ocean acidification m. debora iglesias-rodriguez based on “an international observational network...
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Ocean acidificationM. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez
Based on “An International Observational Network for Ocean Acidification”
by Feely et al, and other stories.Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007
Time series of atmospheric CO2
Mauna Loa data: Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends)
HOTS/Aloha data: Dr. David Karl, University of Hawaii (http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu) (modified after Feely, 2008).
The Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act
passed Congress (March 25, 2009)
NERC Ocean Acidification Programme
The Natural Environment Research Council and the
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs are developing a
collaborative 5 year research programme of ~ £12m.
Emerging and established ocean acidification programmes
• Interactions between biota and water chemistry
• Effects of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers
• Quantify synergistic effects from other environmental variables, (e.g., temp)
• What determines the capacity of organisms to adapt to ocean acidification?
• Threshold levels (tipping points) at the organism and community level
• Societal impacts (socio-economics of ocean acidification) - e.g., effect of declining pteropod populations on fish stock?
Central Issues
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
from Pörtner et al., 2004)
Some facts about ocean acidification
• Since industrialization, pCO2 has increased from 280 to 387 ppm: decrease of ~0.1 units at a rate of ~0.0018 yr-1 (Caldeira & Wickett, 2003, 2005; Bates & Peters, 2007; Santana-Casiano et al., 2007).
• pCO2 will reach >800 ppm circa 2100: additional decrease (0.3 pH units).
• Present pCO2 is higher than experienced on Earth for the last 800,000 yrs
• Continuing pCO2 rise will lead to significant temperature increases
Chemistry of ocean acidification
Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater causes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3), which causes acidification. Effects:
1. [CO2] increase photosynthesis
2. [HCO3-] increase: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3
- 2H+ + CO3
2- calcification
3. [CO32–] decrease, and the ocean’s saturation state with
respect to CaCO3 (calcite/aragonite) ():
= f{[CO32–], [Ca+2]} calcification
?
Chemistry of ocean acidification
Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater causes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3), which causes acidification. Effects:
1. [CO2] increase photosynthesis
2. [HCO3-] increase: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3
- 2H+ + CO3
2- calcification
3. [CO32–] decrease, and the ocean’s saturation state with
respect to CaCO3 (calcite/aragonite) ():
= f{[CO32–], [Ca+2]} calcification
?
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic anhydrase
?
Carbonic anhydrase
HCO3- CO2 H2O
Ca+2 ATPase
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic anhydrase
?
Carbonic anhydrase
HCO3- CO2 H2O
Ca+2 ATPase
CO32-
CO32-
~2’’
~30’’
pH in intracellular compartments: 7.2 - 7.8 for cytosol,
nucleoplasm, mitochondri
a, plastid stroma
(Raven, pers com).
Diatoms
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are needed to see this picture.
Riebesell et al., Nature, 2000.
Iglesias-Rodriguez et al., Science, 2008.
Coccolithophores
Phytoplankton functional type adaptation
Langer et al., G32006.
bicarbonatecarbonate
Adapta
tion??
?
Acclimation - how?
Adaptation - who wins?
Main questions
• What is the long term adaptation to fast rate of change?
• What is the susceptibility of organisms to changes in pH?
• Can we build an ocean observation network that can accounts for biological complexity?
• Can we improve our knowledge on cell physiology and adaptation with the current experimental approaches?
• What is the effect of functional group dominance on biogeochemistry?
So far:
- Lab experiments
- Mesocosm experiments
- Field observations and monitoring - what latitudes?
Calcium carbonate saturationRoyal Society report on ocean acidification, 2005St. Petersburg report on ocean acidification, 2007
Orr et al., 2005.
CO2 sampling system attached to one of NOAA's Integrated Coral Observing Systems (ICON) in
the Bahamas
Joanie Kleypas, NCAR Lead Scientist; Chris Langdon, and colleagues at the Rosentiel School of Oceanography,
University of Miami; James Hendee and Rik Wanninkhof, NOAA.
Regional organismal and ecosystem response to
increased CO2 from shipboard surveys
Just completed 1st August 2009:
On-deck mesocosm ecosystem perturbations with gradients of pH and organic carbon
Responses of phytoplankton and zooplankton to increased CO2 and changing stoichiometry of food supply
Assessment of regional ”natural” stoichiometry of production and export
Richard Bellerby and Frede Thingstad
Community requirements
• A coordinated regional and global network of observations, process studies, manipulative experiments and modelling.
• Identify natural variability of carbonate chemistry.
• Identify whether or not there are geochemical thresholds for ocean acidification that will lead to irreversible effects on species and ecosystems over the next few decades.
• Investigate long-term adaptation.
Strategy:- Repeat surveys of chemical and biological properties- Time-series measurements at stations and on floats & gliders
Measurement Requirements for the Ocean Acidification Observational
Network
• DIC, pCO2, TA and pH
• Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and bio-optical measurements
• Oxygen
• Other biological measurements (specific DNA sequences for marine bar-coding, physiological rates, genomics and proteomics)
• Nutrients, salinity
Suspended [PIC] (MODIS/ Terra). (a) January–March. (b) April–June. (c) July–September. (d) October–December (after Balch et al, 2007).
Time Series Measurements on Moorings, Gliders and Floats• Carbon and pH sensors on time-series moorings can resolve short space-time scale variability of the upper ocean - OceanSITES time-series.
• Some of these locations: intensified process studies: e.g. open ocean mesocosm experiments, coastal mesoscale CO2 release experiments.
• Coastal sites: effect of upwelling, riverine input - biogeochemical models that address specifically ocean acidification.
• These monitoring systems can provide verification for the models: open ocean large-scale biogeochemical models and coastal data will verify nested high resolution coastal models.
• Carbon system sensors could also be deployed on floats and gliders to resolve shorter space-time scale variability of the upper ocean.
Potential ocean acidification monitoring sites (coral reefs)
Underway Volunteer Observing Ship Network
• Ships equipped with carbon system sensors and ancillary technologies (e.g. autonomous water samplers, nutrient analyzers) for ocean acidification should be added to the present carbon network.• These should be supported with technology to study OA (DNA sensors, PIC and POC production rates, supported by satellite measurements).
New ‘-omics’ approaches
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Dupont et al., 2008.
Meta-approaches
Diversity of marine microbial communities: ‘metagenomics’ (Venter et al. 2004, Delong et al. 2006, Sogin et al. 2006)
Functional properties of marine communities: ‘proteomics’ (Jones, Edwards, Skipp, O’Connor, Iglesias-Rodriguez, 2009)
If cells are in the water, what are they doing?
Genome Genes Static
Proteome Phenes Evolving
proteomics
2.4L 14L 14L
2-3 days in exponential 5/6 generations 3/4 generations
Sampling: Sampling: Sampling:Before addingculture
• SEM • Nutrients• pH• Salinity• Temperature
Before transfer to14L culture
Before starting bubbling
Before addingculture
Before transfer to 14L culture
Before starting bubbling
Before addingculture
Final harvest
• DIC/Alk• Nutrient• pH• Salinity• Temperature
• DIC/Alk• Nutrient• pH• Salinity• Temperature
• DIC/Alk• Nutrient• pH• Salinity• Temperature• PIC• POC• SEM• FRRF
• DIC/Alk• Nutrient• pH• Salinity• Temperature
• DIC/Alk• Nutrient• pH• Salinity• Temperature
• DIC/Alk• Nutrient• pH• Salinity• Temperature• PIC• POC• SEM• FRRF• Proteins for iTRAQ
385 or 1500 ppm CO2
Jones, Edwards, Skipp, O’Connor, Iglesias-Rodriguez, Proteomics, 2009
Membrane
Organelle
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Unknown
Subcellular location by protein cluster
Metabolic process
Nucleosome assembly
Photosynthesis
Protein folding
Stress response
Transport
Protein synthesis
Unknown
Biological process by protein cluster
OA impact on coccolithophores
Improve understanding allows building a range of new models
Alex Kahl, Oscar Schofield and Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez
Photosynthetic carbon fixation
Carbon Biosynthesis
Carbon Reserves
Light (E)Nutrients
Low C:Nexudate
High C:Nexudate
POC = CPIC is ½ of the POC
when nutrient saturatePOC can vary with nutrients
PIC is constant
Cs
CR : NR
CB : NB
CP : NP
fP
B fP
R
fB
P
fB
S
fR
B
fN
fE
1
fE
2
CP
C
CB
C
CS
C
CR
C1
NP
N
NB
N
NR
N1
dCP fE fPB fPR
dCB fPB fRB fBP fBR fBS fE 2
dCS fmort fBS
dCR fPR fBR fE1
fN Vmax,N N in
N in KN
fE CR CE kP 4 r2
4 /3 r3
3 CR CE kP
r
fL a Chl
PQPAR P
transfer f function concentration gradients e kt
Future challenges for the next ten years
• Assess long term adaptation of functional groups.
• Improve basic knowledge of carbon physiology - adaptation to bicarbonate-rich ocean.
• Observations - coupling between biogeochemistry, physiology, and modelling.
• Building a global time series to assess changes in chemistry and biology.
• Extrapolate from experimental results to natural condition
Acknowledgements
Richard Bellerby, University of Bergen.
Richard Feely, NOAA, Seattle, U.S.A.
Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Laboratoire de Villefranche, France.
Richard Lampitt, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, U.K.
John Raven, University of Dundee, U.K.