. It is expected that these efforts willlead to expansion of revenue opportunities for impov-erished women in rural areas and poverty reduction inrural areas.

［Loan aid（Yen Loans）］

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Greater Faridpur Rural Infrastructure Development Project in Bngladesh

(2) Sustainable growth

Economic policies and development of socio-economic infrastructure for achieving sustainablegrowth may affect men and women dif ferently .Therefore, if such policies or projects are planned andimplemented without incorporating a gender perspec-tive, it may not bring benefits to women, and in somecases it may even worsen the situation of women. It has

also become evident that infrastructure projects willbecome more effective and efficient by accuratelyanalysing and taking into account the different livingconditions and needs of women and men at theplanning stage of projects. For these reasons, Japan willgive consideration in the planning stage to have womenand men participate equally in the decision makingprocess and to have the benefits of its cooperation beshared equally by women and men.

Case Example 5

Improved heat-efficient furnaces Women planting trees

Sector Specific Actions from Gender Equality Perspective

Sustainable growth

Addressing global issues

Poverty reduction

4Case Example

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G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g i n O D A 10S e c t o r S p e c i f i c I n i t i a t i v e s f r o m G e n d e r M a i n s t r e a m i n g P e r s p e c t i v e9

(4) Peace-building

Conflicts bring about various problems such ascreation of a large number of refugees and internallydisplaced persons, sexual violence and abductions inconflict situation, deprivation of rights and freedom, anddamages from landmines and small arms. They affectwomen differently from men, as exemplified by the factthat women are more likely to be victims of violence.At the post-conflict stage, there are cases in whichsocial integration of widows and discharged womensoldiers receive lower priority, or women become

victims of physical violence from husbands who sufferfrom post-war trauma. Therefore, it is necessary toappropriately reflect the needs of women and men bytaking actions that incorporate a gender perspective atall stages of peace-building assistance from emergencyhumanitarian assistance, post-conflict reconstructionand development assistance, to prevention of conflictand its recurrence. It is also important to treat womennot merely as victims of conflicts, but also as a contrib-utor to peace-building.

Case Example 7

n Zimbabwe women and girls have traditional-ly encountered difficulties in accessing informa-tion concerning reproductive health and family

planning. As such, it is not easy for women to carry outfamily planning and take charge of other aspects of theirown reproductive health.

Japan is cooperating in setting up camps to assistorphans and children affected by HIV/AIDS and in thepromotion of education on HIV/AIDS. Specifically, effortsare being made to raise gender awareness on the part ofcommunity leaders in particular, by ensuring thatwhenever new projects are launched an arena is providedfor discussions relating to gender, aimed at communityleaders, children and youths. At these gatherings,children are given the opportunity to recite poetry andmake speeches on the subject of gender, in order toenhance the effectiveness of the awareness campaign.

Such initiatives are expected to lead to a heightenedawareness in respect of gender on the part of childrenand youths. ［Human Security Fund］

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Promotion of HIV/AIDS prevention in Zimbabwe, and Care of Children and Youths Infected with HIV/AIDS

hile the protection of women’s rights andgender equal i ty in Afghanistan wereguaranteed in law, the actual situation lagged

behind. To help redress this disparity, in 2001 theGovernment of Afghanistan established the Ministry ofWomen's Affairs, which designs policies aimed atgender mainstreaming. In support of such initiatives byAfghanistan, Japan dispatched experts to the Ministry ofWomen's Affairs to assist in institutional capacitybuilding to enable the incorporation of gender main-streaming at the policy level, working together with theminister in preparing budgets and formulating strategies.In addition, Japan is assisting in the establishment of localoffices of the Ministry of Women's Affairs in rural areas,home to the majority of the population, to ensure thatgender mainstreaming is implemented.

［Technical Cooperation Project］

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Reconstruction Assistance in Afghanistan

Gender A socially and culturally constructed sexuality that includes notions of “mas-culinity”, “femininity”, “male roles” and “female roles”.

Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is a process in which women’s and men’s develop-ment challenges and needs as well as development impacts on both men andwomen are clarified throughout the process of policy formulation, projectplanning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation on the premise that allpolicies, interventions, and projects have different impacts on men andwomen.

Millennium Development Goals At the United Nations Millennium Summit held in September 2000 in NewYork, 189 UN member nations including 147 heads of state adopted theUnited Nations Millennium Declaration as the goals of the internationalcommunity for the 21st century. The Millennium Declaration set severalchallenges such as peace and security, development, poverty, environment,human rights, good governance, special needs of Africa, and articulated aclear direction of the role of the UN in the 21st century. The MillenniumDevelopment Goals is a single common framework that compiles the UNMillennium Declaration and international development goals adopted at themany international conferences and summits held in the 1990s.The MDGs are comprised of 8 goals to be achieved by 2015:

1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger2) Achieve universal primary education3) Promote gender equality and empower women4) Reduce child mortality5) Improve maternal health6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7) Ensure environmental sustainability8) Develop a global partnership for development

Women In Development The idea of acknowledging and being sensitive to the importance of the roleand status of women in development and aid, and implementing aid with anemphasis on 3 priority areas of education, health and social participation ofwomen.

Empowerment “Empowerment” means to develop self-sustaining capacity by participating inthe decision making process as an individual and/or as a social group.

Human Security Human security means focusing on individual people and building societies inwhich everyone can live with dignity by protecting and empowering individ-uals and communities that are exposed to actual or potential threats. Inconcrete terms, this means protecting individuals from “fears,” such asconflict, terrorism, crime, human-rights violation, displacement, diseaseepidemics, environmental destruction, economic crises and natural disasters,and “wants,” such as poverty, hunger and lack of educational and healthservices, and empowering people so that they can choose and take actionagainst these threats.

National Machinery National machinery for the empowerment of women. Internal governmentorganisations or private sector national organisations. Plays a central role inpolicy proposals, promotion and coordination of government ministry andagency activities, information exchange, and so forth.

WORD MEANING

G l o s s a r y

Sources: Initiative on Gender and Development（GAD）（Government of Japan, 2005）UNDP/Japan WID Fund 10th Anniversary Report（United Nations Development Program, 2005）

Children being educated

Women attending an information session

Peace-building

（MDGs）

6Case Example

7Case Example