The problem of Retrograde Motion

Observations of Anomalous MotionIgnore it? Retrofit it? Revise the model

with it?

All the Wheels we Move all the Same Way!

The initial motion of these spheres was

caused by the action of a prime mover which acts on the outermost sphere of the fixed stars; somehow, however, this action is communicated to the other spheres and they move as well, but at different rates, since that is what the observations demand. (planets move through the stars)

The Prime Mover Kick

The Problem with Mars

RETROGRADE MOTION

• Occurs when Mars is in Opposition

• Every 780 days Mars goes through a period of 83 days of retrograde motion – thus the phenomena establishes itself after about a decade as repeatable.

The Ptolemaic Epicycle

EPICYCLICAL MOTION

Needs to be complicated to fully account for the 83 day observed retrograde motion.

1. All celestial motion is uniform circular motion

2. Celestial objects are perfect and unchanging (same brightness always)

3. The Earth is unmoving and is at the center of all motions (all revolves around the Earth)

The Truth