Do Now: Create a T chart showing the pros and cons of industrialization.

Westward DevelopmentIndustrializationUrbanization

Westward Expansion

Industrialization/Mechanization

Urbanization

Do Now: What can you infer from these graphs?

Railroads

At the center of economic growth and change in America

During the late 1800s, the amount of RR track, freight, and passengers more than doubled.

Single largest employer Led to the rise of the steel industry

732000 tons in 1978 to 10188000 by 1900

Factories

Blast Furnaces

Bessemer Process

Benefits of the RR

Employment Sharp increase in GDP Time Zones

The US Attorney General: Need Not Change

Easier to travel Cheaper and Faster Shipping Helped increase factory production (raw

materials) Mail Order Catalogs Eventually helped labor rights movement

Shortcomings of the RR

Corruption Industry leaders found ways to take

advantage of the farmers Shipping Prices and Control of Grain

Elevators Treatment of workers was awful

1/400 died 1/26 major injury ¼ of all US Steel (Pittsburgh) died

Growing Socioeconomic Gap in US

Railroad and Grain Elevator

1860

1890

Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Gould, Fisk, Frick Duke and Morgan

One View

Filthy Rich and Livin’ it Up Railroads—Vanderbilt Steel—Carnegie Rockefeller—Oil Duke—Tobacco Morgan—Banking

Public Perception– Outrage

Corruption included Bribing congressmen

Often had more political power than congressmen

Manipulating Stock Prices Bought and sold stocks to drive prices up and down hurting their

investors as well as those of other companies

Exploiting Workers Horrid working conditions with low pay

Ruining Competition Building enormous trusts that squashed the competition

Consequences- Good and Bad

Sherman Antitrust Act- Senator Sherman

Attempt at regulating Trusts--Ineffective

“Every contract, combination in the form of trust or

otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade

or commerce among the several states is

hereby declared to be illegal”

Failed to address the issue Out of 8 cases brought before the court regarding this

act, 7 were won by the corporations. One case stated that manufacturing was not considered

trade or commerce therefore did not apply

Factories and Factory Mechanization

Positives Electricity

From Nil to 1/3 of all Factories in the late 1900s began using electric power (steam prior)

Machines took skilled labor’s place What implications might this have GDP Increased

Negatives Safety Pollution

A Better Life or Growing pains

Streetcar

What are some of advantages and disadvantages of technological revolutions

Do Now: Who, what, where, when, why It has been well said that the modern city is a stronghold of

industrialism quite as the feudal city was a stronghold of militarism, but the modern cities fear no enemies and rivals from without and their problems of government are solely internal. Affairs for the most part are going badly in these great new centres, in which the quickly-congregated population has not yet learned to arrange its affairs satisfactorily. Unsanitary housing, poisonous sewage, contaminated water, infant mortality, the spread of contagion, adulterated food, impure milk, smoke-laden air, ill-ventilated factories, dangerous occupations, juvenile crime, unwholesome crowding, prostitution and drunkenness are the enemies which the modern cities must face and overcome, would they survive. Logically their electorate should be made up of those who can bear a valiant part in this arduous contest, those who in the past have at least attempted to care for children, to clean houses, to prepare foods, to isolate the family from moral dangers; those who have traditionally taken care of that side of life which inevitably becomes the subject of municipal consideration and control as soon as the population is congested…

Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life

New Philosophy about government’s responsibility to address the new issues

Is the government responsible for solving economic, political and social issues?

Progressivism in Government

The challenge confronting early twentieth-century America, according to Croly, was to respond to the problems that had accompanied the transformation of America from a rural, agricultural society into an urban industrial one.

Filled with faith in the power of government, Progressives launched reform in the areas public health, housing, urban planning and design, parks and recreation, workplace safety, workers' compensation, pensions, insurance, poverty relief, and health care.

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

Who were the Progressives? Many middle class protestants

Women such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley Fundamentalists such as Walter Rauschenbusch

and William Jennings Bryan Writers (Muckrakers) for the new and popular

magazines such as McClure's, Everybody's, Pearson's, Cosmopolitan, and Collier's

Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbel Authored articles exposing the evils of American society—

political corruption, stock market manipulation, fake advertising, vice, impure food and drugs, racial discrimination, and lynching

Socialists led by Eugene Debs Politicians such as Roosevelt, La Follette, Wilson African Americans such as Wells, Dubois,

Washington

Issues Addressed by Progressives1. Social2. Moral 3. Economic 4. Political

Examples Child Labor City issues Labor issues Immigrant Culture Corruption in Government Drinking African American Lynching and

Racism Industry Monopolization / Trusts

Note: Some of these issues overlap of course

The Underlying Philosophies

1. The Federal Government should play a key role in solving problems

The nations new industrial/urban character requires regulation

2. The church should play a role in reestablish morals in American society– Social Gospel

Believe most problems stem from the loss of Christianity

MuckrakersExposing these Issues

Popular magazines became a new trend.

Journalists began using these as a vehicle to expose corruption

Results were powerful

Term coined by T.R.

Muckrakers

Upton Sinclair– Novel– The Jungle

Lincoln Steffens– The Shame of the Cities

Ida Tarbell– The History of the Standard Oil Company– 19 part expose in McClure's

Jacob Riis– How the Other Half Lives

Settlement Houses An Their Supporters

Jane Addams Daughter of rich banker /

politician

Visits Toynbee Hall, A settlement house in London

Moves into Hull House in Chicago with Ellen Starr

Together they Fought for Child labor restrictions,

sanitization of city, 8-hour work day, women’s suffrage, protection for immigrants and better working conditions

Author and Nobel Peace Prize Winner

Children Playing in the Hull House

Hull House + ~400 Other Settlement Houses…

Worked to assist urban poor, especially immigrants, children and women by:Providing services

such as education and domestic training

Child careEntertainment

Social clubs, playgrounds, reading groups, orchestra, etc.

Health Care

Worked to solve bigger problems such as: Child Labor Prostitution City corruption City renewal Educational

practices Women’s Suffrage

Challenges and Solutions

The New Immigrant

Problem Solution “The Blight of the City” 1900-1910 8.2 million

immigrants Seen as uneducated, dirty

and uncivilized Most were Catholics, peasants Most had darker skin then

earlier immigrants Lived in squalid conditions Drinkers Sometimes anarchists Seen as morally deficient Took jobs

Restrict immigration 1921 and 1924 immigration

quotas (National Origins Act)

1921—2% based on 1910

1924—2%based on 1890

Assimilate the immigrants Some believed this impossible Jane Addams believed

immigrants could share their culture but needed refinement

The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame."Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries sheWith silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

Women’s Views

Progressive women did not like that many immigrant women turned to prostitution

Mann Act 1910– Cannot transport women over state lines for “immoral purposes” Allowed government to interfere with private life

Jack Johnson arrested for transporting his secretary across state lines even though it was consensual.

Immigrant men spend free time in saloons tainting their moral fibers and spending the little money they made.

Immigrants are the fuel for the Machine Bosses

Number of ImmigrantsNumber of Immigrants  

18201820   8,3858,385  

18301830   23,32223,322  

18401840   84,06684,066  

18501850   369,980369,980  

18601860   153,640153,640  

18701870   387,203387,203  

18801880   457,257457,257

18901890   455,302455,302  

19001900   448,572448,572  

19101910   1,041,5701,041,570  

19201920   430,001430,001  

19301930   241,700241,700  

19401940   70,75670,756  

19501950   249,187249,187  

Immigration in America

Views of the Newcomers

What class of our citizens most strenuously resist the moral restrains of the community.... who among our population give unrestricted and unregulated license to the ten thousand drinking places in the city, which are the chief receptacles of drunkenness, debauchery, villainy, and disease? It is the residuum or dregs of four millions of European immigrants, including paupers, felons, and convicts that have landed at this port within the last twenty years.

Why So Many?

Escape from poverty in their home country

“The streets of America are paved with gold.”

Italians faced poverty and hardship

Jews escaping persecution in Russia Pogroms- massacres of Jews Response by Czar- push Jewish into designated

neighborhoods.

Voyage

Steamship took 2-3 weeks. Most in steerage (open lower section

of ship) No privacy- Very Unsanitary 1/3 returned home after earning $ 1890-1920 10 million

Italians Greeks Slavs Jews and Armenians

70% came through New York City

Italians on a ship deck

Heading into NY

Artist Depiction

Entry and SettlementImmigrants were examined for diseases

If diseased then quarantined or deported

Settled near others from their countryGhettos were densely

settledRestrictive Covenants

(agreements among homeowners to keep certain people from renting or buying)

Asian Immigration

Chinese helped build railroad in the mid 1800s

After paying passage they settled and worked side by side with the general population.

Chinese worked for lower wages upsetting labor unions

Scientific fallacies showed Asians as being an inferior race.

Building the Railroad

Other Immigrants

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Prevented the immigration of new Chinese. Those

who had already established residency were allowed to come and go.

Japanese also faced restriction Segregated schools in California were outlawed

due to an American-Japanese agreement Web Alien Land Law banned alien Asians from

owning farmland Mexican Immigrants

Hired as cheap labor to work in mines and farms in the southwest.

The immigration restrictions placed on European immigrants in 1921 (Immigration Restriction Act) led to an abundance of jobs which led to a huge influx of Mexican immigrants.

Immigrants and the Expanding City Most immigrants settled in cities Growth due to transportation,

elevators, tenements, factory jobs, mechanization of farming.

Population growth due in large part to influx of immigrants.

Vegetable Stand

Bocce Ball

Corruption

The System Politicians hired friends

(spoils system) City officials would

accept bribes in return for contracts

Links to org. Crime Elected officials would

establish a “Machine” which would guarantee their continued position Provided immigrants with

jobs, fuel, food, etc in return for votes Wide-Spread Election Fraud

Nast’s Cartoons

Cartoon 2

What tells in holdin your grip on your district is to go right down among the poor families and help them. I've got a regular system for this. If there's a fire in Ninth or Tenth or Eleventh Avenue, for example, any hour of the day or night, I'm usually there with some of my election district captains as soon as the fore engines. If a family is burned out I don't ask them if they are Republicans or Democrats, and I don't refer them to the Charity Organization Society, which would investigate their case in a month or two and decide if they are worthy of help about the time they are dead from starvation. I just get quarters for them, buy clothes for them if their clothes were all burned up, and fix them up until they get things runnin' again. It's philanthropy, but it's politics too - mighty good politics. Who can tell me how many votes one of those fires brings me? The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs...

Another thing, I can always get a deserving man a job. I make it a point to keep track of jobs, and it seldom happens that I don't have a few up my sleeve ready for use.

I hear a young feller that's proud of his voice... I ask him to join our Glee Club. He comes up and sings, and he's a follower of Plunkitt for life. Another young feller gains a reputation as a baseball player in a vacant lot. I bring him into our baseball club. That fixes him. You'll find him working for my ticket at the polls next election

I rope them all in by givin' them opportunities to show off themselves off. I don't trouble them with political arguments.

--George Washington Plunkitt, Politician, New York, 1889

Benefits of the Machine

The other side of the argument: Provided services

for immigrants Job search Lawyers Fuel, food, clothes Etc.

Built and maintained infrastructure

Employed immigrants

Shutting down the City Machines City Commission PlanEstablished a

commission:Each member would be in

charge of a certain dept. Based on scientific

management

Consequences to the City Commission PlanVoting done on city-wide

level instead of by ward Only those with $ could

gain support through campaigning

Usually in smaller cities

Civil Service ExaminationsIntroduced to award based on

qualifications rather than association

Required to gain entry into political position

End Party-Based ElectionPrevented candidates for

running based on party Helped to prevent party

dominance From Private to Public

OwnedUtilitiesTransportationBy 1915 2/3 of all cities had

city owned utilities

Solutions at the State Level Corruption (much like that of the cities) led to: Direct Primaries– People

elect representatives 17th Amendment of the

constitution—Direct Election of Senators

Referendum—Direct ballot question to veto a law to be voted on

Initiative– Direct ballot question to make a law

Recall– Ability to remove elected official from office.

Personal Registration Laws Secret Ballots Non-citizen=No Vote

Labor lawsChild laborMinimum wageMaximum hoursCompulsory SchoolHealth and safety

regulationsPensions Unemployment

insurance

Robert La Follette and Wisconsin Progressivism

Wisconsin a hotbed for progressivism

“Fighting Bob” La Follett elected governor in 1900

Elected Senator in 1906

Direct Primaries New Taxes on RR Regulated RR and

Utilities Civil Service Law 1st

State income tax Restricted child labor Limited work hours Minimum wages for

women

Individual Issues: Labor Problems Solutions No regulations on hours

and conditions led to Chronic fatigue

Steel workers– 72-90 hours per week and 1 24hr shift every 2 weeks

Average 60hr wk.(10x6) Many injuries and deaths Lack of parental

guidance at home Poor pay

1900 $400-$500 per year unskilled and $1500 skilled

Eventually Hours and wages

regulated Minimum wages,

Conditions improved EX—FDA– Meat

inspection act

Unions

Unions Strikes

Knights of Labor (KOL) Industry sectors More inclusive

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Skilled labor

IWW Open to almost all

worker

Pullman Strike– Railroad shut down

Homestead Strike– Steelworkers strike

Ludlow Strike—United Mine Workers (UMW) strike

Results were always the same, the government sided with the businesses

Note: T.R. Eventually arbitrates a UMW strike siding with the workers in 1902 (more to come)

Triangle Shirtwaist1 of many accidents

Event Possible Cause

March 25th, 1911 Fire sweeps through the

8,9 and 10th floors of Triangle Shirtwaist Company

146 workers dead

Fire in rag bin Fire ladders could not

reach past 7th floor 50%+ NY workers

above 7th floor No exits, doors locked

and open inward

Note: 1914—35,000 dead and 700,000 injured

The individual issues: Child Labor

Child Labor

Children employed in many industries

Many women opposed Industry leaders exploited

children Not in school Competition for others Early 1900s– 25% boys and

10% girls

Some said it “build character”

Sometimes it was necessary

Mr. Coal’s Story

Newsies

In 1866, a reformer named Charles Loring Brace described the condition of homeless newsboys in New York City:

I remember one cold night seeing some 10 or a dozen of the little homeless creatures piled together to keep each other warm beneath the stairway of The [New York] Sun office. There used to be a mass of them also at The Atlas office, sleeping in the lobbies, until the printers drove them away by pouring water on them. One winter, an old burnt-out safe lay all the season in Wall Street, which was used as a bedroom by two boys who managed to crawl into the hole that had been burned.

In 1872, James B. McCabe, Jr., wrote:

There are 10,000 children living on the streets of New York.... The newsboys constitute an important division of this army of homeless children. You see them everywhere.... They rend the air and deafen you with their shrill cries. They surround you on the sidewalk and almost force you to buy their papers. They are ragged and dirty. Some have no coats, no shoes and no hat.

Tenements

Immigrants usually lived in very tight conditions in tenement houses

Eventually laws were passed that improved tenements some 1879 Law– Window to open air required Dumbbell Tenement– New design allows

some air and light

Riis and his findings

The law defines it as a house “occupied by three or more  families, living independently and  doing their cooking on the premises; or by more than two families on a floor, so living and cooking and having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, etc.”  (Riis 13)

Conditions

The sanitary conditions in the tenements were very poor.  The outhouses were rarely cleaned, causing very noxious odors to permeate the tenements houses, especially near the windows.  The sewage, dirt and other unhealthful things caused many diseases, and the close proximity of the residents to each other meant that diseases were easily spread.

African American Progressives Booker T. Washington

Gradual rise of the race– conform to society and win over the respect of the whites through coformity

W.E.B. Dubois Immediate equality

Ida B. Wells Sought anti-lynching legislation

Refer to the readings for specific info.

Progressivism on a National Level

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson among other national leaders began influencing change in America in the first two decades of the 1900s Socialist Leader, Eugene Debs, also

played a role in responding to the day’s issues

Theodore Roosevelt

Breaks from the Big-Business-friendly Republicans who dominated the party

Theodore Roosevelt’s “The Square Deal”

Bureau of Corporations established to investigate Northern Securities Company400 million dollar RR

monopolyTR wanted it dissolvedUsed the Sherman Anti-Trust

ActIn fact, it was dissolved with

Supreme Court approval. (Northern Securities Company v United States)

Hepburn ActThe ICC (created 1887) had little powerHepburn Act set maximum prices and required equal pricing (no favoritism)

Anthracite StrikeMiners wanted their union,

the United Mine Workers (UMW), to be recognized, a pay increase and an 8-hour workday.

When refused by the owners, the miners went on strike.

TR called the two to Washington and threatened to use federal troops

Ordered arbitrationStrike ended

1st Federal Govt. Support of Strike

TR’s Dinner Guest

TR invited Booker T. Washington to the White House for dinner. Southerners

protested Blacks

celebrated

1904 Election

Americans were excited about the actions TR was taking to balance the power between the rich and the working class.

TR promised the nation a “Square Deal”

1906 Reforms

The Hepburn Act gave the

government power to control RR prices

Revitalized the Interstate Commerce Commission established in 1887

Pure Food and Drug Act– labels on food Created the FDA

Meat Inspection Act– government monitored the quality and safety of meat

Conservation

Established the Department of Interior and the Department of Agriculture which designated some land off-limits to agriculture. Corruption led TR to replace politicians with

scientists.

National Forest Service– Gifford Pinchot Prevented mining and dams in certain forests Said trees need to be replanted when

harvested

Overview of Conservation150 National Forests

51 Federal Bird Reservations

4 National Game Preserves

5 National Parks

18 National Monuments

24 Reclamation Projects

"There can be nothing in the world more beautiful than the Yosemite, the groves of giant sequoias and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons; and our people shoud see to it that they are preserved for their children and their children's children forever, with their majestic beauty all unmarred."

Theodore Roosevelt, Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter 1905.

Taft

Taft became president in 1909 Did not follow TR’s

lead as hoped Failed to lower tariffs

(angered public) Sided with Ballinger

(Sec of Interior) who was profiting from the sale of land designated by TR as preserved forest.

People were upset with Taft

Taft’s Reforms

Payne-Aldrich Tariffs Attempt to lower

tariffs but in fact protected many sectors which had an opposite impact

Trust busting 2x TRs Sugar, Standard Oil,

Tobacco, Morgan (oops)

Helped to endorse (ratified under Wilson) 16th Amendment–

Federal income tax 17th Amendment-Direct

Election of Senators Pinchot-Ballinger

issue Pinochet gone and

Ballinger in sketchy deals with preserved land.

TR’s “Bull Moose Party”

Split from Taft due to his lack of reform actions.

Ran against Taft for Republican nomination but lost

Split from Republicans and established a platform based on Regulations of Corporations Worker Protection Graduated Income Tax Women’s Suffrage

Wilson and “New Freedom”

Graduated from Princeton Presbyterian upbringing leads him to

become a moral idealist Wanted to consolidate power in government

win order to break up trusts Ratification of 16th and 17th Amendments Reduced Tariffs–

Underwood—Simmons Act Federal Reserve Act passed establishing the

Federal Reserve Banking system of today

7 Member Board

Appointed by President Head is NY fed chairman FOMC– Meet to determine policy 8

times a year Expansion or Contraction Interest Rates, Treasury Bills, Reserve

Ben Bernanke– Current fed chairman